husein ajwa*, susanne klose, shachar shem-tov, clyde ...ranunculus production with methyl bromide...

RANUNCULUS PRODUCTION WITH METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES

RANUNCULUS PRODUCTION WITH METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES

Husein Ajwa*, Susanne Klose,

Shachar Shem-Tov, Clyde Elmore,

and Mike A. Mellano

Alternative Fumigants

Methyl bromide (MB)Methyl bromide (MB)CHCH33BrBr

IodomethaneIodomethane (IM)(IM)CHCH33II

Alternative Fumigants

Chloropicrin Chloropicrin TrichloronitromethaneTrichloronitromethane (CCl(CCl33NONO22))

MethylisothiocyanateMethylisothiocyanate (MITC, C(MITC, C22HH33NS)NS)generators:generators:MetamMetam--Na or Na or metammetam--K or K or BasamidBasamid

TeloneTelone C35 and C35 and InLineInLine62% 1,362% 1,3--dichloropropene (Cdichloropropene (C33HH44ClCl22))plus 33% chloropicrinplus 33% chloropicrin

Alternative Chemicals(Experimental)

Sodium azide

Furfural

Propazone

Plantpro (KI)

2-Bromo ethanol

Dimethyl disulfide

Acrolein

Propargyl bromide

Shank injection of Midas & MB/Pic

Ranunculus bulb harvest count over two years under shank fumigation with MBr and MidasTM

Treatment Rate Bulb grade and No./100 ft.bed

2001/02 Jumbo #1 TotalMBr/Pic (350 lbs/ac) 334 a 520 a 1642 aMidas 50 (300 lbs/ac) 323 a 477 a 1507 aMidas 50 (350 lbs/ac) 317 a 480 a 1568 aUntreated ----- 101 b 202 b 814 b

2002/03 Jumbo #1 TotalMBr/Pic (350 lbs/ac) 800 a 775 a 2005 aMidas 50 (300 lbs/ac) 792 a 725 a 1867 aMidas 50 (350 lbs/ac) 808 a 729 a 1907 aUntreated ---- 258 b 200 b 620 b

Elmore et al

Midas and MB:Pic were shank applied under VIF and standard HDPE tarp

Midas and MB:Pic were shank applied under VIF and standard HDPE tarp

Ranunculus plant vigor and flower bunch count(Shank injection, 2003/04)

Treatment Rate Plant Bunch(lbs/ac) health* No./100 bed

MB+Pic 350 11.5 a 395 a

Midas 50 300 18.5 a 414 a

Untreated ---- 34.8 b 248 b

*Plant health = Number of plants showing root and stem rot

Telone C35 was shank injected at 425 lbs/ac and Basamid was applied at 200 lbs/ac for weed controlTelone C35 was shank injected at 425 lbs/ac and

Basamid was applied at 200 lbs/ac for weed control

Comparison among drip applied fumigants

Reduced rates of InLine, Midas, & Pic with/without MetamReduced rates of InLine, Midas, & Pic with/without Metam

Ranunculus Bulb Harvest Count Drip Fumigation: 2001/02

Treatment Rate Bulb grade and Number*lbs/ac Jumbo #1 Total

Metam 320 114 a 162 b 1049 bcMidas 50 350 120 a 323 a 1524 aPic 300 150 a 297 a 1442 abPic 350 125 a 308 a 1491 abNa-azide 60 126 a 110 b 841 c Na-azide 100 108 a 155 b 1144 abcInline 400 126 a 296 a 1312 abUntreated --- 132 a 105 b 765 c

*Tubers from 100 feet of row, Ave. 5 reps.

Elmore et al

Treatment Rate Bulb grade and Number*Jumbo #1 Total

Metam 320 256 bc 425 bc 992 bMidas 50 350 356 a 539 abc 1239 aPic 150 383 a 650 a 1427 aPic 300 289 a 567 ab 1239 aNa-azide 100 239 c 383 cd 894 b Inline 150 328 ab 556 ab 1322 aInline 300 367 a 572 ab 1334 aUntreated --- 128 d 233 d 550 c

*Tubers from 100 feet of plot, Ave. 6 reps.

Ranunculus Bulb Harvest Count Drip Fumigation: 2002/03

Elmore et al

ControlControl

300300InLineInLine

200200PicPic

200 200 Midas 33:67Midas 33:67

Rate (lbs/a)Treatment

ControlControl

300300InLineInLine

200200PicPic

200 200 Midas 33:67Midas 33:67


Comparison among drip applied fumigantsReduced rate

Treatments were applied with & without metamsodium (40 gal/a)

Ranunculus flower bunches (5 harvests)-2003/04

161.4 b161.4 bW/O metamW/O metam

198.6 a198.6 aWith metam (40 gal)With metam (40 gal)

74.7 b74.7 bControlControl

224.8 a224.8 aInLineInLine (300 lb/A)(300 lb/A)

205.4 a205.4 aPic (200 lb/A)Pic (200 lb/A)

215.0 a215.0 aMidas 33:67 (200 lb/A)Midas 33:67 (200 lb/A)

Flower bunches (no.)Treatment

161.4 b161.4 bW/O metamW/O metam

198.6 a198.6 aWith metam (40 gal)With metam (40 gal)

74.7 b74.7 bControlControl

224.8 a224.8 aInLineInLine (300 lb/A)(300 lb/A)

