humanitarul mecnierebata da samartlis fakultetis...

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saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis

Sromebi

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gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~ Tbilisi 2017

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SromebSi ibeWdeba samecniero gamokvlevebi, romelic miZRvnilia istoriis, filologiisa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebisadmi.

saredaqcio kolegia profesori sergo vardosaniZe (Tavmjdomare), akademikosi roin

metreveli, profesori mindia ugrexeliZe, profesori vaxtang guruli, profesori giorgi alibegaSvili, profesori tariel futkaraZe, profesori manana tabiZe, profesori rozeta gujejiani, profesori eka duRaSvili, profesori karlo bziSvili, profesori avTandil kiknaZe, profesori nona Todua, profesori sulxan kupraSvili, profesori jemal karaliZe, profesori iasuhiro kojima, istoriis doqtori levan jiqia (pasuxismgebeli mdivani).

tomi gamosacemad moamzades profesorma vaxtang gurulma da istoriis doqtorma levan jiqiam

© gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~ © avtorTa jgufi ISSN 2346-7657

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St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Works of Faculty of Humanities and Law

VII

Publishing House `Georgian University~ Tbilisi 2017

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The Collection contains scientific researches dedicated to the issues of History, Philology and Jurisprudence.

Editional bourd

Professor Sergo Vardosanidze (Chairman), Academician Roin Metreveli, Professor Mindia Ugrekhelidze,

Professor Vakhtang Guruli, Professor Giorgi Alibegashvili, Professor Tariel Putkaradze, Professor Manana Tabidze,

Professor Rozeta Gujejiani, Professor Eka Dughashvili, Professor Karlo Bzishvili, Professor Avtandil Kiknadze,

Professor Nana Todua, Professor Sulkhan Kuprashvili, Professor Jemal Karalidze, Professor Iasuhiro Kojima,

Doctor of History Levan Jikia (Responsible secretary).

The Collection was prepared for publication by Doctor of History, Professor Vakhtang Guruli

and Doctor of History Levan Jikia.

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i s t o r i a

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roin metreveli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

bedi levilis mamulisa

Znelia qarTveli eris Tanamedrove yofaSi ufro mniSvnelovani, sakuTari

TviTaRqmis aRmazevebeli, istoriuli da samomavlo samecniero-saganmanaTleblo,

aseve SemoqmedebiTi perspeqtivebis ganxorcielebisTvis ufro metad mniSvnelovani

movlena hpovoT, vidre seqtembris miwuruls saqarTvelos mxarisTvis safrangeTSi,

parizis maxloblad, daba levilSi cnobili mamulis saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis

gadmocema iyo.

saqarTvelosa da safrangeTis warmomadgenlebma am aqtis damadasturebel

dokuments 2013 wlis 23 seqtembers moaweres xeli, 28-Si ki Cveni oficialuri

warmomadgenlebi amis Taobaze erTgvari angariSiT mecnierebaTa erovnul akademiaSi

damswre sazogadoebis winaSe warsdgnen.

gavixsenoT levilis mamulis istoria, safrangeTSi qarTuli emigraciisTvis misi

mniSvneloba.

– lamazi franguli levili (eville sur-orge) daba parizidan ocdaaTiode

kilometris moSorebiT senisa da suazis departamentSi mdebareobs. gasuli saukunis

20-iani wlebidan misi saxeli mkvidrad daukavSirda qarTul emigracias, sadac 1921

wels saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis mTavrobam 4 heqtari miwis nakveTi

SeiZina da emigrantTa erTi nawili, romelTa Soris mravali gamoCenili piri iyo

iq dasaxlda. imTaviTve xazgasmiT aRiniSna, rom levilis mamuli, romelic,

faqtobrivad, qarTuli emigraciis centrad iqca, saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

respublikis sakuTreba iyo. saqme isaa, rom pirveli respublikis mTavroba, rodesac

wavida safrangeTSi, daibruna poloneTisgan is vali, romelic poloneTs hqonda

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. e. i. is qoneba, valis saxiT, dabrunebul iqna

poloneTis saxelmwifos mier qarTveli xalxisTvis safrangeTSi pirveli

respublikis devnilobaSi myofi mTavrobisaTvis. ai, am fuliT iqna SeZenili

levilis mamuli.

1928 wlis 30 aprils Sedgenili iqna anderZi, romelsac xeli moaweres noe

Jordaniam, akaki Cxenkelma, noe ramiSvilma, eqvTime TayaiSvilma, evgeni gegeWkorma,

samson fircxalavam da konstantine kandelakma. amiT dadasturebuli iyo levilis

mamulis (safrangeTSi mas Sato levils uwodebdnen) saqarTvelos respublikisadmi

sakuTreba da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, egreT wodebuli „qarTuli kerisaTvis“ misi

samarTavad gadacema. metad mniSvnelovania, rom 1958 wels sazogadoebis krebam

erTxmad miiRo dadgenileba levilis mamulis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa

da mecnierebaTa akademiisTvis gadacemis Taobaze. amave dros, dadgenilebaSi

saqarTvelos mxaris Sesasrulebeli mTeli rigi piroba iyo dayenebuli.

1988 wlis gazafxulze safrangeTSi qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenelTa

mowveva miviReT, ris safuZvelze akademiis enisa da literaturis ganyofilebis

akademikos-mdivani giorgi ciciSvili da me, imJamad sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa

ganyofilebis akademikos-mdivani, mivlinebuli viyaviT safrangeTSi. qarTuli

emigraciis warmomadgenlebTan mravalricxovan SexvedraTa Soris gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo baton mamia beriSvilTan Sexvedra, romelic emigraciaSi wasuli

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saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis, rwmunebiT iyo aRWurvili.

detalurad gavecaniT levilis mamuls, vinaxuleT qarTvelTa sasaflao, romelsac

batoni mamias meuRle, qalbatoni qristine meTvalyureobda. Cven, arsebiTad, sruli

informacia miviReT 1958 wels notariulad damtkicebuli anderZis Taobaze,

molaparakebisas xazi gaesva im garemoebasac, rom universitetTan erTad levilis

mamuliT mecnierebaTa akademiac isargeblebda. aseve saintereso Sexvedra gvqonda

qalbaton nino qurcikaSvilTan – „bedi qarTlisas“ gamomcemlisa da redaqtoris

kalistrate salias meuRlesTan.

es, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelosTvis levilis mamulis dabrunebis grZel gzaze

gadadgmuli pirveli nabijebi iyo.

1993 wels parizSi saqarTvelos kulturis dReebi Catarda, romelSic,

bunebrivia, qarTuli sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufic iRebda monawileobas, maT

Soris Tavadac gaxldiT. maSin kvlav daisva levilis mamulis sakiTxi, sazogadoeba

„qarTuli keris“ wevrebma _ noe Jordanias qaliSvilma qalbatonma naTelam da akaki

ramiSvilma, saqarTvelos delegaciis wevrebi – iusticiis maSindeli ministri kote

kemularia, sruliad saqarTvelos yovelTa qarTvelTa kongresis Tavmjdomare,

kinoreJisori rezo CxeiZe, social-demokratiuli partiis Tavmjdomare guram

muCaiZe da me, imxanad Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis reqtori, levilSi Sexvedraze migviwvies, romlis dros azrTa

urTierTgacvlis Sedegad SeTanxmebulad miviReT komunike, romelSic kidev erTxel

xazgasmiT aRiniSna levilis mamulis samudamo mflobeli – Sesabamisad Tbilisis

universitetisa da mecnierebaTa akademiisadmi gadacemis SesaZlebloba garkveuli

pirobebiT, rac dokumentSi aisaxa kidec.

komunike

q. parizi, mamuli levili,

07 ivlisi, 1993 weli.

Cven, qveviT xelismomwerni vadasturebT, rom rogorc erTi mxare, levilis

mamulis uZravi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis „qarTuli kera“-s wevrebis saxeliT

batoni akaki ramiSvili da qalbatoni naTela Jordania, meores mxriv, saqarTvelos

respublikis warmomadgenlebi, iusticiis ministri batoni kote kemularia,

Tbilisis universitetis reqtori, akademikosi batoni roin metreveli, saqarTvelos

parlamentis wevri batoni guram muCaiZe, sruliad saqarTvelos kongresis

prezidenti, batoni rezo CxeiZe, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis yofili

mTavrobis 7 wevrisa, batonebis _ noe Jordanias, akaki Cxenkelis, noe ramiSvilis,

eqvTime TayaiSvilis, evgeni gegeWkoris, samson fircxalavas da konstantine

kandelakis xelismoweriT. 1928 wlis 30 aprils Sedgenili anderZis pirobebs, rom

levilis mamuli aris nayidi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis

mier da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos damoukidebel respublikas. 1958 wels sazogadoebis

krebam daamtkica erT-xmad, rom levilis mamuli gadaecemoda Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitets. amasTan unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli Semdegi pirobebi: qveynis

politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilizacia; sruli demokratizacia da adamianis

uflebebis dacva. agreTve, levilis mamuli unda gamocxaddes saqarTvelos elCis

sazafxulo rezidenciad. im pirobis ucilobeli dacviT, rom levilis teritoriaze

mcxovrebi saqarTvelos emigrantebis, maTi ojaxis wevrebis uflebebi, maTi

sicocxlis bolomde iqnes SenarCunebuli. es pirobebi gavrcelda parizSi mcxovreb

emigrant qarTvelebze, romelnic sargebloben binebiT levilis mamulis

teritoriaze. levilis mamulis gamgeobam da saqarTvelos mTavrobam ar unda

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dauSvan levilis teritoriaze binis dakavebis axali SemTxvevebi. pirveli mxare

iRebs Tavis¬Tavze valdebulebas, miandos saqarTvelos respublikas levilis

mamulis nasyidobis da sxva (mamulis gamgeblobasTan da flobasTan dakavSirebuli)

dokumen¬tebis fotopirebi. meore mxare, kisrulobs valdebulebas dokumentebis

pirebis analizis mixedviT awarmoos levilis mamulis saqarTvelosaTvis gadacemis

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi.

levilis mamulis gamgeobis saxeliT

batoni akaki ramiSvili, qalbatoni naTela Jordania

saqarTvelos respublikis saxeliT

batoni kote kemularia,

batoni roin metreveli,

batoni guram muCaiZe,

batoni rezo CxeiZe

sakiTxis gadawyveta, advili ar gamodga, rogorc Cans, safrangeTis

kanonmdebdlobidan gamomdinare sirTuleebis gamo. saqmis sabolood gasarkvevad

didi muSaoba Caatara safrangeTSi saqarTvelos maSindelma sruluflebianma da

sagangebo elCma, akademikosma goCa CogovaZem, saqarTvelos despanma naTela laRiZem.

realoba isaa, rom sakiTxi bolo periodamde ar gadawyvetila. safrangeTSi

saqarTvelos amJamindeli, elCi rogorc vici, Zalas ar iSurebda sakiTxis

mosagvareblad. amasTan, saWirod miviCnieT, rom 1993 wlis 7 ivliss parizSi

miRebuli komunike sazogadoebisTvis SegveTavazebina da am oriode Tvis winaT is

gazeT „literaturul saqarTveloSi“ gamovaqveyneT, garda amisa, misi asli

safrangeTSi Cvens elCsac gadavugzavneT.

Zalian didi roli Seasrula saqarTvelosTvis levilis mamulis dabrunebaSi

qveynis axlandelma xelisuflebam, gansakuTrebiT seriozulad imuSaves diasporis

sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministrma gela dumbaZem da iusticiis ministrma Tea

wulukianma. isini uSualod daukavSirdnen safrangeTSi qarTuli emigraciis

warmomadgenlebs, molaparakebebi awarmoes maTTan, yvela procuderuli sakiTxi

safrangeTis kanonmdeblobasTan Seajares da es didi Sromac jerovnad daufasdaT:

23 seqtembers batonma gela dumbaZem, qalbatonma Tea wulukianma da emigrantTa

warmomadgenlobam xeli moaweres dokuments levilis mamulis gadmocemis Taobaze.

mamulis gadmocemasTan dakavSirebulia ramdenime sakiTxi. cxadia, levilis

Sato mxolod qarTveli xalxis sakuTreba iyo da istoriuli avbedobis gamo sxva

forma miiRo, sesxisa da fulis saxiT man miiRo materialuri qonebis forma. Zalian

mniSvnelovania is xelmowerebi, marTlac upatiosnesi saxelmwifo da sazogado

moRvaweebisa, romlebsac, principSi, aravin da araferi avaldebulebda sajarod

ganecxadebinaT, rom maT daibrunes poloneTidan es vali, magram isini mividnen

frang notariusTan, gaaformes patiosnad es Tamasuqi da Tqves, rom Cven amdeni da

amdeni Tanxis vali gvaqvs Cveni eris, romelic Cvens xelT aris, vyidulobT ama da

am mamulso (levilis Sato) es dokumenti, romelic batonma tier beriSvilma

miawoda Cvens warmomadgenlebs, gaformda 1928 wels. am sabuTs gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda Cveni saxelmwifosTvis, levilis bedis gadawyvetisaTvis

niSandoblivia, rom xels awers ramiSvili, Jordania, kandelaki, Cxenkeli, gegeWkori

da rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, eqvTime TayaiSvili. es is xalxia, vinc SeiZina

mamuli.

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qarTvel emigrantebs hqondaT saSualeba rom gaeformebinaT, aReniSnaT sadme

es mamuli, rogorc saqarTvelos sakuTreba, magram maT es ar gaakeTes imitom, rom

30-40-ian wlebSi gamoCnda levilSi sabWoTa kavSiris elCi safrangeTSi, romelsac

uTqvams, rom saqarTvelo aRar arsebobs, saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiria, e. i. levilis

mamuli aris sabWoTa kavSiriso. qarTvelma patriotebma, rom daecvaT levilis

mamuli ,,gasabWoebisagan“, Seqmnes sazogadoeba da ojaxebze gaaformes, anu, kerZo

sakuTrebad aqcies es mamuli. e. i. pirveli, rac mniSvnelovania, aris is, rom xalxis

fuliT SeZenili mamulia, maT dagvitoves amis werili da kvali da meore ki is,

rom Cveni qveynis gaTavisuflebamde mamuli rom ar ,,gasabWoebuliyo“, ar waerTmia

sxva qveyanas, kerZo sakuTrebaSi daaregistrires ojaxebma da ase daicves da

moitanes dRemde. es ukve xsnis im konteqsts, ra konteqstSic mimdinareobda

molaparakebebi. realurad es gaxda kerZo sakuTreba ramdenime ojaxis, ganuyofeli

sakuTreba, rac imas niSnavda, rom erTs rom moewera xeli, saqarTvelo ver

gaxdeboda mesakuTre, yvelas erTdroulad unda moewera erTi da igive teqstze

xeli, radgan ganuyofeli qoneba iyo da molaparakebebic ramdenime ojaxis ramdenime

warmomadgenelTan mimdinareobda. unda aRvniSnoT im adamianebis Sesaxeb, vinc

qarTvel xalxs ara mxolod daexmara da xeli Seuwyo levilis gadmocemis

realizebaSi, aramed sixaruliT akeTebda amas, es gaxldaT noe ramiSvilis

SviliSvili miSel ramiSvili, pativi unda mivagoT aseve tier beriSvils, romelmac

yvelaferi gaakeTa saqmis kanonierad mogvarebisaTvis.

saqarTvelosTvis levilis mamulis gadmocema WeSmaritad istoriuli

movlenaa mravali mizeziT. pirveli, udavod, am aqtis politikuri mniSvnelobaa, rom

is qveynis saerTaSoriso prestiJis amaRlebas uwyobs xels. meore garemoeba isaa,

rom, marTalia, qarTuli emigracia imTaviTve keTilad iyo ganwyobili saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis mimarT, magram amjerad es damokidebuleba saqveynod gamoixata. mesame

momenti ki am ,,ZRvenis“ wminda praqtikulad gamoyenebis mxarea. marTalia,

xelSekrulebaSi konkretuladaa miTiTebuli, rom levilis mamuli oficialurad

gadaecema mecnierebaTa erovnul akademiasa da Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo universitets, magram maTi meSveobiT misiT sargebloba bevr

xalxs SeeZleba.

saqme is gaxlavT, rom levilis mamulis bazaze SeiZleba Seiqmnas qarTul-

franguli mecnierebaTa akademia, an saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

filiali safrangeTSi, moewyos qarTul-franguli kulturuli centri, romelic

SemoqmedebiTi sferos yvela mimarTulebiT imoRvaweebs, ganTavsdes samuzeumo,

sagamofeno, saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo, sabiblioTeko sivrceebi, aigos Sesabamisi

sacxovrisi Casuli specialistebisa Tu aspirantebisa da studentebisTvis, miwveuli

stumrebisTvis.

ise ki xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom Zalian mniSvenlovania, Tu ra gakeTdeba

momavalSi levilis mamulSi, radgan iqaurobas Zalian didi yuradRebis miqceva

sWirdeba xelisuflebis mxridan – amTaviTve saWiroa garkveuli sareabilitacio-

saremonto samuSaoebis Catareba, rac, mecnierebaTa akademiisa da universitetis

meSveobiT, Cvenma saxelmwifom unda ganaxorcielos. am mxriv, cxadia, aranairi

problema ar iqneba, Tan isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom amis gakeTebas didZali

saxsrebi ar dasWirdeba, rom biujets am damatebiTi tvirTis atana gauWirdes.

P.S.

didi Sroma gaswies da levilis mamulis Taobaze xelSekrulebas saxelmwifos

mxridan xeli moaweres diasporis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministrma gela dumbaZem

da iusticiis ministrma Tea wulukianma, romlebmac, qarTvel mecnierebs, zogadad

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qarTul sazogadoebriobas erTgvari angariSi warudgines mecnierebaTa akademiaSi

sagangebo sxdomaze. sityviT gamosulma ministrebma damswreT molaparakebaTa

mimdinareobaze, sxvadasxva iuridiuli proceduris dros warmoSobil siZneleTa

daZlevasa da mraval sxva uaRresad sagulisxmo sakiTxze mouTxres. amis

detalurad gageba Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo da, xazgasmiT minda aRvniSno, rom

orive ministris gamosvlas damswre sazogadoeba Zalian gulTbilad Sexvda. Cveni

sasiqadulo, mxrcovani mecnieri, akademikosi mariam lorTqifaniZe sityviT gamovida

da didi madloba gadauxada ministrebs garjisaTvis.

amasTan, isic minda giTxraT, rom akademiaSi Sexvedraze sityviT gamomsvlelTa

mier levilis mamulis momavalTan dakavSirebiT mTeli rigi sakiTxi daisva. kerZod,

gamoiTqva azri, rom levilSi Cven SegviZlia saqarTvelo-safrangeTis samecniero,

saganmanaTleblo da SemoqmedebiT sferoebSi urTierTobebis sakiTxebisa da

samomavlo perspeqtivebis gansaxilvelad garkveuli dReebi davawesoT. aseve

gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom CvenSi aucileblad unda Seiqmnas Tundac mcire, magram

qmediTi struqtura, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebs levilis ganviTarebis process,

rac aucilebelia saimisod, rom mas farTo praqtikuli gamoyeneba hqondes.

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vaxtang guruli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

giorgi XII-is diplomatia

(1798-1800)1

erekle II-is sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi ruseTis diplomatiuri da samxedro

dazverva Tbilisidan da Telavidan qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saSinao da sagareo

politikis Sesaxeb srul informacias awvdida saimperatoro kars. am droisaTvis

ruseTSi ukve miRebuli hqondaT gadawyvetileba georgievskis traqtatis (1783 w.)

axali traqtatiT Secvlis Taobaze. axal xelSekrulebas unda gaeadvilebina

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba da misi ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTeba. am Canafiqris

ganxorcielebas ruseTis saimperatoro kari erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg

apirebda. yovelive es Zalze amZimebda qarTl-kaxeTis momavali mefis giorgi XII-is

mdgomareobas.

1. viTareba qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg. giorgi XII-is gamefeba. 1798 wlis 11 ianvars TelavSi gardaicvala qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

erekle II. taxtze avida misi ufrosi vaJi giorgi. giorgi XII uaRresad rTul saSinao

da sagareo viTarebaSi gamefda. aRa mahmad xanis Semosevis (1795 w.) Sedegad

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani raodenoba an brZolaSi daiRupa, an mterma tyved

waiyvana, gaCanagda qveynis ekonomika, daeca qarTuli jaris brZolisunarianoba, jari

praqtikulad artileriis gareSe darCa. samefoSi Seqmnil rTul viTarebas kidev

ufro amZimebda dapirispireba samefo saxlSi: darejan dedofali da misi Svilebi:

iulon, aleqsandre, vaxtang, farnavaz batoniSvilebi samkvdro-sasicocxlod

daupirispirdnen giorgi XII-s da mis ufros vaJs taxtis memkvidre daviTs. daZabuli

iyo sagareo viTarebac. aRa mahmad xanis mkvlelobam (1797 w.) iranidan momdinare

safrTxe ver gaaneitrala. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze salaSqrod emzadeboda aRa

mahmad xanis memkvidre, iranis Sahi feThi ali (baba xani), avariis xani omari da sxva

daRestneli mflobelebi.

aRa mahmad xanis mier Tbilisis darbevis Semdeg dedaqalaqSi imdenad

gausaZlisi mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rom mefe da samefo saxli TelavSi gadavidnen.

avadmyofobam da Semdeg sikvdilma erekle II-s ar daacala taxtis memkvidreobis

Sesaxeb aqtis Secvla, romlis mixedviTac unda Secvliliyo memkvidreobis wesi,

taxtze mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg unda asuliyo ara mefis ufrosi vaJi, aramed

Zmebs Soris ufrosi. erekle II-s Zmebi ar hyavda, amitom misi gardacvalebis Semdeg

taxts ufrosi vaJi giorgi daikavebda. taxtis memkvidreobis axali wesi

garTulebebs giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoiwvevda: Zveli wesiT, taxtze

unda asuliyo mefe giorgi XII-is ufrosi vaJi daviTi, axali wesiT, _ erekle mefis

momdevno vaJi iuloni, rogorc ZmebSi ufrosi. cxadia, taxtis memkvidreobis axali

wesiT Seuracxyofili darCa erekle mefis ufrosi vaJi giorgi. mamis sicocxleSi,

ra Tqma unda, giorgis ukmayofileba aSkarad ar gamouTqvams, magram naTeli iyo,

rom taxtis memkvidreobis axali wesis miRebis mTavar iniciator darejan dedofals

1redaqciisagan. profesorma vaxtang gurulma gamosacemad moamzada saxelmZRvanelo `qarTuli diplomatiis istoria (1700-1801)~. gTavazobT erT YTavs am saxelmZRvanelodan.

