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Hunting beyond red deer

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Citation for published version (APA):Overton, N. (2021). Hunting beyond red deer: exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblagesin Britain and north-western Europe. In D. Bori, D. Antonovi, & B. Mihailovi (Eds.), Foraging assemblages:proceedings of the ninth international conference on the Mesolithic in Europe (Vol. 2, pp. 416-421). SerbianArchaeological Society.Published in:Foraging assemblages

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Download date:07. Sep. 2021

Foraging Assemblages Volume 1

Edited by Dušan Borić,Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović

Fora

ging

Ass

embl

ages

Volume

1Foraging Assemblages is the publication of the proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held in Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings gather 121 contributions on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost every corner of the continent. The book presents a cross-section of recent Mesolithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the volumes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 thematic sections, each with an introduction written by prominent Mesolithic experts. The reader will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonization

of new territories at the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene warming; the use of diverse landscapes and resources; climatic instabilities that influenced patterns of settlement and subsistence; the organization of settlements and dwelling spaces; the formation of regional identities expressed through various aspects of material culture and technologies of artefact production, use, and discard; aspects of social relations and mobility; symbolic, ritual, and mortuary practices; diverse ways in which Mesolithic communities of Europe were transformed into or superseded by Neolithic ways of being; and how we have researched, represented, and discussed the Mesolithic.

Volume 1Transitions – Beginnings

Colonization

Landscapes

Settlement

Regional Identities

People in Their Environment

Volume 2Technology

Social Relations, Communication, Mobility

Rites and Symbols

Transitions – Endings

Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic

Foraging Assemblages

Volume 2

Edited by Dušan Borić,

Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović

Serbian Archaeological Society The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University

Belgrade & New York

The NOMIS Foundation provided a grant in support of preparation and publication of this book

Publishers Serbian Archaeological Society, Belgrade, Republic od SerbiaThe Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, USA

For PublishersAdam CrnobrnjaDavid Freedberg

Edited by© Dusan Boric, Dragana Antonovic, Bojana Mihailovic 2021

This publication is in copyright. No reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the authors.

First published 2021

Peer-reviewed byPablo AriasNuno BichoClive BonsallDusan BoricChantal ConnellerEmanuela CristianiVesna DimitrijevicFederica FontanaOle GrønJudith GrünbergLars Larsson Dusan MihailovicNicky MillnerT. Douglas PriceRick SchultingRobert Whallon

Copy-editing and proof-readingHannah ElmerDusan Boric

DesignDusan Pavlic

Index compiled byMia Boric Dusan Boric

Desktop publishingMarko Huber

Print run 400

Printed by Publikum

ISBN 978-86-80094-15-1 978-86-80094-16-8A CIP record of this book is available from the National Library of Serbia, Belgrade

Front Cover Illustration: Sculpted sandstone boulder named ‘Progenitor’ (inv. no. 41) from Lepenski Vir (National Museum in Belgrade)Back Cover Illustration: Lepenski Vir during excavations (Photograph courtesy of of Alan McPherron)

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацијиНародна библиотека Србије, Београд

903(4)"632/633"(082)902.2(4)(082)

FORAGING Assemblages. Vol. 2 / edited by Dušan Borić, Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović. - Belgrade : Serbian Archaeological Society ; New York : The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, 2021 (Belgrade : Publikum). - VIII str., str. 353-820 : ilustr. ; 29 cm

Tekst štampan dvostubačno. - Tiraž 400. - Napomene i bibliografske reference uz tekst. - Bibliografija uz svaki rad. - Registar.

ISBN 978-86-80094-15-1 (SAS)ISBN 978-86-80094-16-8 (niz)

1. Borić, Dušan, 1973- [уредник] 2. Antonović, Dragana, 1960- [уредник] 3. Mihailović, Bojana, 1963- [уредник]

а) Археолошка налазишта, праисторијска -- Европа -- Мезолит -- Зборници б) Археолошка истраживања -- Европа -- Зборници

COBISS.SR-ID 35939593

Contents

VOLUME IList of Contributors ix

Preface xxv

The Danube Gorges Mesolithic: The first fifty years (Dušan Borić) xxvii

Transitions – Beginnings 1

1 Introduction: Transitions – Beginnings (Dušan Mihailović and Robert Whallon) 3

2 Transition and tradition: Lithic variability in the cave of Vlakno, Croatia (Dario Vujević and Mario Bodružić)

5

3 Workspace organization of a Final Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer camp (Anton A. Simonenko and Olesya I. Uspenskaya Aleksandrova)

12

4 The problem of the Palaeolithic to Mesolithic transition on the Upper and Middle Don River (central Russia) (Alexander N. Bessudnov and Alexander A. Bessudnov)

20

5 Early Holocene human adaptation and palaeoenvironment of the north-western Caucasus (Elena V. Leonova, Olesya I. Uspenskaya, Natalia V. Serdyuk, Elena A. Spiridonova, Alexey S. Tesakov, Elena V. Chernysheva, Pavel D. Frolov, and Elena V. Syromyatnikova)

29

6 Early Mesolithic of northern Bohemia: 2015 excavations (Jiří Svoboda) 36

7 The last hunter-gatherers of South Arabia: A review of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene archaeological record (Yamandú Hieronymus Hilbert)

45

Colonization 53

8 Introduction: Colonization 55

9 First Mesolithic occupations at high altitudes in Vercors (Isère, France): The case studies of Les Coins I, Roybon, and Gerland (Alexandre Angelin and Régis Picavet)

57

10 The Mesolithic site of Borovskoye 2 in light of the Pre-Boreal habitation in Karelia (Sergey Lisitsyn, Alexey Tarasov, Nataliya Tsvetkova, and Stanislav Belsky)