205.4 a205.4 aPic (200 lb/A)Pic (200 lb/A)

215.0 a215.0 aMidas 33:67 (200 lb/A)Midas 33:67 (200 lb/A)

Flower bunches (no.)Treatment

Bulb yield (Bulb no. by class) and total number

Treatment Jumbo 6’s 5’s Total

Midas 1408 a 2378 a 2893 a 10005 aPic 1369 a 2485 a 2824 a 10007 aInLine 1099 b 2159 a 2882 a 9846 aControl 441 c 1024 b 1556 b 5232 b

W metam 1155 a 2145 a 2665 a 9402 aW/O met 1002 a 1878 a 2412 a 8176 a

200200MB/PicMB/Pic

ControlControl

300300InLineInLine

200200PicPic

200 200 Midas 33:67 Midas 33:67


200200MB/PicMB/Pic

ControlControl

300300InLineInLine

200200PicPic

200 200 Midas 33:67 Midas 33:67


Comparison among drip applied fumigantsReduced rates (2nd year)

Treatments were applied with & without Treatments were applied with & without metammetam--K K (37 gal/a) under VIF and thick (1.8 mil) LDPE tarp(37 gal/a) under VIF and thick (1.8 mil) LDPE tarp

Untreated control

Weed control with drip-applied fumigants

Ranunculus fields

2005

Nutsedge

Control

InLineplusmetam

Midas

InLine

Metam

Ranunculus fields (2nd year)

Ran

uncu

lus

bulb

num

ber/p

lot

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000Jumbo size (>7 cm) 6 to 7 cm5 to 6 cm

-KP +KP -KP +KP -KP +KP -KP +KP -KP +KP

MB/Pic200 lb/a

InLine300 lb/a

Midas200 lb/a

Chloropicrin 200 lb/a

Control

-KP = without KPAM+KP = followed by KPAM

Ranunculus yield (Bulb no. by class) 2005

2005

% o

f hig

h qu

ality

bul

bs (4

+ 5

gra

des)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-KP +KP -KP +KP -KP +KP -KP +KP -KP +KP

MB/Pic200 lb/a

InLine300 lb/a

Midas200 lb/a


Control

-KP = without KPAM+KP = followed by KPAM

Bulb Quality

2005

% o

f hig

h qu

ality

bul

bs (4

+ 5

gra

des)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

STD VIF STD VIF STD VIF STD VIF STD VIF

MB/Pic200 lb/a

InLine300 lb/a

Midas200 lb/a


Control

STD = Standard PE tarp (1.8 mil)VIF = Virtually impermeable film

Bulb Quality

SummarySummarySummary

Single application:Single application:

Drip fumigation with Chloropicrin (300 lbs/ac) or Drip fumigation with Chloropicrin (300 lbs/ac) or InLineInLine

(400 lbs/ac) can maintain commercial production. (400 lbs/ac) can maintain commercial production.

Sequential application:Sequential application:

Drip fumigation with Chloropicrin (200 lbs/ac) or Drip fumigation with Chloropicrin (200 lbs/ac) or InLineInLine

(300 lbs/ac) followed by (300 lbs/ac) followed by metammetam (5 to 7 days later) can (5 to 7 days later) can

maintain commercial production.maintain commercial production.


Shank injection with 400 lbs/ac of Shank injection with 400 lbs/ac of TeloneTelone C35 C35

(or 18 gal of 1,3(or 18 gal of 1,3--D plus 200 lbs/ac of D plus 200 lbs/ac of

chloropicrin) followed by 100 to 200 lbs/ac of chloropicrin) followed by 100 to 200 lbs/ac of

BasamidBasamid (for weed control) is the most (for weed control) is the most

promising fumigation practice in areas where promising fumigation practice in areas where

drip fumigation is not possibledrip fumigation is not possible


When registered, When registered, MidasMidasTMTM should substitute for should substitute for MeBrMeBr

Shank injection with 300 lbs/ac of Shank injection with 300 lbs/ac of MidasMidasTMTM (50:50 (50:50

formulation) controlled pathogens and weeds and formulation) controlled pathogens and weeds and

produced yields equivalent to produced yields equivalent to MeBr:CPMeBr:CP (67:33) shank (67:33) shank

fumigation.fumigation.

Drip fumigation with 200 lbs/ac of Drip fumigation with 200 lbs/ac of MidasMidasTMTM (33:67 (33:67

formulation) followed by formulation) followed by metammetam (5 to 7 days later) (5 to 7 days later)

controlled pathogens and weeds and produced yields controlled pathogens and weeds and produced yields

equivalent to equivalent to MeBr:CPMeBr:CP (67:33) shank fumigation.(67:33) shank fumigation.


Drip fumigation with 250 lbs/ac of Drip fumigation with 250 lbs/ac of MidasMidasTMTM (33:67 (33:67

formulation) controlled pathogens and weeds and formulation) controlled pathogens and weeds and

produced yields equivalent to produced yields equivalent to MeBr:CPMeBr:CP (67:33) shank (67:33) shank

fumigation.fumigation.

Acknowledgements:California Cut Flower CommissionUSDA-CSREESUSDA-IR4 programMellano Flower Co.Mark Lauman & Paul Niday, TriCalArysta LifeSciencesBruno Rimini

Thank you very much

husein ajwa*, susanne klose, shachar shem-tov, clyde ...ranunculus production with methyl bromide...

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