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(erekle mefis mesame meuRles, batoniSvil iulonis dedas) giorgi taxtze daviT

batoniSvilis uflebis Selaxvas ar apatiebda.

dedofalma darejanma mefe erekle daiyolia da giorgi batoniSvili Telavidan

moicila. formaluri sababi batoniSvilis TbilisSi gagzavnisa dedaqalaqSi

mimdinare aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneloba iyo. giorgi avlabarSi cxovrobda

da energiulad xelmZRvanelobda qalaqis aRdgenis saqmes. masTan erTad imyofeboda

ufrosi vaJi batoniSvili daviTi. Tbilisidan giorgi batoniSvili yazaxSi, sofel

sala-oRliSi gadavida da yazaxis gavleniani TaTrebi Semoikriba. TaTrebma

batoniSvili didi pativiT miiRes. samefo karze arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb cnobebs

giorgi batoniSvili regularulad Rebulobda. jer kidev mefe erekles

gardacvalebamde dedofalma darejanma iniciativis xelSi aReba scada da

nawilobriv moaxerxa kidec. 1798 wlis 5 ianvars darejan dedofalma werili

gaugzavna ruseTis imperator pavel I-s. werilidan irkveva, rom ruseTis imperators

qarTl-kaxeTis mefisaTvis 1797 wels saqarTveloSi myofi ruseTis jaridan

gaqceuli jariskacebis Sepyroba da ruseTSi gagzavna uTxovia. dedofali Tavs

imarTlebda imiT, rom mefe erekle eqvsi Tve avadmyofobda da araTu dezertirebis

Sepyroba, aramed pavel I-is werilsac ver gascnobia. 1797 wels qarTl-kaxeTis

samefodan ruseTis jaris gasvlis Semdeg nawili dezertirebisa SeupyriaT, nawils

ki samefos datoveba mouxerxebia. darejan dedofali Tavisi da Svilebis saxeliT

imperators hpirdeboda, rom dezertir jariskacebs kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal

ivan gudoviCs gadascemda. 1798 wlis 5 ianvarsve dezertiri jariskacebis Sesaxeb

imave Sinaarsis werili dedofalma ruseTis dedofal marias da ruseTis imperiis

kancler aleqsandr bezborodkosac gaugzavna.

1798 wlis ianvarSi Telavidan sala-oRliSi Cavida macne da giorgi

batoniSvils erekle mefis gardacvalebis ambavi Seatyobina. imave dRes

batoniSvilma Tavis erTgulebaze daafica masTan myofi Tavadebi da aznaurebi. mefes

pirvelma Sehfica Tavadma ioane bagrationma, Semdeg daifica yazaxisa da borCalos

TaTrebis zeda fenam. giorgis pirvel xanebSi gadawyvetili hqonda naxevarZmis,

aleqsandre batoniSvilis, dapatimreba. erekle mefis avadmyofobis periodSi

giorgisa da aleqsandres urTierToba Zalian daiZaba. gavrcelda xmebi, TiTqos

aleqsandre Tbilisis dakavebas da qarTlis mefed Tavis gamocxadebas apirebda.

giorgim aleqsandre ver Seipyro, radgan am ukanasknelma duSeTs Seafara Tavi.

yazaxisa da borCalos TaTrebis daficebis Semdeg giorgi gorSi Sevida da qarTlis

Tavadebis nawili da goris mosaxleoba daafica Tavis erTgulebaze. mefe erekles

gardacvalebis Semdeg giorgi da aleqsandre batoniSvilebis garda, TiTqmis yvelam

TelavSi, darejan dedofalTan moiyara Tavi. Telavamde miaRwia xmebma, rom giorgi

batoniSvilma yazaxis, SamSadilusa da goris mosaxleoba, aseve qarTlis Tavadebis

nawili Tavis erTgulebaze daafica. darejan dedofali, misi Svilebi da maTi

momxre Tavadebi mixvdnen, rom brZola taxtisaTvis wagebuli hqondaT, Tumca

erTbaSad danebebas mainc ar apirebdnen. darejan dedoflis gankargulebis

Tanaxmad, TelavSi, mefis sasaxlis win, Seikribnen batoniSvilebi, Tavadebi da sxva

didmoxeleni, aseve meufeebi. erekle mefis mdivanma sulxan TumaniSvilma SekrebilT

ase mimarTa: ,,mTavarepiskoposebo, episkoposebo da Tavadebo! Cven TqvenTan

mogvavlines dedofalma da uwmindesma kaTalikosma, raTa gamogicxadoT, rom Cven

Tanaxma varT qarTl-kaxeTis mefed vcnoT batoniSvili giorgi. radgan dedofali

darejani, uflis nebiT, janmrTeladaa, mas sruli ufleba aqvs ataros dedoflis

tituli da am TvalsazrisiT yvela ufleba ekuTvnis mas. dae, mefe giorgis meuRle

iwodebodes mefis sacoled.~ sityvis dasrulebis Semdeg sulxan TumaniSvilma

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ikiTxa, vin iyo aseTi gadawyvetilebis momxre. SekrebilTA Soris dumilma

daisadgura. sulxan TumaniSvilma isev kiTxviT mimarTa SekrebilT: ,,ras

gvibrZanebT, ra pasuxi mivutanoT Cvens aq gamomgzavnebs?~ dumili arc amjerad

darRveula. sulxan TumaniSvilma kiTxva isev gaimeora. SekrebilT gamoeyo

xarWaSneli mTavarepiskoposi (ColoyaSvilebis sagvareulodan), romelic adre

ufliswul giorgis karis moZRvari iyo. mTavarepiskoposma SekrebilT ase mimarTa:

,,me Tqven Soris yvelaze mdabali var da amitom ufleba ar mqonda pirvels

melaparaka. yvelani dumxarT, amitom SekrebilTa saxeliT me vityvi. mipasuxeT, ras

uwodeben aqauri gziris cols?~ ramdenime adamianma erTad upasuxa: ,,gziris cols~.

aseTi pasuxis Semdeg mTavarepiskoposma SekrebilT kiTxviT mimarTa: ,,amis Semdeg

kidev gsurT, mefis cols dedofali ar vuwodoT?~ iq myofTa Soris bevrs gaeRima,

Tumca sityva aravis dauZravs. sulxan TumaniSvilma ganacxada, rom dedofalsa da

patriarqs SekrebilTa pasuxs gadascemda. TelavSi, sasaxlis win gamarTuli

Sekrebis Sesaxeb momxreebma moaxsenes giorgi batoniSvils. Sekrebis monawileni

saTiTaod gamocxadnen darejan dedofalTan da giorgi batoniSvilTan (igi jer

kidev ar Casuliyo TelavSi) morCilebisa da erTgulebis gamosaxatavad. darejan

dedofali mixvda, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi umjobesi iqneboda masa da mis Svilebs

batoniSvili giorgi qarTl-kaxeTis mefed ecnoT. darejan dedofalma Seadgina

dokumenti, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom Tavad igi da misi Svilebi Tanaxmani

iyvnen, rom taxtze batoniSvili giorgi asuliyo. dokuments xels awerdnen darejan

dedofali da batoniSvilebi. werilobiTi Tanxmobis gagzavnasTan erTad darejan

dedofalma giorgi mamis dakrZalvaze miiwvia. darejan dedoflis Svilebma giorgis

sTxoves eklesiebSi wirvisas pirvelad moexsenebinaT darejan dedofali, xolo

Semdeg _ Mmariam dedofali. giorgisagan aseTi pasuxi miiRes: TelavSi Camoval da

dedoflis yvela moTxovnas davakmayofileb, oRond davicav yvela tradiciaso.

giorgi pirobas sdebda, rom mefis dakrZalvaze ganmkargulebeli iqneboda darejan

dedofali, radgan Tavad samefos saqmeebiT iyo dakavebuli. giorgi TelavSi 1798

wlis 22 Tebervals Cavida. am droisaTvis mefe erekles cxedari Telavidan

gamosvenebuli iyo da procesia mcxeTisaken miemarTeboda. TelavSi batoniSvil

giorgis daxvdnen dedofali darejani, batoniSvili vaxtangi da kaTolikos-

patriarqi anton I. samefo saxlis sxva wevrebi mcxeTisaken mimaval procesias

gahyolodnen. giorgi darejan dedofals eaxla da erTad daitires mama da qmari.

dedinacvalma da germa sxvadasxva sakiTxze isaubres. saubris bolos giorgim

darejan dedofals pirdapir ganucxada, rom igi ar apirebda samefo misi karnaxiT

emarTa, radgan man taxti miiRo rogorc mefis ufrosma Zem, mamisaganve

memkvidreobiT miiRo SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba.

batoniSvilma giorgim TavisTan ixmo goris mTavarepiskoposi da sTxova, rom

regaliis Sesabamisad srulad Semosiliyo, Tan hqonoda saxareba da jvari. amis

Semdeg giorgim Telavis sasaxleSi miiwvia samefo saxlis wevrebi, Tavadebi da

didmoxeleni. mowveulTaA nawili batoniSvil giorgis gamefebis momxre iyo da,

amdenad, mzad iyo, momavali mefis winaSe erTgulebis fici daedo. mowveulTaA

umravlesoba darejan dedoflis momxre iyo da surda samefos marTva-gamgeoba

darejan dedoflis xelSi gadasuliyo. giorgim kargad icoda SekrebilTa

ganwyobileba, isic kargad uwyoda, rom darbazSi umravlesobas darejan dedofis

momxreebi Seadgendnen. miuxedavad amisa, momavali mefe darbazSi Semovida mefuri

RirsebiT, sruliad mSvidi, Tavdajerebuli da gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis mzad. am

droisaTvis sasaxles giorgis momxreebi icavdnen, darbazis karTanac ki isini

idgnen. es imas niSnavda, rom darejan dedoflis momxreebi Zalas veRar

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gamoiyenebdnen. giorgim ise, rom saxeze mRelvareba ar dastyobia, mtkice xmiT

warmoTqva: ,,mSobeli Cemi gardaicvala. me misi ufrosi Svili var da samefo unda

FCavibaro. ai, jvari da saxareba. visac gsurT. SemomficeT me, visac ar surs,

mibrZandiT aqedan~. darejan dedoflis momxreebma icodnen, rom darbazidan da

sasaxlidan versad gavidodnen. maT raimes mofiqrebis droc aRar darCaT. giorgim

sityva daasrula Tu ara, misma momxreebma erTxmad SesZaxes: ,,gaumarjos mefe

giorgis!~ darbazSi myofTagan yvelam daifica. meore dRes, 1798 wlis 23 Tebervals,

Telavis sakaTedro taZarSi, batoniSvili giorgi oficialurad ekurTxa mefed

giorgi XII-is saxeliT.

2. giorgi XII-is pirveli nabijebi saSinao da sagareo politikaSi. darejan

dedofali, batoniSvilebi da maTi momxreebi garegnulad mainc Seurigdnen giorgi

XII-is gamefebas, dedofalma mefes gaugzavna mefe ereklesagan danatovari

sagvareuli xatebi da Zvirfaseuloba. giorgi XII-m mxolod xatebi daitova,

Zvirfaseuloba ki dedofals daubruna. mefis mxridan es keTilSobiluri Jesti iyo,

nabiji Serigebisa da Tanxmobisaken. Serigeba ki ar Sedga. darejan dedofali da

batoniSvilebi TavianT saufliswuloebSi dabrundnen da giorgi XII-is winaaRmdeg

momxreebis darazmva daiwyes. arc dedofali da arc batoniSvilebi mefis brZanebis

Sesrulebas savaldebulod ar miiCnevdnen. darejan dedoflisa da batoniSvilebis

saZrax saqmeTa Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi iyo mefe. miuxedavad amisa, mefe giorgi mainc

cdilobda naxevarZmebTan kargi urTierTobis damyarebas. mefem darejan dedofals

sTxova daxmareba gaewia aleqsandre batoniSvilis SemorigebaSi. dedofalma

aleqsandre TavisTan moixmo, magram man naxevarZmasTan Serigebaze uari ganacxada.

aleqsandrem dedas ganucxada: mefes imitom ar Sevurigdebi, rom igi ar daicavs

taxtis memkvidreobis im wess, romelic erekle mefem daamtkicao. aleqsandre

batoniSvili borCaloSi gaemgzavra. giorgi XII-m Tavis vaJs, ioane batoniSvils,

daavala, aleqsandre Tundac Zalis gamoyenebiT daebrunebina ukan. aleqsandre

batoniSvilma Seityo Tu ara, rom mefes misi Sepyroba surda, borCalodan

axalcixeSi, xolo axalcixidan imereTSi gadavida. amis Semdeg mefe giorgim

darejan dedofals mis winaaRmdeg mtrul moqmedebaSi dasdo brali da kuTvnili

soflebi CamoarTva. saufliswulo CamoarTves aleqsandre batoniSvilsac. amis

Semdeg mefem batoniSvilebis iulonisa da vaxtangis Seviwroeba daiwyo.

marTalia, giorgi XII-m 1798 wlis gazafxulsa da zafxulSi darejan dedoflis,

batoniSvilebisa da maTi momxre Tavadebis ganeitraleba SeZlo, magram aman samefos

simSvide ver moutana. darejan dedofali kvlav cdilobda giorgi XII-Tvis

erTmmarTveloba ar daenebebina. dedofalma mefesTan SeuTanxmeblad isev daiwyo

mimowera ruseTis imperatorsa da dedofalTan. 1798 wlis 10 marts darejan

dedofalma meore werili gaugzavna imperators. dedofali werda: 11 ianvars

gardaicvala qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle da amieridan Tqven garda me da Cems

Svilebs nugeSismcemeli da mfarveli aRar gvyavso. am Sesavlis Semdeg dedofali

pavel I-s mefe erekles danabarebs amcnobda: mefes dedoflisa da SvilebisaTvis

adrec mravalgzis uTqvams da sikvdilis dRes kvlav gaumeorebia, ruseTis

mfarvelobis qveS iyaviT da erTgulad emsaxureT imperatorso. 10 martsve imave

Sinaarsis werili darejan dedofalma ruseTis imperiis dedofal mariasac

gaugzavna. 1798 wlis 14 maiss pavel I-s, xolo 18 maiss dedofal marias darejan

dedofalma kvlav gaugzavna werilebi. maTSi sxva, SedarebiT umniSvnelo ambebis

gverdiT, gamokveTilia mTavari: darejan dedofali pavel I-sa da dedofal marias

erTgulebas eficeba.

15

niSandoblivia, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII-m ruseTis imperator pavel

I-s pirveli werili 1798 wlis 30 ivniss gaugzavna. mefe giorgi imperators sTxovda

daemtkicebina igi qarTl-kaxeTis mefed, batoniSvili daviTi _ taxtis memkvidred,

rogorc amas georgievskis traqtati iTvaliswinebda. bunebrivia, rom am saTxovriT,

faqtobrivad, georgievskis traqtatis erT-erTi muxlis AaRsrulebis TxovniT,

qarTl-kaxeTis mefes taxtze asvlisTanave unda miemarTa ruseTis imperatorisaTvis.

oTxi TviT dagvianebas seriozuli mizezi hqonda. rogorc Cans, giorgi XII sagareo-

politikuri kursis gadasinjvas apirebda. 1795 wlis seqtemberSi datrialebuli

tragediis Semdeg es sulac ar iyo moulodneli. yovel SemTxvevaSi,

dadasturebulia is, rom mefe osmaleTis sulTanTan urTierTobis damyarebas

cdilobda. Tavadi aslan orbeliani (mefis qvisli) saidumlo misiiT stambolSi

gaemgzavra. gzad giorgi XII-is elCma axalcixeSi Seiara da faSas stambolSi

gamgzavrebis nebarTva sTxova. sanam axalcixis faSa stambolidan pasuxs miiRebda,

saqarTveloSi dabrunda mefis ufrosi vaJi taxtis memkvidre daviTi, romelic jer

kidev erekle II-is sicocxleSi ruseTSi iyo gagzavnili samxedro ganaTlebis

misaRebad. batoniSvili artileristis profesias daeufla da ruseTis jarSi

msaxurobda. taxtis memkvidrem mefes sasixarulo ambavi Camoutana: imperatori pavel

I qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT keTilganwyobas iCenso. am ambis SetyobisTanave

mefem aslan orbeliani saswrafod gamoiwvia axalcixidan. viziti stambolSi ar

Sedga.

giorgi XII urTules viTarebaSi avida qarTl-kaxeTis samefos taxtze. aRa

mahmad xanis Semosevis (1795 w.) Sedegad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, daiRupa uamravi

adamiani, kidev ufro meti tyved iqna wayvanili. Zlieri dartyma miiRo qveynis isedac

sustma ekonomikam, dacarielda saxelmwifo xazina, romlis Sevsebis seriozuli

wyaro samefoSi aRar arsebobda. gaRatakebulma mosaxleobam, romelic kidev ufro

mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo Savma Wirma, gadaxdis unari dakarga. uamravi komli

marCenalis gareSe darCa, mTeli rigi soflebi gaukacrielda. yovelive zemoT

Tqmulma Zlieri dartyma miayena qarTul jars. praqtikulad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

organizebuli samxedro Zalis gareSe darCa, jaris gamokvebisa da SeiaraRebis

saxsrebi saxelmwifos aRar gaaCnda. samefo kari isev TelavSi imyofeboda, radgan

Tbilisi nangrevebad iyo qceuli. TbilisSi gadmosvlis Semdeg mefe cxovrobda

mTel qalaqSi gadarCenil erTaderT SenobaSi _ Tavad bebuTaSvilis saxlSi. aqve

daasrula man sicocxle. giorgi XII-s sxva mxrivac mZime memkvidreoba daxvda. erekle

II-is mefobis bolo xanebSi, gansakuTrebiT misi avadmyofobis periodSi, darejan

dedofali da batoniSvilebi yovelgvar zRvars gadavidnen _ saufliswuloebis

gafarToebis mizniT isini sul axal da axal miwebs itacebdnen. usamarTloba

gabatonda yvelgan. giorgi XII-s, romelsac sul ufro da ufro asustebda

avadmyofoba, arc fizikuri da arc sulieri simtkice aRar yofnida win aRdgomoda

sul ufro mzard anarqias. gamefebidan ramdenime TveSi mefes avadmyofobam imdenad

daria xeli, rom Tavad bebuTaSvilis saxlidan aRar gamodioda. mefis avadmyofoba

kidev ufro did stimuls aZlevda mis mowinaaRmdegeebs, pirvel rigSi _ darejan

dedofalsa da batoniSvilebs. aseT viTarebaSi samefos marTva-gamgeoba mefis

axloblebs, samefo saxlis wevrebs, unda ekisraT. samwuxarod, samefo karze ver

Seiqmna is birTvi, romelic am umZimes viTarebaSi mefes gverdiT daudgeboda. mefis

Tanamoazreebis nacvlad Tavad bebuTaSvilis saxlSi ufro xSirad Cndebodnen

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze ruseTis imperiis sruluflebiani warmomadgeneli

piotr kovalenski, ruseTis jaris meTauri general-maiori ivan lazarevi,

lekebisagan daqiravebuli mefis mcveli razmis meTauri da misi Tanmxlebi lekebi.

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sul orad ori adamiani edga gverdiT mefes _ batoniSvili daviTi da batoniSvili

ioane.

3. sagareo mdgomareobis garTuleba. iranis agresiuli gegmebi. samefo saxlSi

arsebul uTanxmoebas, romelic, cxadia, Zabavda qveynis SigniT viTarebas, daerTo

sagareo mdgomareobis gauareseba. 1798 wlis ivnisSi TbilisSi Camovida iranis elCi

da giorgi XII-s iranis Sah feThi alis (baba xanis) 1798 wlis 5 ivnisis firmani

gadasca. Sahi qarTl-kaxeTis mefes atyobinebda, rom man iranis Sahis gvirgvini

daidga da azerbaijanSi Tavisi uflebebis ganmtkicebas Seudga. iranis mbrZanebeli

giorgi XII-gan erTi Svilis mZevlad gagzavnas iTxovda. uaris SemTxvevaSi igi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ganadgurebiT imuqreboda. giorgi XII-m rCevisaTvis

peterburgs mimarTa, saidanac Semdegi pasuxi miiRo: iranis Sah feThi alisTan

urTierTobaSi 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtati moeSveliebina da misTvis mZevlis

micemaze uaris Tqma imiT aexsna, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis vasali

iyo. ruseTis saimperatoro kari iranTan urTierTobis gamwvavebas erideboda.

xelisufleba, erTi mxriv, giorgi XII-s Sah feThi alisaTvis mZevlis micemaze uaris

Tqmas urCevda, meore mxriv ki peterburgSi myof iranis elCobisaTvis Zvirfas

saCuqrebs ar iSurebda. rusi diplomatebi iranis elCobas arwmunebdnen pavel I-is

keTilganwyobaSi. marTlac, ruseTis imperatori feThi alisaTvis gagzavnil

sigelSi iranis Sahs mokavSireobisa da megobrobisaken mouwodebda. 1798 wlis 28

agvistos peterburgSi miiRes gadawyvetileba mefe giorgisaTvis erCiaT

keTilmezobluri urTierToba daemyarebina iranTan, radgan ruseTs am

ukanasknelTan mSvidoba da megobroba akavSirebda. marTalia, giorgi XII

darwmunebuli iyo, rom iranis Sahi feThi ali muqaras swrafad ver aasrulebda,

magram mefes afiqrebda gavrcelebuli xmebi. am xmebis mixedviT, iranis Sahma erevnis

xans 300 aTasi maneTi da cnobili sagvareuloebidan Tormeti mZevali mosTxova,

Tanac 1799 wlis gazafxulze gogCis tbisaken galaSqrebiT daemuqra. gogCis tbasTan

iranis jaris gamoCena, cxadia, saSiSi iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis. giorgi XII-

m Seityo, rom yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma Sah feThis acnoba: qarTl-kaxeTis mefe da

saerTod, saqarTvelo iranisagan Tavis dacvas ruseTis meSveobiT cdilobso. ibrahim

xani, erT dros erekle II-is mokavSire aRa mahmad xanis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi,

amjerad feThi alis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze salaSqrod aqezebda.

4. qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperiis urTierTobis ganaxleba. peterburgidan miRebulma pasuxma, cxadia, giorgi XII ar daakmayofila. miuxedavad

amisa, mefe ruseTTan urTierTobis gagrZelebas apirebda. 1798 wlis 11 oqtombers

mefe giorgim sagangebo sigeliT garsevan WavWavaZes ruseTis saimperatoro karze

qarTl-kaxeTis mefis sruluflebiani warmomadgenlis (ministris) uflebamosileba

daudastura. 11 oqtombersve qarTl-kaxeTis mefem weriliT mimarTa ruseTis imperiis

kancler aleqsandr bezborodkos. werili metad sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom

giorgi XII yovelgvari mikibv-mokibvis gareSe simarTles moaxsenebda ruseTis

imperiis kanclers. mefem mokled, magram savsebiT naTlad dauxasiaTa kanclers

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mZime mdgomareoba. igi werda, rom samefos sami Zlieri mteri

hyavs: sparsni, osmaloni da daRestnelni (lekni). mefe giorgi aleqsandr

bezborodkos pirdapir moaxsenebda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SeeZlo morigeboda

mters, magram samefo karma es gza ar airCia, jer erTi, imitom, rom qristianobas

ver uRalatebda da meorec, rom ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi imyofeboda. kidev

ufro meti, ruseTis saimperatoro karis politikiT ukmayofilo giorgi XII werda:

,,aras dros mag karzed Semwe da CvenTvis mzrunveli ara gvyolia. sanatrels mama

Cvens (erekle mefes _ v. g.) hqonda sasoeba dadebuli kniaz potiomkinzed (Tavad

17

grigori potiomkinze _ v. g.), magram is Cven gvatyuvebda, is mxolod Tavis saxelis

gandidebas eZebda da aravis sxvisTvis zrunavda.~ marTalia, giorgi XII srul

simarTles moaxsenebda ruseTis imperiis kanclers, magram isic cxadi iyo, rom

simarTlis mosmena peterburgSi aravis esiamovneboda. werilis bolos qarTl-

kaxeTis mefe aRniSnavda, rim didi xania darwmunebuli iyo aleqsandr bezborodkos

,,kacTmoyvareobasa” da ,,mamulismoyvareobaSi~. mefe kanclers sTxovda, eSuamdgomla

ruseTis imperatorTan, raTa mas mefis saTxovari punqtebi daekmayofilebina. qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis saTxovari ki sul ori punqtisagan Sedgeboda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo taxtze giorgi mefis damtkiceba; 2. taxtis memkvidred daviT batoniSvilis

damtkiceba. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom msgavsi saTxovari giorgi XII-m 1798 wlis 30

ivnissac miarTva pavel I-s, magram sam Tveze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi pasuxi ver

miiRo.

1798 wlis oqtomberSi giorgi XII-m vrceli weriliT mimarTa ruseTis imperator

pavel I-s. werilis Sinaarsi aseTia: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erTgulebas udasturebda

ruseTis imperators da sTxovda mfarveloba gaewia misi qveynisaTvis. ruseTis

imperiis mudmivi mfarvelobiT daimedebuli mefe sxva qveyanas aRar sTxovda

mfarvelobas; 2. erekle mefe daxmarebisaTvis uSualod ruseTis imperators ki ara,

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals mimarTavda, ris gamoc ruseTidan daxmarebis miReba

gviandeboda. urTierTobis aseTma wesma gamoiwvia is, rom aRa mahmad xanis Semosevis

dros ruseTi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ver daexmara. momxdaris gaTvaliswinebiT

giorgi XII pavel I-s sTxovda, neba daerTo piradad miemarTa misTvis; 3. qarTl-

kaxeTis mefe ruseTis imperators sTxovda mis mefed, xolo daviT batoniSvilis

taxtis memkvidred damtkicebas. giorgi XII aseve iTxovda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

mefoba arasdros Sewyvetiliyo da mis memkvidreebs ,,saukunod da Seuryevlad~

emefaT; 4. ruseTis imperatorisgan mefe aseve iTxovda samiaTasian jars zarbaznebiT,

romlis Senaxvis xarjebi ruseTs unda gaeRo. sainteresoa, rom mefe giorgi ruseTis

imperators jars sTxovda ,,ukvdavad da saukunod, vidre aRsasrulamde soflisa~;

5. mefe ruseTis imperators Seaxsenebda Zvel ambavs: qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

ruseTis jaris yofnis dros ,,avs kacebs~ jaris meTaurebTan ena mihqondaT, ris

gamoc qarTvelebsa da rusebs Soris uTanxmoeba Camovardnila. am mware

gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, mefe giorgi ruseTis imperators sTxovda, qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi gamosagzavni jaris meTaurs ubrZaneT, urTierToba mxolod CemTan

hqondeso. mefe imperators aseve sTxovda, rom ruseTis jaris meTaurs uari ar eTqva

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebis dacvaze, xolo Tu mezobeli qveynis

teritoriaze ruseTis jaris Seyvana aucilebeli gaxdeboda, amis nebarTvas mefe

sagangebod gamoiTxovda peterburgidan; 6. Tu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtris

Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba Seeqmneboda, kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals ufleba unda

hqonoda peterburgTan SeuTanxmeblad gamoegzavna saqarTveloSi SvidiaTasiani

jari, romlis Sesanax xarjs mefe gaiRebda.

5. giorgi XII-is saTxovari punqtebi (1798 wlis 16 dekembris nota). ruseTis

saimperatoro kari realur daxmarebas ar apirebda. amitom iyo, rom 1798 wlis 16

dekembers garsevan WavWavaZem nota gadasca ruseTis imperiis sagareo saqmeTa

kolegias. notaSi Camoyalibebuli iyo qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII-is saTxovari,

romelic 12 punqtisagan Sedgeboda. sagareo saqmeTa kolegiaze garsevan WavWavaZis

nota 1798 wlis 25 dekembers ganuxilavs imperator pavel I-is favorits, imperiis

sagareo politikis praqtikul xelmZRvanels, namdvil saxelmwifo mrCevel graf

fiodor rostopCins. fiodor rostopCins notis yvela punqtze Tavisi azri

gamouTqvams. garsevan WavWavaZis mirTmeuli nota aseTi Sinaarsisaa:

18

1. mefe giorgi iTxovda ruseTis jaris erTi korpusis (3.000 oficeri da

jariskaci) gamogzavnas, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi mudmivad unda

darCeniliyo. jarisaTvis aucilebeli provianti korpusis sardlobas Tavisi

xarjiT unda Seesyida imave fasebSi, ra fasebiTac sakveb produqts mefis

qveSevrdomebi yidulobdnen. Tu mtris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi kidev ufro did jars (7.000 oficersa da jariskacs) gamoagzavnida, misi

Senaxvis xarjebs mefe gaiRebda. notis pirvel punqtze fiodor rostopCins aseTi

rezolucia daudia: ebrZanos general-leitenant kiseliovs saqarTveloSi

gasagzavnad moamzados egerTa erTi polki.

2. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris gamogzavnasTan erTad mefe giorgi iTxovda

1784 wels ekaterina II-is mier erekle mefisaTvis naboZebi artileriis im nawilis

gamogzavnas, romelic Crdilo kavkasiaSi iyo CarCenili. notis meore punqts fiodor

rostopCinis Tanxmobis gamomxatveli rezolucia adevs;

3. mefe giorgi iTxovda yarabaRis saxanodan qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi somexi

meliqebis gadmosaxlebaSi mxardaWeras. notis mesame punqtze fiodor rostopCinis

mier dadebuli rezolucia gvauwyebs, rom sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo ruseTis

imperiis kancleris moxsenebis mesame punqtis Tanaxmad (kancleris romel

moxsenebazea saubari, miTiTebuli ar aris _ v. g.);

4. mefe giorgi iTxovda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefis im Tavadebisa da aznaurebis

garda, romlebic moxsenebulni iyvnen georgievskis traqtatSi, ruseTis

saimperatoro karma Tavadad da aznaurad aravin cnos, Tu mefis sigeliT ar

dasturdeboda maTi wodeba. notis meoTxe punqtze fiodor rostopCins aseTi

rezolucia daudia: sakiTxi gadawyvetilia kancleris moxsenebis meoTxe punqtis

ZaliT (kancleris romel moxsenebazea saubari, aqac miTiTebuli ar aris _ v. g.);

5. mefe giorgi iTxovda urmieli somxebisa da sirielebis qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi gadmosaxlebis uflebas. notis mexuTe punqtze fiodor rostopCins ase

wauweria: gadawydes kancleris moxsenebis Tanaxmad (gaurkvevelia, kancleris

romeli moxseneba igulisxmeba _ v. g.);

6. mefe giorgi madlobas uxdida ruseTis saimperatoro kars imis gamo, rom

ruseTma iranis Sahs mosTxova ar SeWriliyo ruseTis vasalis, qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos, sazRvrebSi. notis meeqvse punqtze fiodor rostopCins aseTi rezolucia

daudia: es sakiTxi kancleris moxsenebaSi iyo ganxiluli (kancleris romel

moxsenebas gulisxmobs, aqac gaurkvevelia _ v. g.);

7. mefe giorgis cnoba miuRia, rom taxtis memkvidre daviT batoniSvili ruseTis

imperatorma wminda anas ordeniT daajildova. amasTan dakavSirebiT mefes Semdegi

saTxovari hqonda: me roca taxtis memkvidre viyavi, ruseTis imperatorma wminda

aleqsandr nevelis ordeniT damajildovao, iqneb inebos imperatorma da taxtis

memkvidres wminda aleqsandr nevelis ordeni uboZoso. mefe aseve iTxovda ioane

batoniSvilis wminda anas ordeniT dajildovebas. notis meSvide punqtze fiodor

rostopCins aseTi rezolucia daudia: es sakiTxi gadawyvetilia kancleris

moxsenebis pirveli punqtis mixedviT (kancleris romel moxsenebazea saubari,

miTiTebuli ar aris _ v. g.);

8. mefe giorgi iTxovda dedofal mariamisaTvis wminda ekaterines ordens. notis

merve punqtze fiodor rostopCins aseTi gadawyvetileba miuRia: aRiZras

Suamdgomloba misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis winaSe;

9. mefe giorgi acxadebda, rom ruseTSi gavrcelebuli xmebi, TiTqos TbilisSi

Savi Wiri mZvinvarebda, sinamdviles ar Seefereboda (mecxre punqtze fiodor

rostopCins rezolucia ar daudia);

19

10. mefe iTxovda saqarTvelodan gatanili wminda ninos jvris dabrunebas,

romelic imxanad ruseTSi iyo daculi. notis meaTe punqtze fiodor rostopCins

aseTi rezolucia daudia: gaarkvieT, sad inaxeba amJamad es jvari da momaxseneT;

11. mefe giorgis surda gaego, rodis ganixileboda da gadawydeboda notaSi

dasmuli sakiTxebi. notis meTerTmete punqtze fiodor rostopCins konkretuli

pasuxi ar gaucia.

6. ruseTis jaris Semosvla TbilisSi (1799 wlis 26 noemberi). 1799 wlis 18

ianvars garsevan WavWavaZem qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris gagzavnis TxovniT

mimarTa ruseTis imperiis sagareo saqmeTa kolegias. peterburgSi amjerad yurad

iRes qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Txovna. 1799 wlis 23 Tebervals imperatorma pavel I-ma

xeli moawera reskripts kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-maior afanasi

urakovisadmi. reskriptis Tanaxmad, kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi gasagzavnad egerTa erTi polki unda moemzadebina. jaris gamogzavnasTan

erTad peterburgSi miRebuli iqna meore gadawyvetilebac: 1799 wlis 18 aprils pavel

I-ma xeli moawera sigels, romlis ZaliTac ruseTis imperatorma daadastura qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos taxtze giorgi XII-is asvla, xolo daviT batoniSvili taxtis

memkvidred cno. am proceduras iTvaliswinebda 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis

mesame muxli. giorgi XII-Tvis pavel I-is sigelisa da samefo investiturebis gadacema

daevala qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze ruseTis imperiis sruluflebian

warmomadgenlad (ministrad) daniSnul piotr kovalenskis. 1799 wlis ivlisis bolos

kovalenski kavkasiis xazze (stanica naurSi) Cavida. iq mas daxvda 1799 wlis martSi

general-maior afanasi urakovis nacvlad kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardlad daniSnuli

general-leitenanti karl knoringi. ugzoobis gamo Ppiotr kovalenskis TbilisSi

gamomgzavreba, iseve, rogorc egerTa polkis gamogzavna, sakmao xniT Seferxda.

rogorc iqna, qarTulma mxarem kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi momavali gzis

(larsi-stefanwminda-duSeTis monakveTi) SekeTeba SeZlo. 1799 wlis 12

oqtombrisaTvis gza mozdokidan Tbilisamde mzad iyo. 1799 wlis 13 oqtombers

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma karl knoringma egerTa polkis meTaur general-

maior ivan lazarevs ubrZana 20 oqtombers mdinare Tergze gadasuliyo da

gaegrZelebina gza Tbilisisaken. ivan lazarevs nabrZanebi hqonda TbilisSi

Casvlisas qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII-Tvis iseTive samxedro pativi miego,

rogorsac rusuli samxedro wesdebis mixedviT miagebdnen imperators. lazarevTan

erTad saqarTveloSi gamoemgzavra kovalenskic.

1799 wlis 20 oqtombers egerTa polki, kazakTa mcirericxovan razmTan da

general-maior iakob fon gelvixis saartilerio batalionidan gamoyofil 4 savele

zarbazanTan erTadA ivan lazarevis saerTo meTaurobiT mdinare Tergze gadmovida.

gzis umetesi nawili polkma noembris TveSi, didTovlobaSi, qarbuqsa da yinvaSi

gamoiara. gzaze Seferxebebis gamo mgzavroba dagegmilze met xans gagrZelda,

amasobaSi jars sursaTi gauTavda. ivan lazarevma gankarguleba gasca provianti

adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan SeesyidaT. pirvel xanebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karma

ruseTis jaris sursaTiT momarageba ver uzrunvelyo. mogvianebiT duSeTSi myofma

vaxtang batoniSvilma ruseTis jars sursaTi da urmebi gaugzavna, rusebma miiRes

80 wyvili xari. gzaze garkveuli manZilis gavlis Semdeg jars xvdeboda 50 cxeni.

am daxmarebam ruseTis jaris Tbilisisaken gadaadgileba daaCqara.

1799 wlis 26 noembers, diliT adre, Tbilisis mosaxleoba avlabris xidiT

sofel kukiisaken gaemarTa, raTaA Sexvedrodnen mcxeTidan Tbilisisaken daZrul

ruseTis jars. larsidan momavali gza mcxeTasTan aragvs kveTda, miuyveboda mtkvris

marcxena napirs da avWalis, didubisa da kukiis gavliT TbilisSi Semodioda.

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giorgi XII rusul jars qalaqis gareT Sexvda. Sexvedris momentSi TbilisSi

saartilerio saluti misces, dedaqalaqis yvela eklesiis samreklodan zarebis reka

gaisma. Tbilisisaken daZrul jars win mefe giorgi XII, general-maiori ivan

lazarevi da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze ruseTis imperiis ministri piotr

kovalenski mouZRodnen. ruseTis jari TbilisSi CuRureTisa da avlabris gavliT,

avlabrisave xidiT Semovida.

7. giorgi XII-is koronacia (1799 wlis 12 dekemberi). ruseTis imperator pavel

I-is 1799 wlis 18 aprilis sigelisa da samefo investiturebis TbilisSi Camotanis

Semdeg unda gamarTuliyo giorgi XII-is sazeimo koronacia. koronaciamde ramdenime

dRiT adre samefo regaliebi mefis rezidenciaSi gadaitanes. 1799 wlis 5 dekembers

rusi oficeri egerTa polkisagan gamoyofili sapatio yaraulis TanxlebiT mefis

rezidenciisaken gaemarTa. msvlelobas uamravi Tbiliseli eswreboda. sapatio

yarauls mihqonda samefo taxti, TeTri droSa qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis

imperiis RerbebiT, samefo xmali, porfiri, gvirgvini, skiptra da dedofal

mariamisaTvis gankuTvnili mantia briliantis TvlebiT, briliantiTve morTuli sami

ordeni giorgi XII-Tvis, dedofal mariamisaTvis wminda ekaterines ordeni da taxtis

memkvidre daviT batoniSvilisaTvis wminda anas ordeni. sul bolos mihqondaT

vercxlis langarze moTavsebuli imperator pavel I-is 1799 wlis 18 aprilis sigeli,

romelic giorgi XII-is qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtze asvlas adasturebda. samefo

regaliebTan erTad rezidenciaSi mivida kovalenski, mefes miesalma da mokle

sityvis Semdeg sazeimod gamoacxada, rom ruseTis imperatorma pavel I-ma

mfarvelobaSi miiRo da mefoba daumtkica giorgi XII-s, xolo mefis ufrosi Ze

daviTi taxtis memkvidred cno. amis Semdeg kovalenskis undoda giorgi XII-Tvis

samefo investiturebis gadacema, magram mefem igi SeaCera da ganacxada: ,,me ar

SemiZlia samefo investiturebi miviRo manam, sanam fics ar davdeb imperatoris

erTgulebaze da sanam ar vaRiareb qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebze misi xelisuflebis

uzenaesobas. me msurs es moxdes sazeimod uflis taZarSi~.

1799 wlis 12 dekembers, koronaciis dRes, procesia Tbilisis sionis taZrisaken

daiZra. mefes Tan axldnen samefo ojaxis wevrebi da didebulebi. procesiis win

mihqondaT samefo gvirgvini da skiptra. egerTa polki, mefisagan sapatio manZiliT

moSorebuli, ukan mihyveboda procesias. sionSi wirvis dasrulebis Semdeg mefem

brZana waekiTxaT imperator pavel I-is sigeli. sigelis wakiTxvis Semdeg giorgi XII-

m ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebis fici dado.

8. giorgi XII-is 1799 wlis 7 seqtembris rwmunebis sigeli ruseTis saimperatoro karze qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sruluflebian warmomadgenlebs. mefed damtkicebis sigelis miRebis Semdeg, 1799 wlis seqtemberSi, giorgi XII-m samadlobeli werili

gaugzavna ruseTis imperators. imave werilidan vgebulobT, rom mefes ruseTis

saimperatoro karze qarTl-kaxeTis mefis sruluflebian warmomadgenlad

(ministrad) giorgi XII-s garsevan WavWavaZe dautovebia, magram masTan erTad

sruluflebiani warmomadgenlis (ministris) rwmuneba uboZebia Tavad giorgi

avaliSvilisa da Tavad revaz FfalavandiSvilisaTvis. 1799 wlis 7 seqtembris

rwmunebis sigelis mixedviT, mefe Tavis warmomadgenlebs uflebas aZlevda: qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi yofniT nu dakmayofildebodnen, ,,daudeviT

ara Tu mfarvelobasa qveSe udidebulessa didsa ruseTisa saimperatorosa taxtsa,

aramed daanebeT srulsa nebasa da mzrunvelobasa maTsa, raiTa amieridgan daidvas

samefo qarTlosianTa saimperiod ruseTisad wesiTa miT viTarca sxvani igi ruseTsa

Sina pyrobilni provinciani sargebloben.” rogorc vxedavT, giorgi XII suverenul

uflebebze xels iRebda, mfarvelobiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs Tmobda, ufro

21

metic, qveSevrdomobasac ar iTxovda da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos uflebrivad

ruseTis Sida provinciebs utolebda. aseTi yovlad miuRebeli daTmobis Semdeg

giorgi XII Tavis warmomadgenlebs qarTl-kaxeTSi mefobis SenarCunebis davalebas

aZlevda: ,,saxlsa Sina Cemsa ara aRayenos mefeni, garna oden samefos memkvidriTi-

memkvidred viTarca winaparni Cemni”. cxadi iyo, rom pirveli Txovnis

dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi peterburgSi meore Txovnas aRar gaiTvaliswinebdnen.

giorgi XII ara marto samarTlebrivad iRebda xels mefobaze, aramed ufro Sors

midioda, _ imperators misTvis da misi SvilebisaTvis samemkvidreo mamulebs Txovda

ruseTis teritoriaze. mefe Tavis warmomadgenlebs avalebda: ,,egreTve

iTxoveT...…yovlisa ruseTisa imperiasa Sina saSesabamo agarakni CemTvis da ZeTa

CemTaTvis sabolood da samkvidrod...” rwmunebis sigelze xelmoweris Semdeg mefe

giorgis sigelze minaweri gaukeTebia. mefe Tavis warmomadgenlebs avalebda, misTvis

jamagiris daniSvnaze ezrunaT: ,,esreTve iTxoveT jamagirica Sesabamisa saxiTa...~

1799 wlis 7 seqtembris rwmunebis sigeliT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII-m

praqtikulad 1783 wlis 24 ivlisis georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis gadasinjva

moiTxova, rac samefos suverenitetis ukiduresad SezRudvaSi gamoixata.

giorgi XII-m 1799 wlis seqtemberSi peterburgSi mimaval giorgi avaliSvilsa

da revaz falavandiSvils (garsevan WavWavaZe am droisaTvis peterburgSi

imyofeboda) rwmunebis sigelis garda, mefem pavel I-Tvis misarTmevi Txovna gaatana.

giorgi XII iTxovda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dasacavad jaris (6.000 oficrisa da

jariskacis) gamogzavnas, romelic saqarTveloSi unda darCeniliyo mudmivad; 2.

ruseTis jaris iranis sazRvarze (azerbaijanSi) ganlagebas, radgan qveyanas iranis

saxanoebis mxridan mudmivi safrTxe emuqreboda. mefe ruseTis imperators

acnobebda, rom qarTuli jaris sisustisa da ruseTis jaris simciris gamo qveyana

daucveli iyo, riTac irani sargeblobda. Sewuxebuli mefe imperators swerda:

iranis elCi TbilisSi mizis da Svilsa mTxovs mZevlad, Tu ruseTis jarma droze

ar mogviswro, da aq myofi jaris imedad davrCiT, Svilis mZevlad micema momiwevso.

giorgi XII SekiTxvis formiT mimarTavda pavel I-s: taxtis memkvidre daviTi, Tqvens

samsaxurSi myofi general-maiori, rogor mivce irans mZevlado?