64

11 The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter (Vilafranca, eastern Mediterranean Iberia) and the last hunters-gatherers of northern Valencian country (Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal)

74

Landscapes 83

12 Introduction: Landscapes (Dušan Borić) 85

13 The missing landscapes and territories of Mesolithic Portugal (Ana Cristina Araújo and Ana Maria Costa)

88

14 A comparative perspective on Mesolithic assemblages from different landscapes in Bohemia (Katarína Kapustka, Jan Eigner, and Matthew Walls)

94

15 The Early Mesolithic of the Piave River basin: Mountain tops, riverbanks, and seashores? (Federica Fontana, Davide Visentin, and Stefano Bertola)

102

16 Integrating communities and landscape: A wetland perspective from the Lower Rhine area (Luc W. S. W. Amkreutz)

110

iv Contents

17 Tracing raw materials: Procurement strategies and movements in the Early Mesolithic, a case study from Larvik, south-eastern Norway (Guro Fossum)

118

18 Local or imported? Tracking the provenance of flint raw materials of the Mesolithic habitants of Estonia and northern Latvia with the help of geochemical methods (Kristiina Johanson, Aivar Kriiska, Jaan Aruväli, Peeter Somelar, Kaarel Sikk, and Liina Sepp)

123

19 The Upper Dee Tributaries Project: Finding the Mesolithic in the mountains of Scotland (Shannon M. Fraser, Gordon Noble, Graeme Warren, Richard Tipping, Danny Paterson, Wishart Mitchell, Ann Clarke, and Caroline R. Wickham-Jones)

129

20 Surviving Doggerland (Caroline R. Wickham-Jones) 135

21 A Mesolithic moment in time: The Drumnaglea Cache (Peter Woodman† and Sarah Close) 142

22 Transient campsites, logistic campsites, and the cumulative taphonomy of Malham Tarn site A: A persistent place in the northern Pennines (William A. Lovis and Randolph E. Donahue)

148

Settlement 157

23 Introduction: Settlements, dwellings, pits, and middens – still very far from a theory of everything! (Ole Grøn and Nuno Bicho)

159

24 Of space and time: The non-midden components of the Cabeço da Amoreira Mesolithic shell mound (Muge, central Portugal) (João Cascalheira, Nuno Bicho, Célia Gonçalves, Daniel García-Rivero, and Pedro Horta)

162

25 Looking for the ‘Asturian’ dwelling areas: New data from El Alloru and Sierra Plana de la Borbolla (Asturias, Spain) (Pablo Arias, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Ana Cristina Araújo, Marián Cueto, Patricia Fernández Sánchez, Eneko Iriarte, Inés L. López-Dóriga, Sara Núñez, Christoph Salzmann, Carlos Duarte, Felix Teichner, Luis C. Teira, and Paloma Uzquiano)

169

26 Habitation areas in Asturian shell middens and site formation processes: Mazaculos II cave (La Franca, Asturias, northern Iberia) and the new sites of El Total III and El Mazo (Manuel R. González Morales)

177

27 Mesolithic settlement patterns and occupation of central and eastern Cantabria (Spain) (Mercedes Pérez-Bartolomé)

184

28 Domestic life by the ocean: Beg-er-Vil, c. 6200–6000 cal BC (Grégor Marchand and Catherine Dupont) 191

29 Mesolithic pit-sites in Champagne (France): First data, key issues (Nathalie Achard-Corompt, Emmanuel Ghesquiere, Christophe Laurelut, Charlotte Leduc, Arnaud Remy, Isabelle Richard, Vincent Riquier, Luc Sanson, and Julia Wattez)

198

30 Some observations on the archaeological record of the (Late) Mesolithic in the northern Netherlands (Marcel J. L. Th. Niekus)

202

31 Life on the lake edge: Mesolithic habitation at Star Carr (Nicky Milner, Chantal Conneller, Barry Taylor, Mike Bamforth, Julian C. Carty, Shannon Croft, Ben Elliott, Becky Knight, Aimée Little, Harry K. Robson, Charlotte C. A. Rowley, and Maisie Taylor)

210

32 Late Mesolithic shallow pithouse from Sąsieczno 4 (central Poland) (Grzegorz Osipowicz) 216

33 Mesolithic complexes on the right bank of the Vyatka River (the middle Volga Basin) (Tаtyana Gusentsova)

223

34 Mesolithic hearth-pits and cooking-pits in western Sweden and south-eastern Norway: When, where, how, and a bit about why (Robert Hernek)

227

35 Mesolithic ‘ghost’ sites and related Stone Age problems with lithics (Ole Grøn and Hans Peeters) 233

36 Sømmevågen. A Late Mesolithic–Early Neolithic settlement complex in south-western Norway: Preliminary results (Trond Meling, Hilde Fyllingen, and Sean D. Denham)

240

37 Mesolithic settlement on Utsira, western Norway: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in transition as reflected by dwellings and site patterns (Arne Johan Nærøy)

246

38 Mesolithic dwellings from Motala, Sweden (Ann Westermark) 252

vContents

Regional Identities 259

39 Introduction: Regional identities (Rick Schulting) 261

40 Holocene foraging in the Dinaric Alps: Current research on the Mesolithic of Montenegro (Dušan Borić, Emanuela Cristiani, Ljiljana Đuričić, Dragana Filipović, Ethel Allué, Zvezdana Vušović-Lučić, and Nikola Borovinić)

264

41 New perspectives on the Mesolithic of the Sado Valley (southern Portugal): Preliminary results of the SADO MESO project (Pablo Arias, Mariana T. Diniz, Ana Cristina Araújo, Ángel Armendariz, and Luis C. Teira)

