HW # 63- Karyotyping project with your group (in Google Docs). Watch meiosis video Warm up

What can scientists really tell about you by looking at your DNA?

Week 19, Day Four

Warm up Response

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Homework Response/CheckDid you complete the questions at the end of yesterday’s lab? Self sign off.

Goals for Today

• Format Karyotyping Document• 5 minutes to revise your Mitosis quiz

• Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles

Instructions for the karyotyping homework:1. Select a SINGLE group member to log into GoogleDocs2. Make a COPY the Karyotyping homework3. RENAME: YOUR character_period4. Share the copy (editing) with your other group

members AND with me

Sam Stubs-1Norma Nanny-2Captain Relish-3Glen Glendora-4Fred Fleckstone-5 Theresa Thyme-6

VIDEOS IF TIME1 What Are Genes? (5 min)

Our DNA is very long

So how does it all fit into the nucleus?

?

It is stored in chromosomes

Here is a picture of a pair of pig chromosomes.

We can see them because they have been made to fluoresce.

This is a picture of a male pig’s full set of chromosomes

Pigs have 19 chromosome pairs in total

Here are some human chromosomes inside a cell, which have also been made to fluoresce

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in total

Different bits of the chromosomes do different things.

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These different bits are called genes.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gene

• A gene is the functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring.

• Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

Genome

• A genome is all the DNA contained in an organism or a cell, which includes the chromosomes plus the DNA in mitochondria (and DNA in the chloroplasts of plant cells).

• humans have estimated 30-35,000 genes

• other 98% of DNA noncoding – “junk” or regulatory

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

We have 2 copies of every gene,

we get one copy from our dad and the other from our mum.

like what color hair to have, what color eyes to have & whether to be left or right handed.

Different genes tell us different things,

Genes are very particular,

like phone numbers - if you get a number wrong they won’t work!

errors

______ are the basic building blocks for life. Inside each ______ is one ______ . Our ______ is stored in the nucleus.

Our DNA is very ______ so it is stored in ______. Different bits of chromosomes are called

______. Different genes tell our bodies ______ things .

We have ______ copies of every gene.______ in our genes cause problems.

Fill in the blanks using the words at the bottom:

DNA nucleus cells chromosomes genescell longdifferent two

Traffic light

• I understand that cells are the basic building blocks for all

living things

• I can relate DNA to genes and chromosomes

• Are you red, amber or green?

Chromosomes and Heredity• Heredity = transmission of genetic

characteristics from parent to offspring– karyotype = chart of chromosomes at

metaphase

• 23 pairs homologous chromosomes in somatic cells (diploid number of chromosomes)– 1 chromosome inherited from each parent– 22 pairs called autosomes– one pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y)

• normal female has 2 X chromosomes• normal male has one X and one Y chromosome

• Sperm and egg (GAMETES) contain only 23 chromosomes– fertilized egg has diploid number of

chromosomes

2 Basic Things Can Happen Which DNA

1. The ENTIRE DNA MOLECULE can Replicate: Then You have 2 from 1 (DNA REPLICATION---Leads to MITOSIS ..one cell goes to two cells.

OR2. Selected sections of the DNA

strand (genes) can be expressed (transcribed and into mRNA and Translated into proteins)

Instructions for the karyotyping homework:1. Select a SINGLE group member to log into GoogleDocs2. Make a COPY the Karyotyping homework3. RENAME: YOUR character_period4. Share the copy (editing) with your other group

members AND with me

VIDEOS IF TIME1 What Are Genes? (5 min)

Complementary Base Pairing

• Nitrogenous bases united by hydrogen bonds

• DNA base pairings– A-T and C-G

• Law of complementary base pairing– one strand determines

base sequence of other

Segment of DNA

Chromosomes

• A chromosome is one of the threadlike "packages" of genes and other DNA in the nucleus of a cell.

• Different kinds of organisms have different numbers of chromosomes.

• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in all: 44 autosomes and two sex chromosomes.

• Each parent contributes one chromosome to each pair, so children get half of their chromosomes from their mothers and half from their fathers.