9. ruseTis imperiis axali politikuri kursi kavkasiasa da iranSi. ruseTis

jaris erTi polkis TbilisSi Semosvlam qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saSinao da sagareo

mdgomareoba ver gaaumjobesa. dapirispireba samefo saxlis wevrTa Soris kidev

ufro gaRrmavda. kvlav arsebobda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze iranis Sahis

gamolaSqrebis safrTxe. ruseTis imperatori pavel I iranis, aseve kavkasiis xazis

samxreTiT mcxovrebi xalxebisa da saxelmwifoebis Sinaur saqmeebSi ar ereoda. am

politikas atarebda igi gardacvalebamde (1801 wlis marti). rodesac kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardalma general-leitenantma karl knoringma oseTsa da yabardos Soris

dawyebul konfliqtSi imperators Careva urCia, pavel I-ma ganacxada: ruseTi

oseTisa da yabardos konfliqtSi ar apirebda Careuliyo manam, sanam es konfliqti

ruseTis sazRvars ar mouaxlovdeboda. imperatori Tavis pozicias imiT xsnida, rom

osebi da yabardoelebi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi iyvnen da ara qveSevrdomobaSi.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoc ruseTis mfarvelobaSi iyo da ara qveSevrdomobaSi. es

niSnavda Semdegs: Tu ruseTi imave politikas gaatarebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze

iranis laSqrobis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, giorgi XII-s pavel I-is daxmarebis imedi ar

unda hqonoda. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ruseTis imperiis ministrad daniSvnasTan

erTad piotr kovalenski dainiSna ruseTis saqmeTa rwmunebulad iranSi. pavel I-ma

kovalenskis daavala urTierToba daemyarebina iranis im xanebTan, romlebic qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos gavleniT an piradi surviliT ruseTisadmi loialurebi iyvnen. Tu

22

imperiisadmi keTilganwyobili iranis xanebi mis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas

moisurvebdnen, kovalenskis maTTvis xeli unda Seewyo, magram ise, rom yvelaferi

omis gareSe, mSvidobianad dasrulebuliyo. kovalenskis iranSi ruseTis gavlena

,,yovelgvari xarjis gareSe, anda, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, mcire danaxarjebiT~ unda

ganemtkicebina. kovalenskis mkacri miTiTeba hqonda imis Taobaze, rom saqme iranSi

ruseTis jaris gagzavnis aucileblobamde ar mieyvana. es ki imas niSnavda, rom pavel

I iranis agresiisagan qarTl-kaxeTis dacvas ar apirebda.

miuxedavad pavel I-is mier iranTan damokidebulebaSi SemuSavebuli axali

politikuri kursisa, ruseTis imperatori 1799 wlis 16 aprilis reskriptiT piotr

kovalenskis avalebda gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miepyro iranis Sahis

moqmedebisaTvis. diplomats fehTi ali unda daerwmunebina pavel I-is

keTilganwyobaSi da, amave dros, misTvis ecnobebina: ar unda gaemeorebina aRa mahmad

xanis Secdoma da Tavs ar unda dasxmoda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos. ruseTis imperiis

sagareo saqmeTa kolegiam kovalenskis Seatyobina, rom ruseTis imperiasa da qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos Soris gamiznuli iyo axali traqtatis dadeba. diplomats iranis

SahisaTvis unda ecnobebina, rom mas qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan urTierTobaSi

angariSi gaewia im valdebulebebisaTvis, romlebsac ruseTi ikisrebda qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos mimarT. ruseTis imperiasa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris axali

traqtatis dadeba gaWianurda, amitom iyo, rom Ppiotr kovalenskim feThi alis

veraferi Seatyobina. diplomats isRa darCenoda, rom 1800 wlis 16 Tebervals iranis

SahisaTvis TbilisSi Tavisi Camosvlis Sesaxeb ecnobebina. am cnobasTan erTad

kovalenskim 1800 wlis 16 Tebervalsve werili gaugzavna iranis Sahis karze saqmeTa

mmarTvels (kancelariis ufross) haji ibrahim xans da or qveyanas Soris megobruli

urTierTobis damyarebaSi daxmareba sTxova. kovalenskim werilebi daugzavna aseve

ganjis xan javads da yarabaRis xan ibrahims. 1800 wlis 17 Tebervals pavel I-Tvis

gagzavnil moxsenebaSi kovalenski aRniSnavda: werilebis mizani iyo imis garkveva,

Tu ramdenad gulwrfeli iyo javad xanisa da ibrahim xanis Txovna ruseTis imperiis

qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze. Tu es Txovna namdvilad gulwrfeli iyo,

kovalenski ganjisa da yarabaRis xanebis daxmarebiT ecdeboda ruseTis

qveSevrdomobaze daeyoliebina Sirvanis, Saqisa da erevnis xanebi da, rac mTavaria,

avariis xani omari.

10. giorgi XII-is Txovna iranis agresiisagan dacvis Taobaze. giorgi XII,

rogorc Cans, ukmayofilo iyo, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam misi warmomadgenlebis

garsevan WavWavaZis, giorgi avaliSvilisa da elizbar falavandiSvilis mimarT ar

gamoiCina saTanado yuradReba da dafaseba. 1800 wlis 14 ianvars mefe piotr

kovalenskis daxmarebas sTxovda, rom elCebs maTi ,,pativisa~ da ,,Cinis“ Sesaferad

mopyrobodnen. kovalenskis Seutyvia, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos warmomadgenlebma

ruseTis imperators giorgi XII-is saTxovari miarTves. ruseTis ministri mefes

sTxovda peterburgSi gagzavnili dokumentis Sinaarsi ecnobebina misTvis. mefe

kovalenskis swerda, am dokumentis Sinaarsi zepirad ukve momxsenda, da Tu

werilobiT gnebavT, amasac gaaxlebTo: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi mudmivad unda

mdgariyo ruseTis jari (3.000 oficeri da jariskaci); 2. ruseTis jariT iranTan

rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, ise azerbaijanis sazRvris dacva; 3. axalcixis

faSasaTvis safaSos teritoriaze lekebis laSqris Sesvlisa da qarTl-kaxeTis

teritoriis darbevis akrZalva; 4. daRestnis mflobelebisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoze Tavdasxmis akrZalva; 5. ekaterina II-is mier 1784 wels erekle II-Tvis

naboZebi artileriis Crdilo kavkasiaSi darCenili nawilis droulad TbilisSi

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gamogzavna; 6. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jarisaTvis puris Sesasyidi

fasis gansazRvra ara ruseTSi arsebuli, aramed qarTl-kaxeTSi moqmedi fasiT.

TbilisSi xmebi dadioda, rom iranis Sahi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze salaSqrod

emzadeboda. piotr kovalenskis saswrafod unda gaerkvia, ramdenad sando iyo es

xmebi da, Tu Sahis ganzraxva dadasturdeboda, qarTuli da rusuli jari omisaTvis

unda momzadebuliyo. kovalenskim iranSi saswrafod gagzavna gadamdgari poruCiki

merabovi (merabiSvili). imavdroulad kovalenskim Tbilisidan gilianis gavliT

iranSi mzveravi gagzavna, romelic, viTomda vaWari, TeiranSi unda Casuliyo,

Sexvedroda merabovs, mieRo saWiro informacia da swrafad dabrunebuliyo

TbilisSi. iranSi gagzavnilebisagan aranairi cnoba ar modioda, xolo xmebi Sahis

Tbilisze mosalodneli laSqrobis Sesaxeb Zlierdeboda. garkveuli drois Semdeg

iranis laSqari (Seumowmebeli informaciiT 12.000 mebrZoli) marTlac daiZra

yarabaRis saxanosaken. iranis Sahs yarabaRis saxanoze laSqrobis mizezi namdvilad

hqonda. fehTi ali ibrahim xans asuls sTxovda colad. yarabaRis xani Tavs ikavebda.

molaparakeba Svid Tves gaWianurda. Sahi yarabaRisa da sxva saxanoebisagan usityvo

morCilebas iTxovda. ibrahim xani kovalenskis daukavSirda da rCeva sTxova.

samxreT kavkasiaSi aqtiuri politikis gatarebas iTxovda iranis Sah feThi

alis vaJi, taxtis memkvidre abas mirza. abas mirza iyo Wkviani, ganaTlebuli,

energiuli, gabeduli da samxedro saqmis kargad mcodne axalgazrda. Sahi swored

abas mirzasTan TaTbirobda mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis win. abas mirza

mamas samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis xanebis damorCilebisaken mouwodebda, rac,

cxadia, metad saSiSi iyo saxanoebis mosazRvre qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis.

iranidan mosuli winaaRmdegobrivi cnobebis miuxedavad, giorgi XII da samefo kari

Ppiotr kovalenskis arwmunebdnen, rom Sahi didxans ar gadadebda agresiuli

gegmebis ganxorcielebas. male ruseTis dazvervam iranidan saimedo cnobebi

gamougzavna kovalenskis. yazvinidan TeiranSi mimavali rusi mzveravebi Sexvdnen

abas mirzas laSqars, romelSic, yvelaze didi, 4.000 mebrZoli Tu iqneboda. abas

mirzas sul oTxi msubuqi zarbazani gaaCnda. mTeli laSqari, gansakuTrebiT

kavaleria, mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo. am ZalebiT abas mirzas samxreT-aRmosavleT

kavkasia unda daemorCilebina. abas mirzam, pirvel rigSi, xois saxanos damorCileba

gadawyvita. xois xani jafar yuli iranis Sahs eurCeboda. xois aReba abas mirzam

ver moaxerxa, ukan daixia da dadebuli SeTanxmebiT jafar yuli xois xanad cno.

xois saxanodan abas mirza erevnis, ganjis, yarabaRisa da Semaxiis xanebis

damorCilebas gegmavda. yarabaRis xani ibrahimi iZulebuli gaxda qaliSvili

TeiranSi gaegzavna iranis Sahze dasaqorwineblad. ibrahim xanis qaliSvilis colad

SerTva aseve surda Semaxiis xan mustafas. gaigo Tu ara sapatarZlos TeiranSi

gamgzavreba,Mmustafa xani Tavs daesxa gamcilebel razms da ibrahim xanis

qaliSvili gaitaca. cxadia, aseTi moqmedebiT Semaxiis xanma samudamod mtrad

moikida iranis Sahi.

xois saxanoSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg abas mirza baqos xanis winaaRmdeg

salaSqrod emzadeboda. swored am dros abas mirzas banakSi gamocxadda aleqsandre

batoniSvili. ZmasTan, giorgi XII-Tan, dapirispirebuli batoniSvilis misvliT abas

mirza kmayofili darCa. aleqsandre batoniSvilma abas mirzas sTxova, jari qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos sazRvarTan, gogCis tbis midamoebSi, ganelagebina. aq iranis

laSqars SeuerTdeboda ganjisa da yarabaRis xanebis laSqari da qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos winaaRmdeg moqmedebaze SeTanxmdebodnen. 1800 wlis 30 ivliss aleqsandre

batoniSvili dedas, darejan dedofals, swerda: iranis laSqari erevnis cixesTan

idga, am laSqarTan erTad Svidi dRis Semdeg gogCis tbis midamoebSi gamoCndeboda

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da, Tu uflis neba iqneboda, RvTismSoblis miZinebis dRisaTvis aleqsandre iranis

laSqriT TbilisSi Semovidoda. TbilisSi gavrcelda xmebi, rom Sahis sardali

suleimani erevanSi misvlis Semdeg giorgi XII-s ruseTis mfarvelobis uaryofas da

iranis xelisuflebis uzenaesobis aRiarebas mosTxovda. Seqmnil viTarebaSi

yarabaRis xani ibrahimi da ganjis xani javadi qarTl-kaxeTis mefes iranis Sahis

morCilebisaken mouwodebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom iranidan TbilisSi sagangaSo

cnobebi modioda, abas mirzas warumatebeli laSqroba giorgi XII-sa da Ppiotr

kovalenskis afiqrebinebda, rom Sahi qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg farTomasStabian oms

ver daiwyebda. marTlac, feThi ali varaudobda: qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

gamogzavnil ruseTis mcirericxovan jars did safrTxes uqmnida mtrulad

ganwyobili xalxebi da qveynebi (muslimuri samyaro _ v. g.), xolo saSiSroebis

SemTxvevaSi ruseTidan damxmare jaris mosvla dagviandeboda, rac qarTl-kaxeTidan

ruseTis jaris gawvevis mizezi unda gamxdariyo. cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi iranis

Sahi radikaluri moqmedebebisagan dromde Tavs Seikavebda. Sahs aseTi azri

ganumtkica ruseTis dazvervis mier gavrcelebulma xmebma, rom qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi Semosuli ruseTis mcirericxovani jari mxolod maRali rangis moxelis,

kovalenskis, gamcilebeli razmi iyo. ruseTis dazverva aseve avrcelebda xmebs, rom

kovalenskis mizani iyo daedgina, damaskodan saiT gaemarTeboda safrangeTis jari.

Tu osmaleTis sulTani anatoliaSi frangebis SeWras win ver aRudgeboda, ruseTi

osmaleTs didi jariT daexmareboda. iranis Sahma irwmuna ruseTis dazvervis mier

gavrcelebuli xmebi da ruseTis imperatoris mier gagzavnili saCuqrebi didi

pompezurobiT miiRo. sazeimo ceremonialze ar waukiTxavT pavel I-is mier feThi

alisaTvis gagzavnili sigeli, radgan ruseTis imperatori mas Sahad ar

moixseniebda.

sanam iranis Sahi ruseTTan urTierTobas arkvevda, abas mirza samxreT-

aRmosavleT kavkasiis damorCilebas cdilobda. 1800 wlis ivnisSi abas mirzam

TbilisSi elCi gamogzavna, romelsac giorgi XII-Tvis Sahis firmani unda gadaeca.

abas mirzas elCi TbilisSi 11 ivniss Camovida. giorgi XII-s ver gadaewyvita, rogor

mieRo elCi. kovalenskisTan TaTbiris Semdeg gadawyda, rom elCi ruseTis ministris

rezidenciaSi mieRoT. amiT mefe giorgi ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebas

daamtkicebda. elCis miReba 15 ivniss dainiSna. 14 ivniss elCTan gamocxadda ori

moxele _ erTi qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa, meore _ ruseTis ministrisa, romelTac

stumari meore dRisaTvis audienciaze miiwvies. darbazSi, sadac audiencia Sedga,

sagangebod Seitanes imperator pavel I-is suraTi. kovalenskis garda, audienciaze

imyofebodnen egerTa polkis meTauri general-maiori ivan lazarevi polkis Stabisa

da ufrosi oficrebis TanxlebiT. rezidenciasTan ganlagda egerTa polkis erTi

aseuli. misalmebis Semdeg elCma giorgi XII-s gadasca iranis Sahis firmani. mefe

elCs dahpirda, rom firmans waikiTxavda da pasuxsac Seatyobinebda. elCma mefes

ganucxada, rom surda, mas pirispir da saidumlod molaparakeboda. giorgi XII-m

elCis survili ar Seiwynara da iqve auwya: ruseTis ministris gareSe iranis elCTan

saidumlo molaparakebas ar gamarTavda. elCi Seecada gamosavali epova da mefes

moaxsena: CemTvis didi pativia molaparakeba vawarmoo ruseTis ministris

TandaswrebiT, oRond im pirobiT, Tu molaparakebas kidev sxva vinme ar daeswrebao.

diplomatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqnilobiT iranis elCma giorgi XII-s agrZnobina,

rom iranis Sahi aRSfoTebuli iyo misi politikiT. elCma mefes isic ganucxada, rom

misi mbrZanebeli gakvirvebuli iyo, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefes

masTan aranairi urTierToba ratom ar hqonia. da bolos, iranis elCma imedi

gamoTqva, firmanis wakiTxvis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis mefe iranis Sahis survilebsa

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da moTxovnebs Seasrulebda. amis Semdeg giorgi XII-m sityviT mimarTa elCs: mamaCemi,

qarTl-kaxeTis gardacvlili mefe, 1783 wels ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sevida

da me ara maqvs ufleba ruseTis imperatoris nebis gareSe romelime sxva qveynis

moTxovna Sevasruloo. mefem elCs aseve ganucxada, rom iranTan urTierToba

Cabarebuli aqvs misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis sruluflebian

warmomadgenels, ministr piotr kovalenskis da qarTl-kaxeTis mefis movaleoba iyo

iranTan urTierTobac masTan SeeTanxmebina. giorgi XII-is sityvis Semdeg elCs

mimarTa kovalenskim. ruseTis ministrma daadastura pavel I-is keTilganwyoba iranis

Sahisadmi da amave dros aRniSna: me ar vicnob Sahis firmanis Sinaarss da, Tu misi

gacnobis pativs damdebT, siamovnebiT mogaxsenebT Cems azrso. iranis elCma

ganacxada, rom aseTi uflebamosileba mas ar hqonda.

abas mirzas mier gamogzavnil elCTan erTad TbilisSi Camovida erevnis xanis

elCic, romelic giorgi XII-s iranis Sahis morCilebis gamocxadebas urCevda. xanis

elCma isic dasZina, rom qarTl-kaxeTi iranis Sahis samflobelo iyo da amitom

winaaRmdegobas azri ar hqonda. erevnis xanis elCis Tavxedobam mefe giorgi imdenad

gamoiyvana mdgomareobidan, rom pasuxis gacemac ver moaxerxa. elCs upasuxa

kovalenskim: Tqven TiTqos sruliad dagaviwydaT, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefe ruseTis

imperatoris mfarvelobaSia, girCevT, xSirad gaixsenoT es da darwmunebuli iyaviT,

rom ruseTis xelmwife ase advilad ar miatovebs Tavis mfarvelobaSi myofs. amaze

erevnis xanis elCma upasuxa: darwmunebuli var, yvelaferi ase iqneba, mefes rCevas

mxolod imitom vaZlev, rom iranis didi laSqari qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebs

uaxlovdebao. elCs isev kovalenskim upasuxa: ruseTs aqaur qveynebSi mtrebi ara

hyavs da amitom aravisze Tavdasxmas ar apirebs, magram Tu mis mfarvelobaSi myof

qveyanas vinme Tavs daesxmeba, ruseTi mis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Zalebs

gamonaxavso. erevnis xanis elCi amis Semdegac ar dacxra da giorgi XII-s kvlav Sahis

moTxovnebis Sesruleba urCia. gabrazebulma kovalenskim erevnis xanis elCs miaZaxa:

,,movides da waiRos!~

audienciis dasrulebis Semdeg mefe giorgim da piotr kovalenskim waikiTxes

iranis Sahis firmani da abas mirzas werili. iranis mbrZanebeli werda, rom

Aazerbaijanis damorCilebis Semdeg abas mirza didi laSqriT (30.000 mebrZoli) urCi

xanebis damorCilebas gaagrZelebda. iranis Sahi mefe giorgis urCevda taxtis

memkvidre daviTi abas mirzasTan mZevlad gaegzavna, riTac mefe iranis

mbrZaneblisadmi uqveSevrdomiles ganwyobas gamoxatavda. audienciis dasrulebis

Semdeg waikiTxes erevnis xanis werilic. xani werda: ,,aqamde iransa da saqarTvelos

(qarTl-kaxeTs _ v. g.) Soris gankerZoeba da gansxvaveba ar iyo da momavalSic ar

iqneba~. xani mefe giorgis urCevda Zma an Svili mdidruli saCuqrebiT iranis

SahisTvis gaegzavna da amiT gadaerCina samefo da Tavisi Tavi.