274

42 The ‘Asturian’ and its neighbours in the twenty-first century: Recent perspectives on the Mesolithic of northern Spain (Pablo Arias, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, María J. Iriarte-Chiapusso, Mercedes Pérez Bartolomé, and Jesús Tapia)

281

43 The Mesolithic in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Galicia, Spain): The state of art (Eduardo Ramil Rego, Natividad Fuertes Prieto, Carlos Fernández Rodríguez, Eduardo González Gómez de Agüero and Ana Neira Campos)

289

44 The last foragers in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula: New evidence of human occupation during the seventh/sixth millennia cal BC (Antoni Palomo, Igor Bodganovic, Raquel Piqué, Rafel Rosillo, Xavier Terradas, Marta Alcolea, Marian Berihuete, and Maria Saña)

295

45 The Late Mesolithic of the south-western coast of Portugal: The lithic industry of Vale Marim I in focus (Joaquina Soares, Niccolò Mazzucco, and Carlos Tavares da Silva)

301

46 The temporality of the Mesolithic in southern France (Thomas Perrin) 308

47 Re-evaluating the old excavation from Pinnberg, Germany (Daniel Groß, Steffen Berckhan, Nadine Hauschild, Anna-Lena Räder, and Anne Sohst)

312

48 Exploring early Ertebølle: Results of preliminary assessments at a submerged site in the Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea, Germany) and its potential (Julia Goldhammer, Annika B. Müller, Laura Brandt, Steffen Wolters, and Sönke Hartz)

318

49 Identifying regional practices in cave use during the Mesolithic in south-western Britain (Caroline Rosen)

324

50 About time for the Mesolithic near Stonehenge: New perspectives from Trench 24 at Blick Mead, Vespasian’s Camp, Amesbury (David Jacques, Tom Lyons, Barry Bishop, and Tom Phillips)

330

51 Secrets of Blue Maiden: The archaeology of a virgin island in the Baltic Sea (Kenneth Alexandersson, Anna-Karin Andersson, and Ludvig Papmehl-Dufay)

337

52 Mesolithic site locations in the river valleys of Karelia, west of Ladoga Lake, Russia (Hannu Takala, Mark. M. Shakhnovich, Aleksey Yu. Tarasov, and Anssi Malinen)

345

VOLUME II

People in Their Environment 355

53 Introduction: People in their environment (Clive Bonsall and Vesna Dimitrijević) 357

54 Late Glacial to Early Holocene environs and wood use at Lepenski Vir (Ethel Allué, Dragana Filipović, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Borić)

359

55 Plant use at the Mesolithic site of Parque Darwin (Madrid, Spain) (Marian Berihuete Azorín, Marta Alcolea Gracia, Raquel Piqué i Huerta, and Javier Baena Preysler)

367

56 A tale of foxes and deer, or how people changed their eating habits during the Mesolithic at Vlakno cave (Croatia) (Siniša Radović, Victoria Pía Spry-Marqués, and Dario Vujević)

374

57 Coastal resource exploitation patterns and climatic conditions during the Early Mesolithic in the Cantabrian region (northern Iberia): Preliminary data from the shell midden site of El Mazo (Asier García-Escárzaga, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, Adolfo Cobo, and Manuel R. González-Morales)

382

vi Contents

58 How ‘marine’ were coastal Mesolithic diets? (Rick J. Schulting) 389

59 The seasonality of hunting during the Mesolithic in southern Scandinavia (Ola Magnell) 398

60 Incremental growth line analysis of the European oyster (Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus, 1758) from the kitchen midden at Eskilsø, Denmark (Harry K. Robson, Søren A. Sørensen, Eva M. Laurie, and Nicky Milner)

404

61 Skellerup Enge: Evidence for a distinctive subsistence economy in western Denmark during the early Ertebølle (Kenneth Ritchie, Søren H. Andersen, and Esben Kannegaard)

410

62 Hunting beyond red deer: Exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblages in Britain and north-western Europe (Nick J. Overton)

416

63 Size estimations of sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from the Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube Gorges (Ivana Živaljević, Igor V. Askeyev, Dilyara N. Shaymuratova (Galimova), Oleg V. Askeyev, Sergey P. Monakhov, Dušan Borić, and Sofija Stefanović)

422

Technology 429

64 Introduction: Technology (Federica Fontana, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Mihailović) 431

65 Couteaux de Rouffignac: A new insight into an old tool (Davide Visentin, Sylvie Philibert, and Nicolas Valdeyron)

434

66 The lithic assemblage of the Mesolithic station of Alp2 (pre-alpine mountain range of Chartreuse, northern French Alps): Preliminary data (Jocelyn Robbe)

440

67 The First and Second Mesolithic of La Grande Rivoire (Vercors range, Isère, France): A diachronic perspective on lithic technology (Alexandre Angelin, Thomas Perrin, and Pierre-Yves Nicod)

444

68 Techno-functional approach to a technological breakthrough: The Second Mesolithic of Montclus rockshelter (Gard, France) (Elsa Defranould, Sylvie Philibert, and Thomas Perrin)

452

69 The late microblade complexes and the emergence of geometric microliths in north-eastern Iberia (Dídac Román, Pilar García-Argüelles, Jordi Nadal, and Josep Maria Fullola)

457

70 Mesolithic raw material management south of the Picos de Europa (northern Spain) (Diego Herrero-Alonso, Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, and Ana Neira-Campos)

464

71 New perspectives on Mesolithic technology in northern Iberia: Data from El Mazo shell midden site (Asturias, Spain) (Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, John Rissetto, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, and Manuel R. González Morales)

470

72 The conical core pressure blade concept: A Mesolithic chaîne opératoire (Tuija Rankama and Jarmo Kankaanpää)

476

73 Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? (Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther)

482

74 Shaori II: An obsidian workshop in Javakheti, Georgia (Dimitri Narimanishvili, Petranka Nedelcheva, and Ivan Gatsov)

490

75 Finding, shaping, hiding: Caching behaviour in the Middle Mesolithic of south-eastern Norway (Lucia Uchermann Koxvold)

495

76 Hafting flake axes: Technological and functional aspects of an assemblage from north-western Norway (John Asbjørn Havstein)

499

77 Quantifying Irish shale Mesolithic axes/adzes (Bernard Gilhooly) 505

78 Technology of osseous artefacts in the Mesolithic Danube Gorges: The evidence from Vlasac (Serbia) (Emanuela Cristiani and Dušan Borić)

512

79 Antler in material culture of the Iron Gates Mesolithic (Selena Vitezović) 520

80 Tools made from wild boar canines during the French Mesolithic: A technological and functional study of the collection from Le Cuzoul de Gramat (France) (Benjamin Marquebielle and Emmanuelle Fabre)

526

viiContents

81 Lost at the bottom of the lake. Leister prongs from the Early and Middle Mesolithic (Lars Larsson, Björn Nilsson, and Arne Sjöström)

535

82 Late Glacial and Early Holocene osseous projectile weaponry from the Polish Lowlands: The case of a point from Witów (Justyna Orłowska)

540

Social Relations, Communication, Mobility 547

83 Introduction: Social relations, communication, mobility (Chantal Conneller) 549

84 Role of personal ornaments: Vlakno cave (Croatia) (Barbara Cvitkušić and Dario Vujević) 551

85 Marine shells as grave goods at S’Omu e S’Orku (Sardinia, Italy) (Emanuela Cristiani, Rita T. Melis, and Margherita Mussi)

558

86 Visual information in Cabeço da Amoreira, Muge (Portugal): Shell adornment technology (Lino André and Nuno Bicho)

567

87 Neighbours on the other side of the sea: Late Mesolithic relations in eastern Middle Sweden (Jenny Holm)

574

88 Sedentary hunters, mobile farmers: The spread of agriculture into prehistoric Europe (T. Douglas Price, Lars Larsson, Ola Magnell, and Dušan Borić)

579

Rites and Symbols 585

89 Introduction: Rites and Symbols (Judith M. Grünberg and Lars Larsson) 587

90 A portable object in motion – Complex layers of meaning embedded in an ornamented sandstone-object from the Late Mesolithic site of Brunstad (Norway) (Almut Schülke)

590

91 Net patterns in Mesolithic art of north-western Europe (Tomasz Płonka) 595

92 Protective patterns in Mesolithic art (Peter Vang Petersen) 602

93 Mesolithic engraved bone pins: The art of fashion at Téviec (Morbihan, France) (Éva David) 610

94 Final destruction and ultimate humiliation of an enemy during the Mesolithic of southern Scandinavia (Erik Brinch Petersen)

619

95 Archaeological remains of Mesolithic funerary rites and symbols (Judith M. Grünberg) 622

96 Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the lens of their mortuary practices (Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)

629

97 Depositions of human skulls and cremated bones along the River Motala Ström at Strandvägen, Motala (Fredrik Molin, Sara Gummesson, Linus Hagberg, and Jan Storå)

637

98 Human–animal symbolism within a ritual space in the Mesolithic wetland deposit at Kanaljorden, Motala (Fredrik Hallgren, Sara Gummesson, Karin Berggren, and Jan Storå)

644

99 What are grave goods? Some thoughts about finds and features in Mesolithic mortuary practice (Lars Larsson)

649

100 Mesolithic companions: The significance of animal remains within Mesolithic burials in Zvejnieki and Skateholm (Aija Macāne)

655

101 Pit or grave? ‘Emptied’ graves from the cemetery at Dudka, Masuria, north-eastern Poland (Karolina Bugajska)

660

102 Beware of dogs! Burials and loose dog bones at Dudka and Szczepanki, Masuria, north-eastern Poland (Witold Gumiński)

668

103 Shamans in the Mesolithic? Re-analysis of antler headdresses from the North European Plain (Markus Wild)

678

104 Birds in ritual practice of eastern European forest hunter-gatherers (Ekaterina Kashina and Elena Kaverzneva)

685

viii Contents

Transitions – Endings 693

105 Transitions – Endings: Introduction (T. Douglas Price) 695

106 Modelling the empty spaces: Mesolithic in the micro-region of central Serbia (Vera Bogosavljević Petrović and Andrej Starović)

699

107 How North Iberia was lost? The Early Neolithic in Cantabrian Spain (Miguel Ángel Fano and Miriam Cubas)

706

108 Debating Neolithization from a Mesolithic point of view: The Sado Valley (Portugal) experience (Mariana Diniz, Pablo Arias Cabal, Ana Cristina Araújo, and Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)

713

109 The Caucasian route of Neolithization in the Pontic-Caspian region (Alexander Gorelik, Andrej Tsybriy, and Viktor Tsybriy)

720

110 The Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic of the Kama region, Russia: Aspects of the Neolithization process (Evgeniia Lychagina)

727

111 The Late Mesolithic in western Lesser Poland: Spectators or participants in the Neolithization? (Marek Nowak, Mirosław Zając, and Justyna Zakrzeńska)

733

112 Wetland sites in a dry land area. A survey for Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites in and around the Zwischenahner Meer Lake, Germany (Svea Mahlstedt)

740

113 Forager-farmer contacts in the Scheldt Basin (Flanders, Belgium) in the late sixth-early fifth millennia BC: Evidence from the site of Bazel-Sluis (Erwin Meylemans, Yves Perdaen, Joris Sergant, Jan Bastiaens, Koen Deforce, Anton Ervynck, and Philippe Crombé)

746

114 Ritual continuity between the Late Mesolithic Ertebølle and Early Neolithic Funnel Beaker cultures (Søren Anker Sørensen)