TbilisSi iranis elCis Camosvlam da Sahis firmanma giorgi XII daarwmuna, rom

aucilebeli iyo omisaTvis seriozulad momzadeba. 1800 wlis 4 agvistos piotr

kovalenski peterburgSi gagzavnil erT-erT moxsenebaSi werda, rom erevnis saxanoSi

abas mirzas laSqris gamoCenam TbilisSi didi SiSianoba gamoiwvia, muslimebiT

dasaxlebul saqarTvelos samxreT provinciebSic (yazaxSi, SamSadiluSi) ar iyo

simSvide. TbilisSi ar iyo TavdacvisaTvis aucilebeli SeiaraReba, ar arsebobda

organizebuli samxedro Zala, rac aZlierebda panikas mosaxleobaSi. yovelive amas

Tan erTvoda uTanxmoeba samefo saxlSi _ darejan dedoflisa da Zmebis

dapirispireba mefe giorgisTan. Tavdacvis organizebis mizniT giorgi XII-m

kovalenskis TavmjdomareobiT rusi samxedroebisagan Seqmna sabWo, romlis

wevradac miwveuli iyo ioane batoniSvili. jer kidev 1800 wlis 18 ivniss kovalenski

26

peterburgSi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi werda, rom giorgi XII-s iranis Tavdasxmis

SemTxvevaSi omisaTvis aucilebeli arc finansebi eqneboda da arc jari eyoleboda.

moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom omis SemTxvevaSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefe ruseTis

daxmarebis imedad iyo. kovalenski kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal karl knoringsa

da ruseTis imperiis sagareo saqmeTa kolegias sTxovda miTiTebas, rogor emoqmeda

Seqmnil viTarebaSi. Tavis mxriv, giorgi XII kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals ruseTis

jaris axali kontingentis gamogzavnas sTxovda. 1800 wlis 24 ivniss karl knoringma

giorgi XII-is Txovnis Sesaxeb imperator pavel I-s moaxsena. kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardals, kovalenskis garda, Tbilisidan cnobebs awvdida egerTa polkis

meTauri general-maiori ivan lazarevi. 1800 wlis 4 agvistos lazarevi karl

knorings swerda: ,,aq Sinaareulobaa. yvela Relavs, yvela garbis qalaqidan.~

11. ruseT-iranis urTierToba da qarTl-kaxeTis samefo. peterburgSi piotr kovalenskisa da karl knoringis moxsenebebs angariSi gauwies. 1800 wlis 10 ivliss

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma miiRo imperatoris reskripti, romlis Sinaarsi

aseTi iyo: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gasagzavnad saswrafod unda moemzadebinaT

dragunTa 5 eskadroni; 2. dragunTaA eskadronebi unda gamoeyoT puSkinisa da

obreskovis polkebidan, romlebic kavkasiis xazis centralur monakveTze iyvnen

ganlagebuli; 3. dragunTaA 5 eskadrons unda damateboda kavkasiis xazis centralur

monakveTze ganlagebuli qveiTi jaris 2 polki, grenaderTa 2 batalioni, da

lixaCevis egerTa polkis 1 batalioni. sul qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi unda

gamogzavniliyo dragunTa 10 eskadroni da qveiTTa 9 batalioni, artileria

Sesabamisi momsaxure personaliT. qarTl-kaxeTSi gamosagzavni jaris sardloba

davalebuli hqonda kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-leitenant karl

knorings. 1800 wlis 10 ivliss imperatori Ppavel I karl knorings swerda: ,,qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos dasacavad Cvenma winaswarma samzadisma iranis Sahi SeiZleba

aiZulos xeli aiRos ganzraxvaze, xolo qarTl-kaxeTis mefem _ gaagrZelos

molaparakeba abas mirzasTan, raTaA gaarkvios misi moTxovnebi. iqneb Sahs dapyroba

arc surs da mxolod is unda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefe mezoblebTan omSi daexmaros

mas. am SemTxvevaSi SeTanxmeba SeiZleba Cveni mxridan sabrZolo moqmedebebis gareSe~.

pavel I-is 1800 wlis 10 ivlisis reskripti knoringisadmi am ukanasknelma maSin

miiRo, rodesac kovalenskis mier iranSi gagzavnili poruCiki merabovi TbilisSi

dabrunda. merabovi Tbilisidan 1800 wlis 16 Tebervals gavida da TeiranSi mxolod

17 aprils CaaRwia. Teiranidan igi 27 aprils gamoemgzavra. 1800 wlis 28 aprils

iranis Sahi feThi ali didi laSqriT (50.000 mebrZoli) xorasanSi Sevida. laSqris

birTvs Seadgenda 20.000 rCeuli cxenosani. iranis laSqris sust mxares

warmoadgenda artileriis simcire (iranis Sahis artilerias Seadgenda aRa mahmad

xanis mier Tbilisidan waRebuli 8 zarbazani) da proviantis uqonloba. yovelive es

merabovs Seutyvia. Teiranidan gamosuli merabovi gzaSi winaswari ganzraxviT

Seaferxa xois xanis mier gamoyofilma megzurma. didi wvalebis Semdeg xoisa da

gilianis gavliT 1800 wlis 8 maiss merabovi enzelSi Cavida, saidanac baqos,

Semaxiis, nuxisa da ganjis gavliT 1800 wlis ivlisSi TbilisSi CamoaRwia. 1800 wlis

27 ivliss merabovma moxseneba warudgina piotr kovalenskis, romelsac Tan daurTo

iranis vezir ibrahimis werilis rusuli Targmani. werili exeboda iranis Sahis

pozicias qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris SemosvlasTan dakavSirebiT.

iranis veziri werda: ,,yvelasaTvis cnobilia WeSmaritebaa, rom mas Semdeg, rac

dedamiwa oTx nawilad gaiyo, qarTli, kaxeTi da Tbilisi Sedioda iranis

saxelmwifoSi. maTi mosaxleoba mudam emorCileboda iranis Sahebs da isini ruseTis

mflobelobaSi arasdros ar yofilan. TviTmpyrobeli xelmwifis mahmad xanis (aRa

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mahmad xanis _ v. g.) Tanamedrove mefe ereklem gadawyvita Camoscileboda Tavis

mflobelebs da mihkedleboda iranis mters (ruseTs _ v. g.). TqvenTvis, ra Tqma unda,

cnobilia, aseTi moqmedebisaTvis rac daimsaxura mefe ereklem, _ Tavs daatyda

xelmwifis (aRa mahmad xanis _ v. g.) risxva da didi ubedureba. mosaxleoba an

daxoces, an tyved aiyvanes, qveyana ki miwasTan gaaswores. iranSi yvelasaTvis

cnobilia, Tu ra didi sibrZniTa da mSvidobismoyvareobiT amcno ruseTis monarqma

(pavel I-ma _ v. g.) qveynierebas Tavisi mefobis dawyeba. magram misi imperatorobiTi

udidebulesobis survili _ mospos saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli

ufleba da upiratesoba _ sulac ar emsaxureba saxelmwifos Rirsebisa da pativis

SenarCunebas.~ savsebiT cxadi iyo, Tu risi Tqma surda iranis vezirs: qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla da saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris gamogzavna

iranis uflebebis Selaxvas niSnavda, mTavar damnaSaved ki iranis veziri erekle II-

s miiCnevda. igi werda: ,,ra Rirsebis matarebelia mefe erekles pirobebi

(georgievskis traqtatis pirobebi _ v. g.)? ra pativiscemas unda imsaxurebdes mefis

xelmowera? magaliTad, ruseTSi mcxovreb erT-erT xalxs iranis mflobelobaSi

Sesvla rom moewadinebina da iranTan traqtati daedo, eqneboda ki Zala aseT

garigebas? es xalxi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar CaiTvleboda iranis mflobelobaSi

myofad. mefe erekles dros iranSi ar iyo umaRlesi xelisufali (Sahi _ v. g.), riTac

isargebla mefem da sruliad ruseTis TviTmpyrobelis mfarvelobaSi Sevida. gana

es SeiZleba imis safuZveli iyos, rom Tbilisi iranisgan Camocilebulad da ruseTis

mflobelobaSi gadasulad miviCnioT? _ yovlad SeuZlebelia!~ werilis dasasruls

veziri ibrahimi werda, rom sazRvari iransa da ruseTs Soris unda darCes ucvleli

(igulisxmeba georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde arsebuli sazRvari _ v. g.), daculi

iqnas winaT dadgenili uflebebi da upiratesobani, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli

mtroba, umiznod daRvrili sisxli da xalxTa darbeva, SenarCunebuli iqnas

mSvidobao.

12. ruseTis xelisuflebis RonisZiebani iranis agresiisagan qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dasacavad. TbilisSi iranis vezir ibrahimis werili maSin miiRes, rodesac

iranis laSqari (daaxloebiT 7.000-10.000 mebrZoli) abas mirzas sardlobiT mdinare

araqsis marcxena napirze gadmovida. abas mirzam rogorc ki Seityo, rom kavkasiis

xazidan saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingenti Semovidoda, laSqari

isev araqsis marjvena napirze gadaiyvana. imavdroulad abas mirzam firmanebi

daugzavna samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis xanebs da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze

salaSqrod mouwoda. abas mirzas laSqris moaxloebasTan erTad TbilisSi

mRelvareba grZeldeboda. SeSfoTeba daetyo general-maior ivan lazarevsac. 1800

wlis 4 agvistos igi karl knorings werda: ,,qarTvelebis imedad yofna ar SeiZleba,

maT yovel 10 kacze ori Tofi aqvT... qarTvelebSi Sinaareulobaa. somxebi,

romlebzedac did imedebs amyareben, me Zalian saeWvod meCvenebian“.

karl knoringi, imperatoris reskriptis Tanaxmad, kavkasiis xazidan

saqarTveloSi jaris gamogzavnas aCqarebda. moulodnelad 1800 wlis 3 agvistos

piotr kovalenskim karl knorings miswera, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis

jaris didi kontingentis gamogzavna aucilebeli ar iyo, radgan iranis Tavdasxma

arc ise saSiSi iyo, xolo xmebi mosalodneli omis Sesaxeb _ gazviadebuli. 1800

wlis 6 agvistos karl knoringma giorgi XII-is werili miiRo. SeSfoTebuli mefe

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals werda: 1. iranis Sahi da abas mirza Cemgan moiTxoven

taxtis memkvidre daviTis mZevlad gagzavnas. es moTxovna rom Sevasrulo, Semdeg

moiTxoven batoniSvilebis ioanes, bagratisa da Teimurazis mZevlebad micemas da

bolos, mec momiTxoven mZevlad;@2. Sahi feThi ali da abas mirza moiTxoven qarTl-

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kaxeTis samefos gadacemas iranisaTvis, raTa ise Zarcvon qveyana, rogorc adre

Zarcvavdnen.; 3. feThi ali da abas mirza moiTxoven qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

gamosvlas ruseTis mfarvelobidan da iranis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas. werilis

bolos mefe acxadebda, rom igi RmerTis wyalobisa da ruseTis imperatoris imedad

iyo da rac unda momxdariyo, iranis monobas ar apirebda.

kovalenskis TavmjdomareobiT Seqmnili sabWo Tbilisis Tavdacvis organizebis

mizniT muSaobas ganagrZobda. kovalenskim qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mosazRvre xanebs

TxovniT mimarTa, Tavi SeekavebinaT da samefos mtrebisaTvis aSkarad TanagrZnoba

ar gamoecxadebinaT. TbilisSi myofi qarTuli da rusuli jari ioane batoniSvilsa

da piotr kovalenskis daeqvemdebara. qalaqis mosaxleobis didi nawili Tbilisis

garnizonis SemadgenlobaSi Cairicxa. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sxvadasxva kuTxidan

mosul molaSqreTagan yvelaze ukeT organizebuli da brZolisunariani kaxeTis

laSqari iyo. aRadgines qalaqis kedeli. iq, sadac kedeli SedarebiT susti iyo,

gaiyvanes Rrma Txrili. generali lazarevi skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili da Tvlida,

rom gatarebuli RonisZiebebi Tbilisis Tavdacvas ver uzrunvelyofda. igi

miiCnevda, rom erTaderTi gamosavali ruseTidan jaris damatebiTi kontingentis

gamogzavna iyo. lazarevi aseve Secdomad Tvlida Crdilo kavkasiidan dragunTa

(cxenosanTa) gamogzavnas, radgan mTagrexilebiTa da xevebiT dafarul saqarTvelos

regionebSi cxenosani jaris efeqturad gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iyo. lazarevi

miiCnevda, rom dragunebis nacvlad unda gamoegzavnaT egerTa (qveiTTa) polki da

qveiTTa sami batalioni artileriiT. amis sapirispirod kovalenski Tvlida, rom

sakmarisi iyo egerTa erTi batalionis gamogzavna. ivan lazarevi karl knorings

werda: ,,me Sevityve, rom ministri (piotr kovalenski _ v. g.) sakmarisad miiCnevs

egerTa erTi polkis gamogzavnas. ministris mizania, rom Tqven aq ar CamoxvideT, es

Zalian surs mas, me ki Tqvens Camosvlas visurvebdio. kovalenski cdilobda Crdilo

kavkasiis xazidan TbilisSi momavali gza da xidebi SeekeTebina da gzis

saqarTvelos monakveTze jarisaTvis provianti daexvedrebina. TbilisSi Seiqmna

proviantis mTavari baza, gorsa da siRnaRSi _ damxmare bazebi. Seqmnis droisaTvis

bazebSi xorblis maragi ar iyo. giorgi XII rusebs dahpirda, rom jer Tbilisis,

xolo Semdeg gorisa da siRnaRis bazebSi xorblis marags Seqmnida. Tbilisis bazas

SeeZlo daetia 300.000 fuTi xorblis fqvili da 3.000 fuTi qeri cxenebisaTvis.

Tbilisis bazidan fqvili gaicemoda rogorc qarTuli jarisaTvis, ise giorgi XII-

is mier daqiravebuli lekebisaTvis. gorisa da siRnaRis bazebis Sevseba ver

moxerxda. 1800 wlis ivlisSi qarTlisa da kaxeTis raionebSi xorblis

dasamzadeblad gagzavnilma moxeleebma agvistos bolomde saerTod ver Semoitanes

xorbali TbilisSi. damzadeba verc Semdeg TveebSi moxerxda. ivan lazarevma Tavisi

polkisaTvis puri bazarze Seisyida da garkveuli maragic Seqmna, radgan Tbilisis

bazidan fqvilis miRebis imedi ar hqonda. aravis SeeZlo gaeca pasuxi kiTxvaze:

rogor unda gamoekvebaT zamTarSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingenti. Seqmnili

viTarebiT SeSfoTebuli lazarevi knorings werda: ,,saqarTveloSi jaris

gamogzavnis Sesaxeb adreve macnobe, Torem SeiZleba proviantis, furaJis, SeSisa da

binis gareSe darCeT”. lazarevi knorings aseve urCevda, rom sursaTis Sesasyidad

,,moemaragebina spilenZis fuli, romelic sqarTveloSi iseve iyo mimoqcevaSi,

rogorc vercxlisa~.

1800 wlis agvistos damdegs TbilisSi gavrcelda xmebi, rom male abas mirza

laSqrobas daiwyebda. am xmebs avrcelebda abas mirzas banakSi myofi aleqsandre

batoniSvili. rogorc 1800 wlis 16 agvistos piotr kovalenski karl knoringisadmi

gagzavnil moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda, abas mirzas Tbilisze laSqrobis Sesaxeb

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gavrcelebuli xmebis namdviloba dadasturda aleqsandre batoniSvilis weriliT,

romelic rusebs CauvardaT xelSi. radgan gavrcelebuli xmebi da werilis Sinaarsi

erTmaneTs daemTxva, ioane batoniSvilma da kovalenskim saqmis gamoZieba daiwyes.

maT yuradReba miaqcies aleqsandre batoniSvilis kidev or werils, romelTagan

erTi egzavneboda somex meliq abovs, meore ki _ qarTlel Tavad orbelians. somexi

meliqi abovi karg urTierTobaSi iyo giorgi XII-Tan da Tavisi xalxiT ruseTis

qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas cdilobda. igi mefe giorgis garkveul daxmarebas uwevda

iranis mxridan qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvris dacvaSi. piotr kovalenskim meliqi

abovi TbilisSi daibara, romelic avadmyofobis miuxedavad, ministrTan gamocxadda

da aleqsandre batoniSvilTan yovelgvari kavSiri uaryo. kovalenskim meliqi abovi

im or somexTan daapirispira, romelTac aleqsandre batoniSvilis werili upoves.

gamoZiebiT utyuarad dadginda, rom meliqi abovi aleqsandre batoniSvilis

Tanamzraxveli ar iyo. Tavis droze mefe giorgisa da kovalenskis SeTanxmebiT

meliqi abovi da kidev ori somexi sadazvervo informaciis Segrovebis mizniT abas

mirzas banakSi gagzavnes. meliq abovis gamyolTagan erTi iranelebma icnes da isic

iZulebuli gaxda, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT aseTi ram ganecxadebina: me meliq abovis

mier gamogzavnili var aleqsandre batoniSvilTan, raTa mas giorgi XII-is

winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb movelaparakoo. ,,Suamavali” maSinve

gaaTavisufles da aleqsandre batoniSvils warudgines. am ukanasknels somxis

gulwrfelobaSi eWvi ar Separvia da 17 dRe TavisTan datova, xolo dabrunebisas

ori werili gamoatana: erTi _ meliq abovTan, meore _ Tavad orbelianTan. bambakis

teritoriaze am provinciis mmarTvelma Tavadma giorgi ciciSvilma somexi Seipyro,

werilebi CamoarTva da TbilisSi gamoagzavna. Tavadi giorgi ciciSvili ratomRac

mtrobda meliq abovs, amitomac mefe giorgisadmi gamogzavnil werilSi Seecada,

meliq abovi mefis namdvil moRalated warmoedgina. sanam simarTle dadgindeboda,

Tbilisis mosaxleobaSi meliq abovis mimarT agresia sul ufro matulobda.

viTarebis garkvevis Semdeg qalaqi dawynarda. TbilisSi simSvidem sabolood mas

Semdeg daisadgura, rac miRebuli iqna dadasturebuli cnoba, rom abas mirzam ukan

daixia da arcTu ise mravalricxovani laSqari (erTi cnobiT, 7.000-10.000, sxva

cnobiT, 12.000 mebrZoli) mdinare araqsis marjvena napirze gadaiyvana. kidev ufro

damamSvidebeli iyo cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom abas mirzas jari cudad iyo

SeiaraRebuli (zogierT molaSqres mxolod xelketebi hqonda), iranelebs isev

mxolod 4 zarbazani gaaCndaT, proviantis maragi ki mTlianad amowuruli iyo.

13. ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingentis Semosvla TbilisSi (1800 wlis 23 seqtemberi). sagareo safrTxis droebiT Tavidan aSorebam ver gaaumjobesa

Sinapolitikuri viTareba _ samefo saxlSi dapirispireba grZeldeboda. aleqsandre

batoniSvilis abas mirzas banakSi gamoCenam imedebi Causaxa darejan dedofals,

iulon, vaxtang, mirian batoniSvilebs da maT momxre Tavadebs. darejan dedofali

da misi vaJebi kargad sargeblobdnen imiT, rom giorgi XII-is janmrTeloba sul

ufro da ufro uaresdeboda. mefe iSviaTad Cndeboda uaxloes garemocvasTanac ki.

darejan dedofalma da batoniSvilebma urTierToba gawyvites mefesTan. TavianT

saufliswuloebSi mokalaTebuli batoniSvilebi, pirvel rigSi, iuloni da

vaxtangi, Tavs uyridnen giorgi XII-is mowinaaRmdegeebs. ivan lazarevi 1800 wlis 25

agvistos karl knorings moaxsenebda im Ria dapirispirebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo saxlSi arsebobda. generali aRniSnavda, rom darejan dedofali da

batoniSvilebi cdilobdnen mefis mowinaaRmdegeebSi amboxisa da uwesrigobisaken

miswrafeba gaeRvivebinaT, Cqarobdnen rogorme moeswroT TavianTi ,,boroti

Canafiqris” ganxorcieleba. 1800 wlis 31 agvistos lazarevi knorings moaxsenebda:

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darejan dedofalsa da batoniSvilebs imedi Causaxa iranis Sahis firmanma, romelic

aleqsandre batoniSvils qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtze misi uflebebis dacvas

hpirdeboda. moxsenebaSi aseve aRniSnuli iyo, rom Sahs aleqsandre

batoniSvilisaTvis xanis tituli da Zvirfasi saCuqrebi uboZebia. ivan lazarevs

isic Seutyvia, rom aleqsandres iranis mbrZaneblisagan Tbilisis aRebis gegmac

miuRia. gegmis Tanaxmad, TbilisisaTvis sami mxridan unda SeetiaT: 1. samxreTidan

(ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebidan) iranisa da yazaxisa-SamSadilus TaTrebis jariT

_ aleqsandre batoniSvils; 2. samxreT-dasavleTidan (axalcixis safaSodan)

osmalTa jariT _ suleiman faSas; 3. samxreT-aRmosavleTidan (War-belaqnidan)

lekTaA jariT _ omar xans. 1800 wlis 8 seqtembers lazarevi Tbilisis aRebis gegmis

Sesaxeb karl knorings moaxsenebda: ,,darwmunebuli var, rom es gegma mxolod

qaRaldze iarsebebs. vicnob adgilobrivi xalxis silaCres da darwmunebuli var,

mowinaaRmdegis mcire Zalis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSic ki isini saxlebidan gaiqcevian

da xeobebs Seafareben Tavs, riTac gaaxareben Tavxed da arafris maqnis

mowinaaRmdeges~.

giorgi XII-m 1800 wlis 29 da 31 agvistos werilebi gaugzavna kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardal karl knorings da saswrafod ruseTis jaris damatebiTi

kontingentis (6.000 mebrZolis) gamogzavna sTxova. 1800 wlis 9 seqtembers karl

knoringi ivan lazarevs werda: mefes Caagone, rom saqarTveloSi ruseTis jari

gamoigzavneba droebiT, mtris mosagerieblad, Semdeg ki mefem unda izrunos

sakuTari jaris SeqmnisaTvis, mefes Tavisuflad SeuZlia jaris (5.000 mebrZolis)

Senaxva. amasTan erTad, karl knoringma giorgi XII-s acnoba: imperatorma mibrZana,

jarTan erTad gamovemgzavro saqarTveloSi mxolod maSin, roca safrTxe gaCndeba.

mas Semdeg, rac abas mirzam ukan daixia da mdinare araqsis meore napirze gadavida,

saqarTveloSi jaris adre dagegmilTan SedarebiT Semcirebuli raodenobis (3.000

qveiTis) gamogzavnac ikmarebdao. cxadia, giorgi XII aseTi gadawyvetilebiT

ukmayofilo darCa. 1800 wlis 8 seqtembers mefe giorgi karl knorings swerda: mteri

mravalricxovania da igi mudmivad mzad aris Cvens gasanadgureblad. mefe

dabejiTebiT iTxovda qarTl-kaxeTSi ruseTis jaris didi kontingentis (6.000

mebrZolis) gamogzavnas. jaris gamogzavna ki marTlac gadaudebeli iyo, radgan dro

ivnisidan seqtembris CaTvliT yvelaze xelsayreli iyo Crdilo kavkasiidan qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi jarebis gamosagzavnad. isic cxadi iyo, rom ruseTis jari

TbilisSi manam unda Camosuliyo, sanam iranis jari Tbilisze daiZvreboda.