750

115 Continuity and change: hunters and farmers in the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, Östergötland, eastern middle Sweden (Tom Carlsson)

756

116 The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in South Norway: Cylindrical blade technology as an indicator of change (Dag Erik Færø Olsen)

763

Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic 771

117 Introduction: Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic (Nicky Milner) 773

118 Mesolithic movie stars: Analyzing rare film archives of the Muge excavations from the early twentieth century (Ana Abrunhosa and António H. B. Gonçalves)

776

119 Elusive, perplexing, and peculiar? Presenting the Mesolithic to twenty-first century audiences (Don Henson)

785

120 Public perceptions and engagement with the Jomon and the Mesolithic (Don Henson) 789

121 Building Mesolithic: An experimental archaeological approach to Mesolithic buildings in Ireland (Graeme Warren)

796

Index 805

People in Their Environment

62. Hunting beyond red deer: Exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblages in Britain and north-western EuropeNick J. Overton

Narratives of Mesolithic hunting strategies in Britain and wider north-western Europe have previously conceived of ‘red deer economies’, in which life revolved, to a great extent, around the procurement of this species. Such subsistence models have subsequently influenced models of seasonal transhumance and interpretations of site-use and flint assemblages. Although over the last 40 years the importance and exclusivity of red deer, and the suitability of subsequent models of movement and seasonality have been challenged, the species remains, to an extent, a symbol of Mesolithic hunting. This paper compares the frequency of species from four re-analyzed sites in southern Britain with those from previously analyzed sites in northern Britain and northern France to explore the geographical and temporal shifts in species killed during the Early Mesolithic. Moving beyond single-species monolithic hunting strategies and large-scale models of transhumance, the variety of species hunted highlights the need to consider Mesolithic hunting strategies that undertook a range of tasks and encountered numerous different species with changing local populations, within a mosaic of different environments.

Keywords: Mesolithic, Britain, ungulates, red deer hunting

Introduction: Red deer in the British MesolithicHistorically, narratives of the British Mesolithic have been inextricably entwined with red deer, to the point that this species, unlike any other, has become emblematic of the pe-riod as a whole. This lasting association can be considered as first emerging from a growing desire to identify Early Mesolithic sites with organic preservation, which, in part, was driven by a growing interest in using animal remains to consider the relative economic importance of hunting specific species (Clark 1952, 4); this famously led to the ex-cavation of Star Carr in north-eastern England. Among the abundant organic artefacts and remains, the Star Carr assemblage contained 191 barbed points made from red deer antler, and a total of 21 red deer frontlets (Clark 1954), which remain unique in the British record. The recovery of such enigmatic and iconic artefacts so early in the study of the period established these as key components of the emerging identity of the British Mesolithic. Furthermore, the analysis of the faunal remains at Star Carr, identified red deer as the most prevalent species, represented by a minimum number of 80 individuals, making up 62 percent of the large ungulates (Clark 1954, 15). Whilst the remains

of five ungulate species were present within the Star Carr assemblage, the quantity of red deer remains and the iconic nature of the artefacts made from red deer made the spe-cies a key focal point for the British Mesolithic, both as ma-terial culture and as a subsistence resource.

During the 1970s, the importance of red deer in the British Mesolithic was heavily reinforced; owing to the relative prevalence of red deer across European Mesolith-ic sites, they were characterized as a staple food. Further-more, Mesolithic humans were described as engaging in specific ‘deer economies’, in which humans actively target-ed individuals, in particular young and male individuals to manage populations and maximize yield (Jarman 1972, 125–28), a pattern that was identified in the Star Carr as-semblage (Jarman 1972), reinforcing the importance of red deer at the site, and in the British Mesolithic. Clark (1972) emphasized the importance of red deer to British Meso-lithic groups, suggesting humans engaged in seasonal tran-shumance, following red deer from large upland summer territories to smaller lowland wintering territories, a model that was adopted by other contemporary scholars (e.g. Mel-lars 1976a, 380–8). This red-deer focused transhumance model had wider impacts; small upland sites dominated

41762. Hunting beyond red deer: Exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblages in Britain

by microliths were interpreted as summer occupations by humans hunting red deer dissipated over large territories (Mellars 1976a, 380–8) and intentional burning clearance events were interpreted as attempts to increase hunting success and efficiency, again with an emphasis on red deer (Mellars 1976b, 35). These interpretations of site use, sea-son of occupation, mobility strategies, and human-envi-ronment interactions were predicated on Early Mesolithic subsistence strategies focusing on red deer. However, re-interpretation of the Star Carr assemblage suggested red deer were perhaps not as dominant as previously suggest-ed. Jacobi (1978, 317) highlighted that many of the antlers recovered were shed, and a large disparity existed between the frequencies of skeletal material and antler, suggesting antlers were potentially introduced to the site as isolated elements, greatly inflating red deer minimum number of individual (MNI) figures. Similarly, Caulfield (1978, 18) recalculated MNI figures from the faunal material and suggested that while red deer remained the most frequent species based on number of individuals, aurochs were the most frequent species in terms of calorific yield. However, while these studies suggested that interpreting Mesolithic subsistence as revolving exclusively around red deer was no longer tenable, accompanied by the formation of alternative models of subsistence practice in Britain (e.g. Clarke 1976, Bonsal 1981), other accounts of the Mesolithic remained unchanged. Groups were still characterized as hunters fol-lowing the movements of red deer (Morrison 1980, 120–2), and clearance through burning continued to be explained as a tactic for the hunting of red deer (Clark 1980, 41–6), as opposed to ungulates more generally.

Following these reinterpretations of the Star Carr ma-terial, the assemblage was fully re-analyzed by Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9); most significantly, the frequency of ungulate species was recalculated, indicating that while red deer were still the most frequent ungulate, they only made up a third of the whole assemblage. Furthermore, this reanalysis also suggested that previous accounts of red deer in the Mesolithic, which used modern populations in Scotland and Norway as analogies to characterize deer behaviour in the past, were ultimately problematic. These modern populations inhabit open hilly environments, and subsequently engage in seasonal movement to obtain nec-essary sustenance and shelter during the year. However, the red deer inhabiting the forests surrounding Star Carr would behave very differently; far from being migratory, forest populations remain in a single territory year-round (Legge and Rowley-Conwy 1988, 21, 38). This has impor-tant implications for our understanding of the British Mesolithic; if red deer did not engage in seasonal migra-tion, previous interpretations of site use, seasonality and mobility, all predicated on humans following migrating red deer, must be reconsidered. Yet, even after this, later narratives of activity at Star Carr still referenced models of

red deer transhumance, with the implicit suggestion this was echoed by humans (Mellars and Dark 1998, 233), while broader accounts of Mesolithic Britain continued to pres-ent red deer as the main quarry, with humans engaging in seasonal movements between uplands and lowlands (Smith 1992, 19, 132).

Such is the resilience of red deer, ingrained into the identity of the British Mesolithic, that longstanding nar-ratives of Mesolithic red deer hunters following season-ally migrating herds remained, even after more recent studies have presented a number of convincing critiques. This is not to suggest that red deer were not significant in the British Mesolithic; it is perhaps no surprise that while post-processual approaches to the British Mesolithic moved away from themes such as hunting strategies and economies, they still regularly considered red deer as ma-terials, artefacts, symbols, and living beings (e.g. Bevan 2003; Conneller 2004). This is because the remains of red deer recovered from British contexts offer unparalleled op-portunities to explore a range of issues pertaining to life in

A B

C

Fig. 62.1. Map showing the location of the British sites mentioned in the text. A: Kennet Valley; Faraday Road, and Thatcham III; B: Colne Valley; Three Ways Wharf and the Former Sanderson Site. C: Vale of Pickering; Star Carr, Barry’s Island, and Seamer Carr.

Nick J. Overton418

the Mesolithic. However, the presence of iconic artefacts and material remains should not validate problematic ac-counts of hunting strategies that over-emphasize the role of red deer. One difficulty in grasping the nature of hunting practices in the British Mesolithic has been the general lack of material on which to base interpretations. The focus on Star Carr (see above) is entirely understandable, as it still remains the largest Early Mesolithic assemblage in Britain. However, the degree to which it is representative of hunting strategies in Mesolithic Britain as a whole has to be consid-ered. For new interpretations of hunting practices, which move away from a focus on just red deer, other Early Mes-olithic assemblages must be included.

Ungulate hunting in the Early Mesolithic This paper presents species frequencies at four Early Mes-olithic sites in southern Britain, recorded by the author us-ing standard zooarchaeological methods and quantified as MNI (for a full methodology see Overton 2014). The four sites are located within two major tributaries of the River Thames (see Fig. 62.1); Thatcham III and Faraday Road lie in the Lower Kennet Valley, while Three Ways Wharf and the Former Sanderson lie in the Colne Valley. Thatcham was excavated in the late 1950s by John Wymer (1962), re-vealing five ‘sites’ on the edge of the floodplain, returning extensive Early Mesolithic flint and bone scatters pertain-ing to multiple occupations throughout the year and the hunting of a wide range of mammalian species. Discrepan-cies between archived faunal materials and records of spec-imen frequencies made at the time of excavation indicate a number of the archived Thatcham faunal assemblages no longer contain all of the originally excavated material. However, records indicate the current Thatcham III assem-blage contains the vast majority of the originally excavated material, and is, therefore, the most representative of the five assemblages. Thatcham III presented a general scatter, which included two discrete sub-scatters, one containing red deer, and another wild boar; age data indicated the material from these scatters originated from potentially separate hunting events spanning the summer, autumn, and winter (Overton 2014), returning a date of 8630–8260 cal BC at 95 percent confidence (OxA-2848: 9200±90 BP, Roberts et al. 1998). This and all further radiocarbon dates are presented at 95.4 percent probability, calibrated with OxCal v4.2.4 (Bronk-Ramsey 2009) with the IntCal13 at-mospheric curve (Reimer et al. 2013). Faraday Road was excavated in 1997 by Wessex Archaeology, revealing a con-centration of flint and faunal material originating from multiple occupations spanning all seasons, with a distinct focus of hunting wild boar, returning a single date of 9120–8500 cal BC at 95 percent confidence (R-24999/2: 9418±60 BP, Ellis et al. 2003). Three Ways Wharf was excavated by Museum of London Archaeological Services (MOLAS) in

1986, revealing both Late Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic scatters of flint and faunal material. The Early Mesolithic assemblage indicated processing of red deer and smaller numbers of roe deer limb bones around a central fire, dated between 8790–8280 cal BC and 8600–8290 cal BC (OxA-5557: 9280±110 BP; OxA-5559: 9200±75 BP, Lewis and Rackham 2011). The Former Sanderson Site was also exca-vated by MOLAS, just 200 m from Three Ways Wharf, re-vealing an in situ occupation layer containing struck flints and osseous remains, indicating a mixture of red deer and wild boar hunting between early summer and early winter, and returning a date of 8590–8290 cal BC (Beta-200075: 9230±50 BP, Halsey 2006).