1800 wlis agvistoSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gamosagzavni ruseTis jaris

qveiTTa polkis meTaurad dainiSna general-maiori vasili guliakovi. 1800 wlis 14

agvistos karl knoringi ivan lazarevs swerda, rom saqarTveloSi igzavneboda

vasili guliakovis qveiTTa polki artileriiTurT da kazakTa aseuli. knoringi

lazarevs acnobebda, rom kavkasiis xazidan (mozdokidan) larsamde polki

yvelafriT uzrunvelyofili iqneboda, larsidan Tbilisamde polkis uzrunvelyofa

ki mas ekisreboda. 14 agvistosve karl knoringma giorgi XII-s acnoba, rom TviTon

jaris danarCen nawilTan erTad Tbilisisaken daiZvreboda, rogorc ki amis

aucilebloba gaCndeboda. 1800 wlis 20 agvistos lazarevma knorings acnoba, rom

larsSi, stefanwmindaSi, kaiSaurSi, ananursa da duSeTSi jars proviantis marags

daaxvedrebda.

1800 wlis 24 agvistos kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma karl knoringma

imperator pavel I-s moaxsena, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gasagzavnad qveiTTa

polki artileriiTurT da kazakTa aseuli mzad iyo. 25 agvistos ruseTis jaris

qveiTTa erTi polki da kazakTa aseuli general-maior vasili guliakovis

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meTaurobiT kavkasiis xazidan (mozdokidan) daiZra da 23 seqtembers TbilisSi

Semovida. imave dRes vasili guliakovma pavel I-s TbilisSi jaris Semosvlis Sesaxeb

upataka.

1800 wlis 23 seqtembers, diliT adre, giorgi XII, romelsac cxeniT mgzavroba

ukve Zalian uWirda, etliT Tbilisidan ruseTis jaris Sesaxvedrad gavida. mefes

Tan axldnen dedofali mariami, taxtis memkvidre batoniSvili daviTi, sxva

batoniSvilebi, Tavadebi, Tbilisis mosaxleoba. mefis amalaSi imyofeboda sparseTis

is elCi, romelmac giorgi XII-s iranis Sahis firmani da abas mirzas werilebi

gadasca. Tbilisidan sami versis manZilze ori karavi daedgaT, erTi mefisaTvis,

meore _ dedoflisaTvis. gamoCnda Tu ara ruseTis jaris polki, mefe giorgi

amaliTurT mis Sesaxvedrad gaemarTa. dedofali mariami karavSi darCa. mefis

miaxloebisTanave general-maiorma vasili guliakovma, ruseTSi moqmedi samxedro

wesdebis mixedviT, pativi miago gvirgvinosans _ polki SeCerda, generali da jari

mefes miesalmnen. nariyalas cixidan saluti misces. Tbilisis yvela eklesiis

samreklodan zarebis reka ismoda.

14. dapirispirebis gaZliereba qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saxlSi. TbilisSi

ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingentis Semosvlam daamSvida mefe giorgi,

samagierod, SeaSfoTa darejan dedofali da batoniSvilebi. 1800 wlis 22 seqtembers

batoniSvili vaxtangi karl knorings swerda: ,,roca man (giorgi XII-m _ v. g.) ruseTis

mcirericxovani jaris molodinSi amdeni wyena mogvayena, misi mfarvelobisaTvis

mravalricxovani jaris Semosvlis Semdeg ufro metad ar Segvaviwroebs?” dedofali

darejani, batoniSvilebi iuloni da vaxtangi SiSobdnen, rom giorgi XII-is

gardacvalebis Semdeg ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT taxtze daviT batoniSvili

avidoda, miT ufro, rom pavel I-is mier daviTi taxtis memkvidred iyo damtkicebuli.

am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas ar miaqcevdnen erekle II-is anderZs, romlis mixedviTac,

giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg batoniSvilebSi ufross, e. i. iulon

batoniSvils, unda emefa. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda batoniSvili vaxtangi, romelic

duSeTSi cxovrobda. igi duSeTze gavlisas Sexvda saqarTveloSi sagangebo misiiT

movlinebul graf apolos musin-puSkins. vaxtang batoniSvilma grafTan pirispir

saubris survili gamoTqva. rogorc apolos musin-puSkinis moxsenebidan irkveva,

saubrisas grafs vaxtang batoniSvilma acnoba, rom mefe giorgi piradad mas da

gansakuTrebiT dedofal darejans aviwroebda. grafma batoniSvils ganucxada: ,,me

ver gavbedav azri gamovTqva iseT saqmeebze, romlebic CemTvis ar moundviaT. girCevT,

yoveli CemTan naTqvami moaxsenoT imperators.~ vaxtang batoniSvilma apolos musin-

puSkins imperatorisaTvis misi werilis gadacema sTxova, razec grafisagan uari

miiRo. vaxtang batoniSvilma gadawyvita, piradad imperatorisaTvis werili ar

gaegzavna, dedasTan da ZmebTan moelaparaka da imperatorisaTvis erToblivi werili

mierTmiaT. werili batoniSvilebma 1800 wlis 7 oqtombers Seadgines. batoniSvilebi

imperators swerdnen, rom mTeli xalxis survili iyo, mefe erekle II-is anderZis

Tanaxmad, taxti gadasuliyo ara mamidan Svilze, aramed ufros Zmaze. karl

knoringma samefo saxlSi uTanxmoebis Sesaxeb piotr kovalenskisa da ivan lazarevis

moxsenebebidan ukve didi xnis win icoda. Seqmnil viTarebaSi damoukideblad

gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals ar hqonda, amitom

iyo, rom 1800 wlis 7 oqtombers karl knoringi pavel I-s sTxovda rCevas, Tu ra

pozicia unda daekavebina TbilisSi myof ruseTis jars giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis

SemTxvevaSi. 1800 wlis 29 oqtombers karl knoringma peterburgidan reskripti miiRo,

romelic mas avalebda ivan lazarevisaTvis gadaeca Semdegi: mefis gardacvalebis

32

Semdeg batoniSvilebs Soris Ria brZolis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis jars

Tbilisidan kavkasiis xazze gaeyvana.

15. piotr kovalenskis gawveva Tbilisidan. karl knorings da Sesabamisad,

ruseTis saimperatoro kars, utyuari cnobebi hqondaT imis Sesaxeb, rom samefo

saxlSi uTanxmoebis paralelurad sul ufro Zlierdeboda uTanxmoeba giorgi XII-

sa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze ruseTis sruluflebian warmomadgenels

(ministrs) piotr kovalenskis Soris. jer kidev 1800 wlis 11 ivliss imperatorma

pavel I-ma sagareo saqmeTa kolegias mimarTa: ,,ver vxedav qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

Cveni ministris yofnis aucileblobas, gibrZanebT, saxelmwifo mrCeveli kovalenski

moxeleebiTurT gamoiwvioT, xolo Cveni qveSevrdomebis saqmeebi CaabaroT Cvens

generalur konsuls sparseTSi, sasamarTlo mrCevel skibinevskis. qarTl-kaxeTis

mefe yvela saqmis Sesaxeb, romlebic mas Cvens karTan (saimperatoro karTan _ v. g.)

eqneba, daukavSirdes kavkasiis xazze Cveni jarebis mTavar meTaurs (kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardals _ v. g.) an im jaris meTaurs (general-maior ivan lazarevs _ v. g.),

romelic misi umaRlesobis samflobeloSi imyofeba“. kovalenskim mimdinare saqmeebi

ivan lazarevs, xolo imperatorisagan miRebuli brZanebebi, reskriptebi, sxvadasxva

instanciidan miRebuli instruqciebi da mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuli karl

knorings Caabara. piotr kovalenskim Tbilisi 1800 wlis 3 agvistos datova.

Tbilisidan wasvlis Semdeg, 1800 wlis 21 agvistos, kovalenskim, ruseTis imperiis

sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis aziis departamentis gavlenian moxeles, saidumlo

mrCevelsa da imperator pavel I-is ndobiT aRWurvil sergei laSqarevs werili

gaugzavna da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingentis

gagzavnis aucilebloba dausabuTa.

1800 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis did

safrTxes warmoadgenda avariis xani Oomari. omar xani udaod niWieri, gabeduli,

mamaci adamiani iyo, SeeZlo yvela viTarebaSi sargebeli enaxa. amjeradac omar xani

ormag TamaSs eweoda: erTi mxriv, kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal karl knorings

ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi SesvlaSi Tanadgomas sTxovda da, meores mxriv,

imavdroulad ruseTis mfarvelobaSi myofi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dasarbevad

emzadeboda. 1800 wlis 3 agvistos karl knoringma pavel I-s peterburgSi omar xanis

elCis gagzavnis nebarTva sTxova. imave werilSi knoringi imperators acnobebda,

rom giiorgi XII omar xans wliurad 5.000 maneTs uxdida, raTa samefosaTvis lekTa

Tavdasxma aecilebina. peterburgSi ase gansajes: omar xanis mfarvelobaSi miRebiT

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo lekTa gamanadgurebel laSqrobebs aicilebda Tavidan. 1800

wlis 26 agvistos pavel I-ma xeli moawera reskripts knoringisadmi, romelic

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals nebas rTavda, omar xanis elCi peterburgSi

gaegzavna. es reskripti kavkasiis xazze maSin mivida, roca omar xani ukve qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi iyo SemoWrili.

16. omar xanis Semoseva. kakabeTis brZola (1800 wlis 7 noemberi). 1800 wlis 24

agvistos ivan lazarevi karl knorings moaxsenebda: omar xani, romelsac

SeuerTdnen yaziyumuxis xani da Crdilo kavkasiis sxva muslimi mflobelebi,

gaerTianebuli laSqriT sofel belaqanSi Sevida. lazarevma, cxadia, saqmis kursSi

Caayena giorgi XII-c. mefem rus generals sTxova orive batalioniT belaqnisaken

daZruliyo. lazarevi belaqanSi omar xanis laSqris Sesvlas did mniSvnelobas ar

aniWebda. igi mefes arwmunebda: laSqrobis dawyebis dros omar xans ar ecodineboda

abas mirzas ukandaxevisa da saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris axali kontingentis

gamogzavnis ambavi da roca amas Seityobs, laSqrobis dawyebas ver gabedavso.

rogorc Cans, lazarevi mTlad darwmunebuli ar iyo, rom movlenebi zustad ase

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ganviTardeboda. amitom iyo, rom generali mefes urCevda: TbilisSi aRdgeniT

samuSaoebze myofi qiziyis soflebis mosaxleoba Sin gaeSva, raTa omar xanis

Semosevis SemTxvevaSi samefos sazRvrebi daecvaT. ivan lazarevma mefes aseve sTxova

kaxeTis laSqari (2.000 mebrZoli) alaznis marjvena napiris gaswvriv ganelagebina.

qarTuli jaris dasaxmareblad daiZvreboda ori rusuli batalioni

artileriiTurT. generali mefes dabejiTebiT sTxovda, ruseTis jarisaTvis

provianti moemzadebina.

1800 wlis 8 seqtembers siRnaRSi myofma batoniSvilma bagratma mamas omar xanis

laSqris moaxloeba Seatyobina. batoniSvili imasac swerda, rom gadawyda, jari ar

daenawilebinaT da siRnaRis cixeSi gamagrebuliyvnen. qiziyis mosaxleoba mefes

sTxovda taxtis memkvidre daviT batoniSvilis maTTan gagzavnas. bagrat

batoniSvili tyviisa da Tofis wamlis naklebobas uCioda da mamas daxmarebas

sTxovda. 1800 wlis 27 seqtembers ori rusuli batalioniT ivan lazarevma Tbilisi

datova da qiziyisaken daiZra. generalma TbilisSi wesrigis dasacavad polkovnik

pavel kariaginis razmi datova da Tanac mefes sTxova: polkovnik kariaginisaTvis

daedasturebina, rom mas ufleba hqonda mTeli simkacriT aRekveTa yovelgvari

uwesrigoba. lazarevi winaaRmdegi iyo omar xanTan sabrZolvelad yazaxis muslimi

mosaxleobis laSqari gamoeyvanaT. generali werda, rom Tu es aucilebeli

gaxdeboda, maSin yazaxis mosaxleobisaTvis mZevlebi unda gamoerTmiaT da TbilisSi

CamoeyvanaT. rusi generlis azriT, ajobebda yazaxSi laSqris Sesakrebad Tavadi

solomon avaliSvili gaegzavnaT. ivan lazarevs imedi hqonda, rom duSeTSi myofi

vaxtang batoniSvilic daaxmardaT Tavis laSqars.

1800 wlis 6 oqtombers general-maiori ivan lazarevi karl knorings

moaxsenebda, rom omar xani sofel belaqnidan ganjisaken apirebda galaSqrebas,

raTa ganjis xani javadi taxtidan gadaeyenebina. Semdgom ivan lazarevma miiRo

cnoba, rom omar xani alaznis marcxena sanapiroze dabanakda. omar xanis banakSi

aleqsandre batoniSvilis gamoCenas elodnen. am droisTvis aleqsandre batoniSvils

dakarguli hqonda imedi, rom abas mirzas Tbilisze salaSqrod daiyoliebda. amitom

iyo, rom man abas mirzas banaki datova da yarabaRis xanTan qalaq SuSaSi gadavida.

SuSaSi aleqsandre batoniSvilTan gamocxadda omar xanis sardali da batoniSvili

omar xanis banakSi miiwvia. garkveuli fiqris Semdeg aleqsandre batoniSvili am

miwvevas daeTanxma. Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad man gadalaxa mdinareebi: mtkvari,

iori, alazani da omar xanis banakSi gamocxadda. ivan lazarevs cnoba hqonda, rom

1800 wlis 25 oqtombrisaTvis batoniSvili ukve omar xanTan imyofeboda. aleqsandre

batoniSvili kargad grZnobda, rom omar xanTan yofna saxels utexda mas. 1800 wlis

23 oqtombers aleqsandre batoniSvilma erT-erT qarTvel mitropolits werili

miswera. igi mitropolits ficiT arwmunebda, rom omar xanTan samSoblos darbevis

mizniT ki ar misula, aramed Tavisi kanonieri uflebebis dasacavad.

qarTulma jarma sabrZolvelad momzadebis brZaneba miiRo. qarTvelTa

dasaxmareblad alaznis napirebisaken miemarTeboda ruseTis jaris egerTa (qveiTTa)

erTi polki da 60 kazaki general-maior ivan lazarevis meTaurobiT. jer kidev 1800

wlis 12 oqtombers siRnaRSi myofi bagrat batoniSvili ivan lazarevs moaxsenebda,

rom omar xani Tavisi laSqriT alaznis marcxena sanapiroze sofel urdos fonTan

idga. bagrat batoniSvili generals sTxovda, rac SeiZleba swrafad misuliyo

siRnaRis garnizonis dasaxmareblad, Tanac proviantiT rusuli polkis

uzrunvelyofas hpirdeboda. 1800 wlis oqtombris Sua xanebSi omar xanma batoniSvil

daviTs werili gamougzavna, romelSic qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze misi laSqrobis

mizezs uxsnida. avariis xani werda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dalaSqvra mxolod

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imitom gadaewyvita, rom mas mefe giorgim xarkis gadaxdis piroba samjer misca,

magram samivejer moutyuebia. omar xani pirobas debda, rom Tu mefe xarks

gadaixdida, laSqrobas Sewyvetda. omar xani mefe giorgis aseve acnobebda, rom ori

dRis Semdeg mis banakSi aleqsandre batoniSvili mividoda, romelsac ukve miRebuli

hqonda iranis Sahis firmani. rogorc avariis xani swerda, iranis Sahi aleqsandre

batoniSvils jariTa da proviantiT daxmarebas aRuTqvamda. cxadi iyo, rom omar

xani giorgi XII-is daSinebas cdilobda. iranis Sahi aleqsandre batoniSvils jariTa

da proviantiT daxmarebas ar dapirebia. Sahs rom daxmareba SesZleboda, pirvel

rigSi, abas mirzas laSqars gaaZlierebda. daviT batoniSvilma zustad amoicno

werilis mizani. aranairi seriozuli samxedro Zala aleqsandre batoniSvils ar

hyavda da am mxriv igi omar xans daxmarebas ver aRmouCenda. omar xans aleqsandre

batoniSvilis masTan yofna imitom surda, rom qiziysa da saerTod mTel kaxeTSi

mRelvareba gamoewvia. omar xani imasac varaudobda, rom aleqsandre batoniSvilis

gamoCena imeds Causaxavda darejan dedofals, iulon da vaxtang batoniSvilebs da

maT momxre Tavadebs. amitom iyo, rom daviT batoniSvilma 1800 wlis 13 oqtombers

Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals karl knorings moaxsena.

omar xanis laSqari dRiTidRe izrdeboda. laSqris did nawils cxenosnebi

Seadgendnen, omar xans ki cxenebis gamosakvebi furaJi ar gaaCnda. xani iZulebuli

gaxda cxenosani jari daenawilebina da sxvadasxva sofelSi gaegzavna. omar xanis

cxenosani jaris daqsaqsvis gamo SeuZlebeli gaxda imis amocnoba, Tu bolo

momentSi sad moiyrida jari Tavs da ra mimarTulebiT ganaviTarebda Setevas. male

miiRes cnoba, rom omar xanis laSqari alaznis marjvena napirze gadmovida. 1800

wlis 25 oqtombers ioane batoniSvili qiziyidan ivan lazarevs werda, rom rac

SeiZleba swrafad misuliyo siRnaRSi. ivan lazarevma 1800 wlis 26 oqtombers

werilebiT mimarTa duSeTSi myof vaxtang batoniSvils da somex meliq abovs. rusma

generalma orives omar xanis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolisaken mouwoda, TviTon

ki ruseTis jaris egerTa erTi polkiT da 60 kazakiT 1800 wlis 29 oqtombers

siRnaRisaken daiZra. egerTa polkis garda ivan lazarevma Tan waiyvana general-

maior vasili guliakovis polkis nawili da guliakovis gankargulebaSi myofi

yvela kazaki, man TbilisSi mxolod 10 kazaki datova. sul lazarevis

gankargulebaSi iyo 45 oficeri da 1.177 rigiTi (maT Soris: general-maior ivan

lazarevis polkidan: 21 Stabis oficeri da ufrosi oficeri, 38 umcrosi oficeri,

320 rigiTi, 56 arasamwyobro samxedro mosamsaxure, 62 kazaki, 62 artileristi;

general-maior vasili guliakovis polkidan: 22 ufrosi oficeri, 35 umcrosi

oficeri, 515 rigiTi, 82 arasamwyobro samxedro mosamsaxure).

1800 wlis 1 noembers ivan lazarevma werili gaugzavna omar xans da sTxova

aexsna qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze laSqrobis mizezi. lazarevi omar xans aseTi kiTxva

dausva: rogor unda SeeTanxmebina erTmaneTTan xans ruseTis imperatoris

mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Txovna da ruseTis imperatoris mfarvelobaSi myof qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoze laSqroba? generali omar xans imasac swerda, rom ruseTis

imperatoris mfarvelobaSi misi miRebis sakiTxi praqtikulad ukve gadawyvetili

iyo. werilis bolos ivan lazarevi omar xans ekiTxeboda: ras moimoqmedebda,

laSqrobas gaagrZelebda, Tu sisxlis Rvris acilebis mizniT ukan gabrundeboda?

ivan lazarevs omar xanma 1 noembersve upasuxa. xani werda, rom piradad mas ruseTis

winaaRmdeg mtruli moqmedebis araviTari survili ar hqonia, laSqroba ki imitom

daiwyo, rom aleqsandre batoniSvils Tavisi kanonieri uflebebis dacvaSi

daxmareboda. rogorc vxedavT, omar xanma yvelaferi aleqsandre batoniSvils

gadaabrala. imave dRes, 1800 wlis 1 noembers ivan lazarevma aleqsandre

35

batoniSvilsac gaugzavna werili. generali aleqsandre batoniSvils pirobas

aZlevda TbilisSi dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi mefesTan da ZmebTan Searigebda,

saufliswulos dabrunebaSic daexmareboda. lazarevi aleqsandre batoniSvils

mSvidad da usafrTxod cxovrebis garantiasac aZlevda da rac mTavaria, imperator

pavel I-gan Sewyalebis miRebas hpirdeboda. aleqsandre batoniSvilma ivan lazarevs

1800 wlis 6 noembers upasuxa. batoniSvili generals swerda: mefe giorgi

usamarTlod iqceoda, mas da mis Zmebs saufliswuloebi CamoarTva da Tavis Svilebs

daunawila. aleqsandre batoniSvili Seuvali iyo: ,,sanam cocxali var Cems mamulsa

da glexebze uars ar vityvi, misTvis vibrZoleb, sanam cocxali var...”. aleqsandre

batoniSvili generals swerda: ,,imedi maqvs male Sevxvdebi Cem ufros Zmebs da Tqven

SekiTxvebze srul pasuxs maTTan Sexvedris Semdeg miiRebT. Cven arasdros

gavreulvarT iseT saqmeebSi, romelic miuRebelia ruseTis imperatorisaTvis da

amjeradac ar gvsurs vebrZoloT ruseTis jars. uflis SewevniT Cven vecdebiT

ukeTesad da ufro erTgulad vemsaxuroT imperators, xolo misi jaris winaaRmdeg

arasdros vibrZolebT, Tu Tqven TviTon ar daiwyebT Cvens devnas”. mefe giorgisa

da ivan lazarevis Tvalis asaxvevad darejan dedofalic Serigebas urCevda

aleqsandre batoniSvils, Tumca amave dros Svils mouwodebda bolomde

Seurigeblad ebrZola Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad.

abas mirzas banakidan omar xanTan gamgzavrebis win aleqsandre batoniSvilma

werili gaugzavna iranis Sahs. batoniSvili iranis mbrZanebels jariT daxmarebas

sTxovda da pirobas debda, rom Tbilisis dakavebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

iranis qveSevrdomi gaxdeboda. Sahma feThi alim aleqsandre batoniSvils qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos iranis qveSevrdomad gadaqcevis gegma mouwona, magram xorasanSi

dawyebuli areulobis mizeziT jariT daxmarebaze uari uTxra.