Species frequencyFigure 62.2 presents the frequency of ungulate species at each of the four southern British sites. Most notably, these frequencies present large inter-site variations; within the Kennet Valley, Faraday Road is dominated by wild boar, with a MNI of 12, and much lower red deer, roe deer, and aurochs frequencies, while Thatcham III exhibits a more balanced frequency of species, however, wild boar are again most frequent, and elk and aurochs are notably pres-ent. In the Colne Valley assemblages, there is a striking contrast between Three Ways Wharf, which is dominated by red deer, represented by an MNI of 15 and complete-ly lacking in wild boar, and the Former Sanderson Site, which is dominated by wild boar, making up 80 percent of the ungulates (cf. Overton 2014). The variability between the sites in the species hunted, and the dominance of wild boar at three of the four sites, contradicts the notion of an Early Mesolithic economy focused on red deer. Further-more, the season data available from the Faraday Road, Thatcham III, and Former Sanderson sites indicate either potential year-round, or late summer occupations: as low-land valley bottom sites, occupation during the summer refutes transhumance models that assume upland sum-mer occupation (Overton 2014). Moving away from a sin-gle-species transhumance hunting strategy, it is perhaps more fruitful to consider specific sites being occupied to hunt particular species. For example, Three Ways Wharf and the Former Sanderson Site are broadly contempora-neous (Fig. 62.2), and are only 200 metres apart (Halsey 2006, 9), yet the faunal assemblages are very different, one dominated by red deer, the other by wild boar. The faunal assemblages demonstrate the hunting of multiple species with a focus on particular species at specific sites, and in a number of cases also suggest year-round or multi-season occupation. This suggests Mesolithic occupation within the Kennet and Colne Valleys is better characterized by groups moving between numerous sites within a mosaic of habitats, used for specific hunting events, targeting single or multiple species.

41962. Hunting beyond red deer: Exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblages in Britain

Wider British contextTo consider the species frequencies within the Kennet and Colne Valley assemblages in the wider British context, these data can be compared to the other Early Mesolith-ic faunal assemblages from Britain, which are restricted to the sites of Star Carr, Barry’s Island and Seamer Carr, all located in the Vale of Pickering, north-eastern England (see Fig. 62.1). Within the Star Carr assemblage, red deer is the most frequent, with a MNI of 26, followed by roe deer (MNI=17), aurochs (MNI=16), elk (MNI=12), and finally wild boar (MNI=4) (Legge and Rowley-Conwy 1988, 9). The published data available for Barry’s Island and Seam-er Carr are less detailed; however, they do demonstrate a clear dominance of red deer at Barry’s Island, with much lower frequencies of roe deer, elk, and aurochs, and no wild boar, and a more mixed assemblage at Seamer Carr, with aurochs being the most frequent species, followed by red deer in relatively high frequency, lower frequencies of roe deer and elk, and again, a absence of wild boar (Uchiyama 2015). These assemblages share similarities with the Ken-net and Colne Valley assemblages. Firstly, there is no clear focus on red deer; they are the dominant species at Barry’s Island; however, at Star Carr while they are the most fre-quent species, they only make up one-third of the assem-blage based on MNI figures, and at Seamer Carr, aurochs are more frequent. Secondly, there is no focus on any one species: the Vale of Pickering sites, like the Kennet and Colne Valley sites, demonstrate that a range of species were hunted, usually with one species being preferentially killed at particular sites. This would suggest that the alternative model of Early Mesolithic hunting strategies, in which hu-mans moved around their landscape occupying different sites for the hunting of particular species, as suggested for

the Kennet and Colne Valley, may be appropriate for the British Mesolithic more broadly.

Comparison between the northern and southern sites also presents a number of differences. Firstly, very low fre-quencies or absences of elk and aurochs in the Kennet and Colne Valleys (Fig. 62.2) contrast with the higher frequen-cies exhibited at the sites in the Vale of Pickering; these species are present in all three northern assemblages, and in the case of Seamer C, aurochs is the dominant species. Simultaneously, these northern sites exhibit either very low frequency, or absence, of wild boar, contrasting with the sites in the Kennet and Colne. As these sites were broadly contemporaneous, the disparity in frequencies of aurochs and elk, and wild boar cannot be understood as a shift or progression from one species to another over time. Alter-natively, it may reflect geographical differences; during the later Pre-Boreal and early Boreal periods, the large elk and aurochs may have moved further north as the south was colonized by more dense woodland vegetation less suitable for them, but more suitable for smaller wild boar. Move-ment and eventual local extinction of elk and aurochs due to vegetation change has been identified in the Danish Mesolithic (Magnell 2017), and may also explain the dif-ferences between northern and southern assemblages in Britain.

Although hunting strategies across Britain do show variation in species frequencies, they also exhibit a closer similarity; while local species populations differed, sites from the north and south exhibit strategies that targeted multiple species. In the south, red deer and wild boar make up the majority of the assemblages, while in the north, au-rochs and red deer were more frequently killed. This sug-gests Mesolithic hunting strategies in England cannot be explained by a single, monolithic model, but instead need to be explored contextually; strategies in the Kennet and Colne Valleys represent choices made by humans in spe-cific landscapes.

Hunting strategies over timeHaving established that the assemblages from the Ken-net and Colne Valley do not indicate human predation of any one species, ordering them by date (Fig. 62.2) also demonstrates the differences between sites are not the re-sult of a unilinear change in targeted species over time. It is not possible to assess changes in species frequency over time in northern Britain, as only the Star Carr data are published in enough detail. However, the data are avail-able to compare southern British sites with Early Meso-lithic sites in neighbouring north-western France, where there is argued to be a change in species representation over time (cf. Bridault 1997a, 306; Valdeyron 2008, 197). This is characterized as a shift in focus from red deer to wild boar at the transition from the Early to the Middle Mesolithic (see Fig 62.3); early sites, such as Warluis IIIb,

Aurochs Elk Red Deer Roe Deer Wild Boar

Faraday Road (9120-8500 cal BC)

Three Ways Wharf(8790-8280 cal BC)

Thatcham III(8630-8260 cal BC)

Former Sanderson Site

(8590-8290 cal BC)

100%90%

80%

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50%

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Relative Frequency of Large Ungulate Species in Southern British Early Mesolithic Assemblages,

Based on MNI data and ranked by Date

Fig. 62.2. Graph showing the frequency of ungulate species at four southern British Early Mesolithic sites. Frequencies presented are MNI counts, and the sites are ranked by age, according to the calibrated dates presented in the text.

Nick J. Overton420

show a dominance of deer (Coutard et al. 2010, 74), but later sites, such as Warluis I, show a dominance of wild boar (Leduc and Bridault 2011, 49). However, the Kennet and Colne assemblages do not show an equivalent shift over time; although Faraday Road, Thatcham III, and the Former Sanderson Site have high frequencies of wild boar, these are not preceded by earlier, red deer dominated sites. Instead, wild boar is the most frequently hunted species at these Early Mesolithic sites.

Furthermore, the broadly contemporaneous assem-blages from Three Ways Wharf and the Former Sanderson Site evidence different hunting practices in the same lo-cal area, one focusing on red deer, the other on wild boar. Therefore, instead of a shift from red deer to wild boar over the course of the Early Mesolithic, the sites in southern Britain show the hunting of both red deer and wild boar at separate sites during the Early Mesolithic. This suggests that attempts to establish broad shifts in Mesolithic hunt-ing strategies that focus on any single species are not sub-stantiated by the material record; instead, hunting strat-egies in the Kennet and Colne, and more widely across Britain and Europe, should be seen as the result of humans making intentional choices, in specific landscapes, popu-lated by particular species.

Conclusions – Beyond red deerThe frequencies of species within British Early Mesolith-ic faunal assemblages clearly demonstrate that previous narratives of Mesolithic hunting practices, in which hu-mans focused specifically, or exclusively on red deer, lead-ing to large-scale transhumance mobility patterns, are no longer appropriate or tenable. Species frequencies instead evidence the hunting of various ungulate species, with both northern and southern sites focusing on specific species. The frequencies of different species does suggest that large-scale environmental and vegetative changes led to fluctuations in species numbers, or even absences,

during the Early Mesolithic, a pattern also evidenced in other parts of north-western Europe. However, while the relative frequency of species may have fluctuated across Britain, all the assemblages suggest that humans regular-ly hunted many ungulate species, and occupied particu-lar sites to hunt specific species. It is of particular inter-est that, in contrast to assemblages from north-western France, the assemblages from southern Britain do not ev-idence a shift from red deer to wild boar over the course of the Early Mesolithic; instead, both species were being hunted during this period. This highlights the issues with attempting to formulate large-scale accounts of hunting strategies, and instead encourages new accounts that con-sider actions as the result of particular humans making choices in specific environments. Confronted by sites that are not united by a single predation pattern, Mesolithic hunting practices within the Kennet and Colne Valley, and Britain more widely, were not geared toward hunting a single species. Instead Mesolithic life involved moving within a network of sites in a mosaic of different environ-ments; floodplain, marsh, dense woodland and clearings, each offering particular opportunities to hunt particular species, at certain times of the year. As more sites are dis-covered, new assemblages are analyzed and old material is revisited, research into the British Mesolithic has the opportunity to move beyond just red deer, and exam-ine the true complexity of hunting strategies within the landscape.

AcknowledgementsThis research originated as part of my doctoral research, which would not have been possible without funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council. Thanks go to Steve Tucker and Francis Grew at the LAARC, Craig Halsey at MOLA, Jill Greenaway at Reading Museum, Steph Gillet at Newbury Museum, and Bryan Sitch and Phyllis Stoddart at the Manchester Museum for their assistance in access-ing archived faunal materials. Any mistakes are mine, and mine alone.

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Fig. 62.3. Graph showing the frequency of ungulate species at sites in north-western France, based on the number of identified specimens (NISP) and ranked by date (after Coutard et al. 2010; Leduc and Bridault 2011).

Aurochs Elk Red Deer Roe Deer Wild Boar

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Rue Henri FarmanLocus 2

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Warluis I(7630-7500 cal BC)

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(after Coutard et al 2010, Leduc and Bridault 2011)

Rue Henri FarmanLocus 4

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Ellis, C. J., M. J. Allen, J. Gardiner, P. Harding, C. Ingrem, A. Powell, and R. G. Scaife (2003) An Early Mesolithic seasonal hunting site in the Kennet Valley, southern England. Pro-ceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69, 107–35.

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Foraging Assemblages Volume 2

Edited by Dušan Borić,Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović

Fora

ging

Ass

embl

ages

Volume

2

Foraging Assemblages is the publication of the proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held in Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings gather 121 contributions on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost every corner of the continent. The book presents a cross-section of recent Mes-olithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the vol-umes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 thematic sections, each with an introduction written by prominent Mesolithic experts. The reader will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonization of new territories at the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene warming; the use of diverse landscapes and resources; climatic instabili-ties that influenced patterns of settlement and subsistence; the organiza-

tion of settlements and dwelling spaces; the formation of region-al identities expressed through various aspects of material cul-ture and technologies of artefact production, use, and discard; aspects of social relations and mobility; symbolic, ritual, and mortuary practices; diverse ways in which Mesolithic communities of Europe were transformed into or superseded by Neolithic ways of being; and how we have re-searched, represented, and dis-cussed the Mesolithic.

Volume 1Transitions – Beginnings

Colonization

Landscapes

Settlement

Regional Identities

Volume 2People in Their Environment

Technology

Social Relations, Communication, Mobility

Rites and Symbols

Transitions – Endings

Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic

978

8680

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51