1800 wlis 1 noembers ivan lazarevis meTaurobis ruseTis jari siRnaRSi Sevida.

am droisaTvis siRnaRSi ukve imyofeboda qarTuli jari (3.000 mebrZoli) batoniSvil

bagratis sardlobiT. qarTuli jari cudad iyo SeiaraRebuli. 2 noembers

siRnaRidan omar xanis banakSi danTebuli uamravi koconi SeniSnes. mteri siRnaRidan

16 versis moSorebiT idga, amitom imave dRes ivan lazarevma mniSvnelovani

RonisZiebebi gaatara siRnaRis gasamagreblad.

1800 wlis 1 noembers, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ivan lazarevma werili

gaugzavna omar xans, romelic imave dRes miiRo xanma. imavdroulad dedofal

darejanisagan werili miiRo omar xanis banakSi myofma aleqsandre batoniSvilma.

werilebis gacnobis Semdeg omar xanma da aleqsandre batoniSvilma samxedro sabWo

moiwvies. am droisaTvis omar xans 15.000 mebrZoli hyavda. aleqsandre batoniSvili

iTxovda qiziySi SeWras, xolo lekebi omar xans sagarejoze Setevas urCevdnen.

sabolood omar xanma aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo: 1. laSqris erTi nawili (2.000

mebrZoli) sagarejos Seutevda; 2. meore nawili aRmosavleTidan Tbilisze

daiZvreboda; 3. mesame nawili mtkvars gadalaxavda da SeuerTdeboda vaxtang, iulon

da farnavaz batoniSvilebis laSqars. gaerTianebis Semdeg qarTvelTa da lekTa

laSqars dasavleTis mxridan unda Seetia TbilisisaTvis. rogorc vxedavT, omar

xans didi gegmebi hqonda dasaxuli, magram am gegmebis Sesasruleblad misi laSqari

ar gamodgeboda. lekebi proviantis naklebobas ganicdidnen, xolo furaJi

cxenebisaTvis saerTod ar gaaCndaT. proviantis is mcire maragic lekebma

Warelebidan da belaqnelebidan SeiZines, xolo furaJis ararsebobis gamo cxenebs

balaxiT kvebavdnen. proviantis simcire da furaJis arqona omar xanis laSqars sul

ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi agdebda. mtris laSqarSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

kargad iyo informirebuli lazarevi.

36

ivan lazarevma zustad Seafasa omar xanis SesaZleblobani da gadawyvita mteri

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi ar SemoeSva. 1800 wlis 4 oqtombers qarTvelTa

da rusTa gaerTianebuli jari siRnaRidan omar xanis Sesaxvedrad daiZra.

siRnaRidan 12 versze qarTvelTa da rusTa jari SeCerda da omar xanTan gagzavnili

werilis pasuxs daeloda. uaryofiTi pasuxis miRebis Semdeg gadawyda aqtiuri

sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyeba. ioane batoniSvilma, general-maiorma ivan lazarevma

da general-maiorma vasili guliakovma sabrZolo moqmedebis gegma SeimuSaves. am

gegmis Tanaxmad, 1800 wlis 5 noembers qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebuli jari

omar xanis banakisaken daiZra da 6 versze miuaxlovda mters. 6 noembers, gamTeniisas,

dazvervaze gagzavnilma razmma cnoba moitana, rom omar xanis laSqari mTis

xeobebiT mdinare ivris marjvena napirze gaSlil velze gavida. qarTulma da

rusulma jarma omar xanis laSqris paralelurad daiwyo moZraoba, raTa qveynis

siRrmeSi mtris gadaadgileba aRekveTa. 7 noembers ruseTis jari ivan lazarevisa

da vasili guliakovis meTaurobiT or versze miuaxlovda ivris marjvena napirze,

niaxuras velze, sofel kakabeTis axlos dabanakebul omar xanis laSqars.

1800 wlis 7 noembers mdinare ivris napiras, sofel kakabeTTan axlos, niaxuras

velze qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebuli jari omar xanis laSqars SeebrZola.

omar xanma brZaneba gasca saswrafod gaemagrebinaT tyis sanapiro zoli, xolo

cxenosanTa razmebi maxlobel soflebSi gaegzavnaT proviantisa da furaJis xelSi

Casagdebad. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari ganlagebuli iyo velze, romelic samxreTiT

mdinare ivramde iyo gadaWimuli, veli dasavleTidan didi TxriliT, CrdiloeTidan

patara gorakebiT, xolo aRmosavleTidan xevebSi Camomdinare patara mdinareebiT

iyo daculi. velze gadioda gza, romelic ivrisaken miemarTeboda. qarTvelTa da

rusTa jarma velze mimavali gzis nawili gaiara, Semdeg marcxniv Seuxvia da

SeCerda. iq, sadac veli mTavrdeboda, mTaze koSki SeniSnes. koSkidan lekebma

cecxli gaxsnes, riTac omar xanis banaks qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris moaxloeba

amcnes. omar xanis laSqarma ivris marcxena napirze iwyo gadmosvla. qarTvelTa da

rusTa laSqari sabrZolod moemzada. centrSi idga qarTvelTa jari ioane da bagrat

batoniSvilebis, marcxena flangze - rusebi general-maior vasili guliakovis,

marjvena flangze – rusebi general-maior ivan lazarevis sardlobiT. ivris

marcxena napirze gadmosvlis Semdeg omar xanma qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebuli

jaris marjvena flangs Seutia da cxenosani jaris daxmarebiT alyaSi moaqcia

lazarevi. lazarevma saswrafod moawyo kare da Tofebidan da zarbaznebidan

gaxsnili cecxliT didi ziani miayena mowinaaRmdeges. marjvena flangidan

ukuqceulma lekebma centrSi ganlagebul qarTvelTa jars Seuties. ioane da bagrat

batoniSvilebma Tofebidan da zarbaznebidan organizebulad gaxsnili cecxliT

mowinaaRmdege SeaCeres. lekTa cxenosanma razmma qarTuli jaris zurgSi gaWra

moaxerxa. zurgSi ganlagebuli qarTvelTa jari cudad iyo SeiaraRebuli. daiwyo

aSkarad uTanasworo brZola. vasili guliakovma sworad Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba

da qarTvelTa jars rusi qveiTebi moaSvela. lekebma ukan daixies. lekebi ukan ver

daixevdnen da brZolis velidan ver gavidodnen, Tu marjvena flangze ganlagebul

rusebis rigebs ar gaarRvevdnen. ukve isedac araorganizebulad moqmedi lekebi

marjvena flangis garRvevis mcdelobisas lazarevis meTaurobiT kargad

organizebul Tavdacvas waawydnen. rusebma Tofebidan da zarbaznebidan ukandaxeul

lekebs cecxli gauxsnes da didi ziani miayenes. brZola niaxuras velze sami saaTi

gagrZelda da omar xanis laSqris damarcxebiT dasrulda. 1800 wlis 12 noembers

qarTvelTa da rusTa jari TbilisSi dabrunda.

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omar xanma brZolaSi daWrilTa da moklulTa saxiT 2.000 mebrZoli dakarga,

mZimed daiWra TviT omar xanic. rusebis danakargi umniSvnelo iyo: daiRupa 1 da

daiWra 1 jariskaci, kontuzia miiRo 1 oficerma. rusul wyaroebSi qarTvelTa

danaklisis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar moipoveba. brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines Tavi

ioane batoniSvilma, bagrat batoniSvilma, general-maiorma vasili guliakovma da

podporuCikma piotr kotliarevskim. unariani sardlobisa da gamoCenili

mamacobisaTvis imperatorma pavel I-ma bagrat da ioane batoniSvilebi, generlebi

ivan lazarevi da vasili guliakovi wmida ioane ierusalimelis ordenebiT

daajildova. wmida ioane ierusalimelis ordeni miiRo kidev ramdenime rusma

oficerma, xolo brZolaSi monawile yvela jariskacma miiRo fuladi jildo – 1

vercxlis maneTi.

damarcxebuli omar xani WarSi dabrunda. WarSi Casvlisas mas sul 10 mebrZoli

axlda. danarCeni laSqari daifanta, mebrZolTa didi nawili Sin dabrunda, xolo

2.000 leki qalaq SuSaSi yarabaRis xan ibrahimTan darCa. ibrahim xanTan darCa

aleqsandre batoniSvilic. 1800 wlis dekemberSi omar xani belaqanSi gadavida,

Tumca mas jari Tan ar axlda. ivan lazarevma icoda, rom omar xani WarSi

lekebisagan axali laSqris Sekrebas ecdeboda da winaswar miiRo TavdacvisaTvis

aucilebeli zomebi. siRnaRis cixeSi ganlagda ruseTis jaris egerTa sami aseuli

zarbazniT, siRnaRidan Tbilisisaken momavali gzis meTxuTmete versze _ muSketerTa

erTi aseuli zarbazniT. omar xanma WarSi laSqari veRar Sekriba da belaqanSi

gamozamTreba gadawyvita. 1801 wlis 1 marts omari gardaicvala.

17. giorgi XII-is janmrTelobis gauareseba da SinaaSlilobis gaZliereba. 1800 wlis noemberSi giorgi XII-is janmrTeloba ukiduresad gauaresda. grafi apolos

musin-puSkini, romelmac gvirgvinosani 1800 wlis noemberSi inaxula, eWvobda, rom

mefe 1801 wlis gazafxulamde icocxlebda. 1800 wlis 9 noembers karl knoringi

sergei laSqarevs moaxsenebda, rom, mkurnali eqimebis azriT, mefis

gamojanmrTelebis aranairi imedi aRar arsebobda.Fam droisaTvis ruseTis

saimperatoro karma danamdvilebiT ar icoda, ra pirobebiT varaudobda qarTl-

kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas da ra Sinaarsis TxovniT

gaagzavnida igi Tavis warmomadgenlebs peterburgSi. amitom iyo, rom saimperatoro

karze gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals mefis janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. darejan

dedofali, misi Svilebi da saerTod mTeli samefo ojaxi dainteresebuli iyo imiT,

rom mefes peterburgSi Txovnis gagzavna moeswro da pasuxic gardacvalebamde

mieRo. darejan dedofali, batoniSvilebi iuloni, vaxtangi da farnavazi, aseve maTi

momxre Tavadebi emzadebodnen imisaTvis, rom mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze

batoniSvili daviTi ar asuliyo. giorgi mefis mowinaaRmdegeni da momxreebi

cdilobdnen saidumlod emoqmedaT, Tumca dapirispireba cxadze ucxadesi iyo da

misi miCqmalva ukve aRar SeiZleboda. 1800 wlis dekembris meore naxevarSi samefo

ojaxSi arsebulma konfliqtma kulminacias miaRwia. taxtis memkvidrem,

batoniSvilma daviTma, gamoacxada, rom avadmyofma mefem mas mefoba uboZa da

amieridan samefos kanonieri uflebiT marTvas Seudga. daviT batoniSvilma TavisTan

daibara mefis naxevarZmebi _ batoniSvilebi da daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi

ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT dasjiT daemuqra. daviT batoniSvilma qarTlis Tavadebs,

aznaurebsa da mosaxleobas gamoucxada, rom misi Zma, batoniSvili Teimurazi,

qarTlis gamgeblad daniSna da daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis jaris

daxmarebiT yvelas dasjida. Teimuraz batoniSvils qarTlis mosaxleoba daviTis

erTgulebaze unda daeficebina, xolo qarTlis cixeebi TavdacvisaTvis

moemzadebina. 1800 wlis 20 dekembers daviT batoniSvili Teimuraz batoniSvils

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werda: goris cixe gaamagre, sursaTi da tyvia-wamali moimarage da Seni biZebi gorSi

ar SemouSvao. daviT batoniSvili Teimuraz batoniSvils seriozulad afrTxilebda,

rom igi qarTlis gamgeblad iyo daniSnuli da srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi unda

yofiliyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT batoniSvili energiulad Seudga Tavisi

momxreebis gamravlebas, samefos yvela kuTxeSi Tavisi erTguli adamianebi

daagzavna da samoqmedo gegmac dausaxa. general-maiori ivan lazarevi daviT

batoniSvils urCevda, radgan mefis gamojanmrTelebis Sansi jer kidev arsebobda,

gadamwyvet da mkacr zomebs nu gaatarebda mowinaaRmdegeTa dasaSineblad. daviT

batoniSvilma generali daarwmuna, rom samefosaTvis saSiSi moqmedebisagan Tavs

Seikavebda. mefe giorgis naxevarZmebi _ batoniSvilebi gorSi Seikribnen da

erToblivi moqmedebis gegma dasaxes. daviT batoniSvilis msgavsad axali momxreebis

SeZenis mizniT isini sisastikes ar eridebodnen. apolos musin-puSkini ruseTis

imperatorisadmi wardgenil moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda, rom batoniSvili vaxtangi da

misi Zmebi giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg batoniSvil daviTis taxtze asvlas

ar dauSvebeno. qarTlis Tavadebis gadabirebis mizniT aqtiurad moqmedebda darejan

dedofali. erT-erT werilSi darejan dedofali aRniSnavda: qarTli, kaxeTi da

yazaxi Cvens mxarezea, xolo aleqsandre batoniSvili male Tbilisze daiZvrebao.

arsebobda imis realuri saSiSroeba, rom samefo saxlSi arsebul dapirispirebaSi

mTeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo Cabmuliyo. xevsurebi, romlebic daviT batoniSvilis

erTgulebi iyvnen, daupirispirdnen aragvis xeobis mosaxleobas. dapirispirebis

mizezi is iyo, rom duSeTSi mcxovrebma vaxtang batoniSvilma aragvis xeobis

mosaxleobis mimxroba moaxerxa. xevsurebi Tavs daesxnen kaxeTidan dabrunebul

aragvelebs da sursaTi da cxenebi waarTves maT. Setakebisas bevri daiWra da

daiRupa. SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba aRiniSneboda samefos sxva adgilebSic. 1800

wlis 7 dekembers giorgi XII-m TxovniT mimarTa general-maior ivan lazarevs, raTa

samefoSi dawyebuli dapirispireba aRekveTa.

1800 wlis 26 noembers batoniSvilebma iulonma, vaxtangma da farnavazma werili

gaugzavnes kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-leitenant karl knorings.

batoniSvilebi generals swerdnen, rom daviT batoniSvili ruseTis jaris

daxmarebiT maTi samSoblodan gandevnas cdilobda. batoniSvilebi acxadebdnen, rom

ar icodnen rogor gamosuliyvnen Seqmnili viTarebidan: daviT batoniSvilis

winaaRmdeg brZoliT isini ruseTis imperators ganarisxebdnen, xolo Tu brZolaze

xels aiRebdnen, maSin samSoblos datoveba mouwevdaT. iulon, vaxtang da farnavaz

batoniSvilebi karl knorings sTxovdnen, Tu peterburgidan pasuxis miRebamde mefe

giorgi gardaicvleboda, samefos marTva-gamgeoba an piradad Caebarebina, an

lazarevisaTvis daevalebina. 1800 wlis 14 dekembers batoniSvili vaxtangi karl

knorings swerda, rom misi survili iyo aleqsandre batoniSvilis dabruneba da

yovelnairad ecdeboda miznis miRwevas. Tu aleqsandre batoniSvilis dabruneba

SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, vaxtang batoniSvilis azriT, erekle mefis anderZis

Tanaxmad, Zmebs ufros-umcrosobis kvalobaze morigeobiT unda emefaT. vaxtang

batoniSvili acxadebda, rom taxtis memkvidreobis erekleseuli wesis darRvevis

SemTxvevaSi ramdenime batoniSvils samSoblodan gadaxvewa mouxdeboda. 1800 wlis

dekemberSi vaxtang batoniSvilis werilis Sinaarsi sxva ambebTan erTad karl

knoringma imperator pavel I-s gaacno. karl knoringis werilis peterburgSi Catanis

dro daemTxva dedaqalaqSi giorgi XII-is elCebis Casvlas.

18. 1800 wlis 24 ivnisis nota. zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom 1799 wlis 7 seqtembers

giorgi XII-m xeli moawera rwmunebis sigels, romlis mixedviTac ruseTis

saimperatoro karze qarTl-kaxeTis mefis warmomadgenlebs garsevan WavWavaZes,

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giorgi avaliSvils da elizbar falavandiSvils molaparakeba unda ewarmoebinaT

ruseTis xelisuflebasTan. 1800 wlis 24 ivniss TbilisSi Sedga nota, romelic

Seicavda giorgi XII-is saTxovar punqtebs ruseTis imperatorisadmi. es nota qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos sruluflebian warmomadgenlebs (elCebs): garsevan WavWavaZes,

giorgi avaliSvilsa da elizbar falavandiSvils _ unda waredginaT ruseTis

imperiis sagareo saqmeTa kolegiaSi. giorgi XII-is elCebi peterburgSi Cavidnen 1800

wlis noemberSi da 1800 wlis 24 ivnisis nota gadasces ruseTis imperiis sagareo

saqmeTa kolegias. cxadia, nota TbilisSi giorgi XII-is uSualo monawileobiT

Sedgeboda, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mis SedgenaSi piotr kovalenskic da ivan

lazarevic monawileobdnen, Tumca notas xels giorgi avaliSvili da elizbar

falavandiSvili awerdnen (garsevan WavWavaZe peterburgSi imyofeboda da, rogorc

Cans, notis dedans da rusul Targmans man peterburgSi moawera xeli). nota, cxadia,

qarTul enaze Sedgeboda, xolo ruseTis imperiis sagareo saqmeTa kolegiaSi misi

rusuli Targmani iqna wardgenili. notis rusul Targmansac qarTl-kaxeTis mefis

sruluflebiani warmomadgenlebi awerdnen xels. Cven citirebas rusuli

Targmanidan movaxdenT, radgan peterburgSi notis Sinaarsze swored rusuli

Targmanis mixedviT msjelobdnen. notaSi aRniSnulia, rom giorgi XII-s jer kidev

mamis, mefe erekles, sicocxleSive hqonda gaumJRavnebeli (saidumlod daculi)

survili qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis monarqis ,,srul damokidebulebaSi da

qveSevrdomobaSi” Sesvlis Sesaxeb (rusul TargmanSi: „вполную зависимость и

подданство”). am Sesavlis Semdeg notaSi Camoyalibebulia qarTl-kaxeTis mefis

giorgi XII-is ,,saTxovari punqtebi”:

1. mefe giorgis memkvidreebTan, samRvdeloebasTan, didebulebTan da yvela

Tavis qveSevrdomTan erTad surda, rom samudamod mieRo ruseTis imperiis

qveSevrdomoba (rusul TargmanSi: „навсегда принять подданство Всероссийской Империи”).

mefe giorgi pirobas debda, rom piradad igi da misi qveSevrdomebi srulad

Seasrulebdnen yvela im movaleobas, rac ruseTis qveSevrdomebs ekisrebodaT,

daicavdnen ruseTis imperiis yvela kanons da Seasrulebdnen ruseTis imperatoris

yvela brZanebas, radgan ruseTis imperators miiCnevdnen TavianT xelmwifed da

TviTmpyrobelad (rusul TargmanSi: „обещаясь свято исполнять все то, что исполняют

Россияне, и не отказываясь ни от каких законов и повелении, по принятому обычаю в его царстве и

народе, что только будет повеленно по благоусмотрению Всероссийскаго Императора как

наследственнаго (природнаго) своего государя и самодержца~);

2. mefe giorgi iTxovda, rom ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos Sesvlis Semdeg, radgan qarTl-kaxeTis samefo nebayoflobiT Sevida

ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi, misTvis SeenarCunebinaT mefoba (rusul

TargmanSi: “чтобы вместе с принятием его царства был поставлен царем”), xolo mis Semdeg

misi memkvidreebi daemtkicebinaT mefeebad (rusul TargmanSi: „... а после него и

наследники его навсегда на престоле с утверждением в царском звании”). giorgi XII aseve

iTxovda, rom mefeebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi hqonodaT umaRlesi (upirvelesi)

xelisufleba (rusul TargmanSi: „и чтобы цари те имели первенствующую власть в своих

царствах”);

3. mefe giorgi, rogorc es aRniSnuli iyo qarTl-kaxeTis sruluflebiani

warmomadgenlebisaTvis 1799 wlis 7 seqtembers micemul rwmunebis sigelSi, iTxovda

ruseTis imperatorisagan jamagiris daniSvnas da ruseTSi soflebis boZebas;

4. mefe giorgi iTxovda, rom misi saTxovari punqtebis ganxilvamde, imperatoris

mier maT damtkicebamde da qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris

40

axali xelSekrulebis dadebamde gazrdiliyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi

ruseTis jaris raodenoba, raTa mters samefoze Tavdasxmis survili ar gasCenoda;

5. mefe giorgi ruseTis imperiis sagareo saqmeTa kolegias sTxovda saswrafod

ganexila notaSi Camoyalibebuli saTxovari punqtebi da waredgina igi

imperatorisaTvis;

6. qarTl-kaxeTis mefes, garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, kidev hqonda saTxovari,

romelic rusul mxares gadaecemoda mas Semdeg, rac notaSi Camoyalibebuli

saTxovari punqtebi ganixileboda da imperatori daamtkicebda.

1800 wlis 24 ivnisis notaSi Camoyalibebuli giorgi XII-is saTxovari punqtebi

georgievskis traqtatis (1783 wlis 24 ivlisi) pirobebidan principul ukandaxevas

warmoadgenda. erekle II ruseTis imperatoris mfarvelobaSi Sevida, xolo giorgi

XII ruseTis imperatoris qveSevrdomobas iTxovda. mfarveloba (Покравительство) da

qveSevrdomoba (Подданство) ori gansxvavebuli cnebaa. mfarveloba qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos suverenitetis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda, Tumca, garkveuli

SezRudvebiT. qveSevrdomoba ZiriTad suverenul uflebebze xelis aRebas niSnavda

da faqtobrivad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis nawili xdeboda.

yuradRebas imsaxurebs erTi arcTu umniSvnelo detali. giorgi XII qveSevrdomobas

iTxovda. rusul oficialur dokumentebSi qveSevrdomoba iTargmneboda Подданство-

d, Tumca xSirad qveSevrdomoba iTargmneboda ara rogorc Подданство, aramed,

rogorc Владычество. ruseTis saimperatoro karze qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

sruluflebianma warmomadgenlebma, maT Soris garsevan WavWavaZem, SeiZleba arc ki

icodnen, Tu ras niSnavda qarTulad Владычество. niko CubinaSvilis leqsikonSi

Владычество ramdenime qarTuli SesatyvisiT aris warmodgenili: meufeba, ufleba,

sufeva, mTavroba, mflobeloba, samflobelo. rusi politikuri da samxedro

moRvaweebi Владычество-s swored mflobelobis da samflobelos mniSvnelobiT

iyenebdnen, isini miiCnevdnen, rom giorgi XII-is saTxovari punqtebi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos ruseTis imperatoris mflobelobaSi gadasvlas, ruseTis imperatoris

samflobelod gadaqcevas gulisxmobda.

ratom gadawyvita giorgi XII-m qveynisaTvis damRupveli nabijis gadadgma? _ es,

upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebuli iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi Seqmnili urTulesi

samxedro-politikuri viTarebiT _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefos iranis, osmaleTisa da

kavkasiis mTielebis Semosevebisagan Tavis dacva aRar SeeZlo. amas emateboda

samefo saxlis wevrebs Soris gaafTrebuli dapirispireba _ brZola samefo taxtis

xelSi CagdebisaTvis. samefo saxlis orad gayofam Tavadebisa da samRvdeloebis

zedafenis orad gayofa gamoiwvia, mTeli qveyana SinaaSlilobaSi aRmoCnda

CaTreuli. sicocxlis bolo Tveebis ganmavlobaSi giorgi XII-s piotr kovalenskisa

da ivan lazarevTan erTaderTi saTxovari hqonda: misi gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze

daviT batoniSvilis ayvana. marTalia, daviT batoniSvili pavel I-is mier taxtis

memkvidred oficialurad iyo damtkicebuli, magram avadmyof mefes es damSvidebis

saSualebas ar aZlevda. bolos mefe giorgi im dasknamde mivida, rom daviT

batoniSvilis taxtze asvla samefos SinaaSlilobisagan ver ixsnida, dapirispireba

samefo saxlis wevrebs Soris isev Zveleburad gagrZeldeboda. umZimes

mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili, diabetis rTuli formiT daavadebuli, dedinacvlisa da

naxevarZmebis dausrulebeli intrigebiT Tavmobezrebuli mefe, sruliad bunebrivia,

rom gamosavals eZebda. samefosaTvis sabediswero Jams mefis gverdiT araTu

TanamoazreTa jgufi, aramed erTi met-naklebad kompetenturi mrCevelic ki ar idga.

mefesTan iSviaTad Sediodnen batoniSvili daviTi da Tavadi solomon lioniZe,

samagierod, mefis sawolSi xSirad imyofebodnen: qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze

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ruseTis imperiis sruluflebiani warmomadgeneli (ministri) piotr kovalenski,

saqarTveloSi myofi ruseTis jaris meTauri general-maiori ivan lazarevi, ruseTis

jaris egerTa polkis meTauri general-maiori vasili guliakovi da mefis mier

daqiravebuli lekTa razmis meTaurebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom swored rusebis

aqtiuri monawileobiT iqna Sedgenili giorgi XII-is saTxovari punqtebi. amas

gvafiqrebinebs is, rom daviT batoniSvilma saTxovari punqtebis Sinaarsi ar icoda.

19. apolos musin-puSkinis 1800 wlis 10 dekembris moxseneba. ruseTis

saimperatoro karis davalebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi imyofeboda grafi apolos

musin-puSkini, romelmac gamoikvlia qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebuli wiaRiseuli

simdidre (oqros, vercxlisa da spilenZis sabadoebi). 1800 wlis 10 dekembers apolos

musin-puSkinma moxseneba miarTva giorgi XII-s. moxsenebaSi Camoyalibebuli iyo is

principebi, romelTa safuZvelze qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias

Soris madnebis eqspluataciis Taobaze xelSekruleba unda dadebuliyo. apolos

musin-puSkinma Svidi SekiTxva dausva giorgi XII-s:

1. SeZlebda Tu ara mefe sabadoebis eqspluataciis dawyebisaTvis aucilebeli

pirobebis Sesrulebas (muSaxelis mobilizebas, xe-tyiTa da wyliT momaragebas da

sxva aucilebeli masalebiT uzrunvelyofas)? mefe giorgim am kiTxvas dadebiTad

upasuxa;

2. SeZlebda Tu ara mefe miwebis gamoyofas sabadoebis gamagrebisaTvis

aucilebeli Senobebis asagebad, aseve sabadoebis muSebisaTvis saxnavis, saTibis da

saZovris gamoyofas? mefe giorgim am kiTxvasac dadebiTad upasuxa;

3. Tanaxma iyo Tu ara mefe, rom imave pirobebiT gagrZelebuliyo momavalSi

gaxsnili sabadoebis eqspluatacia? mefe giorgi am pirobasac daeTanxma;

4. ra daxmarebis aRmoCena SeeZlo mefes sabadoebze samuSaod mowveuli

specialistebisaTvis, magaliTad berZnebisaTvis? mefe giorgim valdebuleba aiRo

samuSaod mowveuli specialistebisaTvis gamoeyo muSebi da saerTod, gaekeTebina

yvelaferi sabadoebis eqspluataciis dawyebisaTvis;

5. SeZlebda Tu ara mefe xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi sabados muSebi uzrunvelyo

puriT? mefe giorgim muSebis puriT uzrunvelyofa Tavis Tavze ver aiRo, magram

piroba dado, rom gamoscemda brZanebas, romelic muSebs saSualebas miscemda puri

samarTlian fasebSi SeesyidaT;

6. mefis azriT, ruseTis jaris ra raodenoba iyo aucilebeli sabadoebis

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad? mefe giorgi miiCnevda, rom Tbilisis rusuli

garnizonis garda, sabadoebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro iqneboda

ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingenti _ 3.000 mebrZoli;

7. rogori unda yofiliyo mefis wili sabadoebidan miRebul SemosavalSi? mefe

Tvlida, rom es sakiTxi unda gadaWriliyo ruseTis imperatoris Sexedulebisamebr.

cxadia, apolos musin-puSkini qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi marto oqros, vercxlisa

da spilenZis sabadoebis damuSavebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar iyo Camosuli. mas

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis Sefaseba, aseve prorusul

da antirusul ZalTa Tanafardobis dadgena evaleboda. apolos musin-puSkini

zedmiwevniT zustad unda garkveuliyo mefe giorgisa da darejan dedoflis

dajgufebebs Soris mimdinare dapirispirebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, yvela davaleba

rusma emisarma warmatebiT Seasrula. musin-puSkinma imperator pavel I-s moaxsena,

rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikur elitaSi (samefo saxlis wevrebi, gavleniani

Tavadebi da meufeebi) prorusuli orientaciis momxreni sWarbobdnen. rusi emisari

imperators swerda, rom gavlenian TavadebTan saubrisas man scada gaerkvia, rogori

iyo maTi Sexeduleba qarTl-kaxeTis samefos momavalze. rogorc apolos musin-

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puSkini imperatorisadmi wardgenil moxsenebaSi aRniSnavs, Tavadebis pasuxi aseTi

yofila: Tu qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi ar Seva, maSin igi unda

Sevides an iranis an osmaleTis qveSevrdomobaSi, an mas kavkasiis mTielebi daaqceven.

20. 1800 wlis 24 ivnisis notis (giorgi XII-is saTxovari punqtebis) ganxilva ruseTis mTavrobaSi da misi Sedegebi. apolos musin-puSkins azri gamouTqvams 1800

wlis 24 ivnisis notaSi Camoyalibebuli giorgi XII-is saTxovari punqtebis Sesaxeb

da imperatorisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis mefis saTxovari punqtebis dakmayofileba

urCevia. musin-puSkinis garda, imperators imaves urCevdnen sxva gavleniani

politikuri moRvaweebic.

ruseTis saimperatoro karma politikuri da samxedro elitis rCevis

safuZvelze giorgi XII-is saTxovari punqtebis dakmayofileba gadawyvita. imxanad

arc aravis daumalavs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis ZiriTad motivs

warmoadgenda ara qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gadarCena, aramed ruseTis imperiis

miswrafeba samxreT kavkasiaSi damkvidrebisaken. yuradReba maxvildeboda oTx

mTavar faqtorze:

1. Crdilo kavkasiaSi arsebuli gamagrebuli xazi (kavkasiis xazi) ver

uzrunvelyofda mTielTa winaaRmdeg warmatebul brZolas. Tu aseTive xazi samxreT

kavkasiaSic Seiqmneboda, mTielebi ormxrivi dartymis qveS moeqceodnen. Tu mTielebi

mainc ar danebdebodnen, maSin morCilebas maT SimSiliT aiZulebdnen. im droisaTvis

kavkasiis mTielebi kvebisaTvis aucilebel produqts an Crdilo kavkasiaSi

(ZiriTadad mozdokSi) an saqarTveloSi (ZiriTadad TbilisSi) yidulobdnen.

2. saqarTvelo mdidari iyo wiaRiseuliT, romlis damuSaveba ruseTisaTvis

ekonomikurad metad xelsayreli iyo;

3. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo iranisa da indoeTisaken mimaval savaWro gzaze

mdebareobda da amdenad, am regionSi fexis mokidebiT ruseTi did mogebas naxavda;

4. osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis samxedro flotiT, mcire aziis

sanapiroze jaris gadasxmasTan erTad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jarebi

SeiZleboda SeWriliyvnen osmaleTis CrdiloeT provinciaSi da daekavebinaT

anatolia, riTac mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdebdnen osmaleTs. piriqiT, Tu osmaleTi

moaxerxebda saqarTvelos teritoriis da maT Soris qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriis

dakavebas, mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda kavkasiis xazi, Sesustdeboda ruseTis

poziciebi yirimSi.

am mosazrebebs gauwia angariSi ruseTis saimperatoro karma, rodesac giorgi

XII-is saTxovari punqtebis dakmayofileba gadawyvita.

zemoT xsenebul mosazrebebTan erTad apolos musin-puSkini, aseve sxva

politikuri da samxedro moRvaweebi imeds gamoTqvamdnen, rom qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebis Semdeg imaves moiTxovda imereTis samefo

da amrigad, mTeli saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCndeboda.

cxadia, ruseTis saimperatoro kars gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda isic, rom qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi (mflobelobaSi) gadasvlas SeiZleba

garTulebebi mohyoloda. rusebma yuradReba miaqcies imas, rom garTulebis

SemTxvevaSi upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda kavkasiis xazidan (georgievskidan,

mozdokidan) Tbilisisaken momavali gzis dacvas, raTa ruseTis jaris moZraoba ar

Seferxebuliyo. am gzis umniSvnelovanesi monakveTi aragvis xeobaSi vaxtang

batoniSvilis saufliswuloze gadioda. ruseTis saimperatoro kars imedi hqonda,

rom giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg vaxtang batoniSvilis mimxrobas

SeZlebdnen.

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21. molaparakeba peterburgSi. 1800 wlis 24 ivnisis notiT (giorgi XII-is

saTxovari punqtebiT) peterburgSi Casul qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sruluflebiani

warmomadgenlebis giorgi avaliSvilisa da revaz falavandiSvilis, aseve

peterburgSi myofi garsevan WavWavaZis miReba da maTTan molaparakebis warmoeba

daevala imperator pavel I-is favorits, ruseTis imperiis sagareo politikis

faqtobriv xelmZRvanel fiodor rostopCins da pavel I-Tan daaxloebul pirs,

cnobil diplomats, saidumlo mrCevel sergei laSqarevs. Sexvedra Sedga 1800 wlis

14 noembers. fiodor rostopCinma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sruluflebian

warmomadgenlebs ganucxada, rom imperatori pavel I Tanaxma iyo mefe giorgi XII da

misi xalxi mieRo qveSevrdomobaSi. qveSevrdomobaSi miRebisaTvis imperatorma erTi

pirobis Sesruleba moiTxova: qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sruluflebiani

warmomadgenlebidan erT-erTi TbilisSi unda dabrunebuliyo da mefisa da

xalxisaTvis unda ecnobebina pavel I-is Tanxmobis Sesaxeb. Tu amis Semdeg giorgi

XII da misi xalxi meored iTxovdnen qveSevrdomobaSi miRebas da sagangebo sigelsac

moawerdnen xels, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi iqneboda

miRebuli.

paralelurad ruseTis saimperatoro karma SekiTxva gaugzavna kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardal general-leitenant karl knorings. ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda

gaerkvia, damatebiT ra raodenobis jari unda gaegzavnaT qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi:

1. mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa da xalxebis Tavdasxmisagan samefos dasacavad; 2.

samefoSi Sinagani wesrigis dasacavad da axali mmarTvelobis dasamyareblad.

1800 wlis noembris Sua xanebisaTvis ruseTis saimperatoro karze miRebul iqna

gadawyvetileba:

1. giorgi XII-s sikvdilamde SeunarCundes mefobis ufleba;

2. giorgi XII-is sikvdilis Semdeg misi ufrosi vaJi, ruseTis imperatoris mier

taxtis memkvidred cnobili daviTi, damtkicdes saqarTvelos (qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos _ v. g.) general-gubernatorad da amasTan erTad SeunarCundes mefis tituli

(daviT giorgis Zis general-gubernatorad daniSvna did sirTuled ar iqna miCneuli,

radgan daviTi ruseTis imperatoris samsaxurSi imyofeboda, miniWebuli hqonda

generlis samxedro wodeba da erTxans msaxurobda ruseTis jarSi);

3. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo miematos ruseTis imperiis guberniebis ricxvs

,,saqarTvelos samefos” saxeliT.

Tavdapirvelad ruseTis saimperatoro kars ar surda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

Sinaur mmarTvelobaSi Careuliyo. gadawyda TbilisSi gagzavniliyo erTi rusi

moxele, romelic giorgi XII-s daexmareboda samefoSi wesrigis damyarebaSi da

Tvalyurs adevnebda marTlmsajulebas. pavel I qarTvelebs pirdeboda, rom yvela

Tanamdeboba (samoxeleo, sasamarTlo, saeklesio) SenarCunebuli iqneboda, ruseTis

jari ki mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa da xalxebisgan samefos dacvas uzrunvelyofda.

ruseTis imperatorma aseve gadawyvita: giori XII-s da mis ojaxs, aseve samefo saxlis

wevrebs jamagiri qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Semosavlebidan unda mieRoT. Tu samefo

saxlis wevrebi sacxovreblad ruseTSi gadavidodnen, maT uboZebdnen mamulebs da

maTi Rirsebis Sesaferis wodebebs.

giorgi XII-is janmrTelobis mdgomareobis ukiduresad gauaresebisa da mefis

mosalodneli gardacvalebis gamo ruseTis saimperatoro karma moqmedebis

sagangebo gegma SeimuSava. 1800 wlis 15 noembers kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma

general-leitenantma karl knoringma pavel I-is reskripti miiRo, Tu rogor unda

emoqmeda mefis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos mosaxleobisaTvis unda gamoecxadebina, rom mas peterburgidan

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taxtis memkvidris, daviT giorgis Zis mefed gamocxadebis brZaneba ar hqonda

miRebuli. 1800 wlis 15 noembers karl knoringma imperatoris meore reskriptic

miiRo. pavel I kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals ubrZanebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

damatebiT gaegzavna dragunTa erTi da qveiTTa sami polki. knorings aseve ebrZana

axali reskriptis miRebisTanave TviTonac gamgzavrebuliyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

an gaegzavna erTi generali. imperatori karl knorings werda, rom mas ,,pativi

eqneboda ruseTisaTvis SeerTebina teritoria (rusul dedanSi: ̀ Область~), romelsac

emuqreboda yvela mezobeli xalxi~. fiodor rostopCini knorings swerda, rom

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg ,,bolo moeReboda

mTielTa TviTnebobas da kaspiispireTis mflobelTa SfoTs~.

22. ruseTis saimperatoro karis gegmebi giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis droisaTvis. ruseTis saimperatoro karze qarTl-kaxeTis samefos qveSevrdomobaSi

miRebis Taobaze poziciis Sejerebis Semdeg giorgi avaliSvili da elizbar

falavandiSvili TbilisSi gamoemgzavrnen. maT Tan mohqondaT fiodor rostopCinis

1800 wlis 23 noembris werili. ruseTis xelisuflebis pirobebis gacnobis Semdeg

giorgi XII-s qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetileba unda mieRo.

Tu mefe qveSevrdomobis miRebis Taobaze ruseTis xelisuflebis pirobebs

dasTanxmdeboda da sagangebo sigelsac moawerda xels, giorgi avaliSvilsa da

elizbar falavandiSvils es sigeli peterburgSi unda CaetanaT. peterburgSi

gamgzavrebamde mefe giorgis ruseTis saimperatoro karze qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

warmomadgenlebisaTvis elCebi unda ewodebina.

1800 wlis noemberis bolos giorgi avaliSvili da elizbar falavandiSvili

peterburgidan TbilisSi gamoemgzavrnen. peterburgSi darCa mxolod garsevan

WavWavaZe. qarTveli elCebi ruseTis imperiis dedaqalaqSi mxolod 1801 wlis

TebervalSi dabrundnen. 1801 wlis aprilSi kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma

general-leitenantma karl knoringma jarTan erTad qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

gamgzavrebis brZaneba miiRo. jer kidev 1800 wlis 26 noembers rostopCini knorings

werda: ,,aucilebelia dromde qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi yvelaferi pirvandeli saxiT

darCes. Tavadebma Tqven unda gacnobon ramdenad sasargebloa qarTl-kaxeTis

samefosaTvis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla. daamSvideT Tavadebi, rom mezoblebisa

nuRar eSiniaT. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaferi wesrigSi iqneba da Cven gveqneba

bedniereba monawileoba miviRoT im saqmis aRsrulebaSi, romelic RmerTsa da

xelmwifes esaTnoeba”. karl knoringma, imperator pavel I-is brZanebis Tanaxmad,

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gamosagzavnad moamzada: dragunTa polki (meTauri general-

maiori semion portniagini), grenaderTa polki (meTauri general-maiori sergei

tuCkovi) da muSketerTa polki, romelic uSualod karl knoringis daqvemdebarebaSi

iyo. garda am sami polkisa, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi igzavneboda mexuTe

saartilerio polkis oTxi zarbazani. rodesac zemoT aRniSnuli polkebi qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi adre gamogzavnil ruseTis jars SeuerTdeboda, mTlianad

saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro Zalebis seriozuli raodenoba moiyrida Tavs:

qveiTTa 8 batalioni, kavaleristTa 10 eskadroni, kazakTa 1 aseuli, 4 mZime

zarbazani, 15 savele zarbazani. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jari ase

unda ganawilebuliyo: TbilisSi – general-leitenant karl knoringis muSketerTa

polki, general-maior ivan lazarevis qveiTTa polkidan 1 batalioni, dragunTa 2

eskadroni da mTeli artileria (4 mZime da 15 msubuqi zarbazani); TelavSi – general-

maior vasili guliakovis polkis muSketerTa 1 batalioni, egerTa 1 aseuli da

dragunTa 2 eskadroni; loreSi – general-maior sergei tuCkovis grenaderTa polkis

1 batalioni, egerTa 1 aseuli da dragunTa 2 eskadroni; gorSi – general-maior

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sergei tuCkovis grenaderTa polkis 1 batalioni, egerTa 1 aseuli da dragunTa 2

eskadroni, duSeTSi - egerTa 1 aseuli. ruseTis jarebis ganlagebisas

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo is, rom Tbilisi yoveli mxridan daculi yofiliyo da

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jarebs Seuferxeblad moeyaraT Tavi TbilisTan.

1800 wlis 15 dekembris Semdeg ramdenjerme gavrcelda xma giorgi XII-is

gardacvalebis Sesaxeb. 20 dekembers gorTan, sofel WalaSi, Seikribnen

batoniSvilebi (darejan dedoflis vaJebi) da mowodeba daugzavnes qalaq goris

mcxovreblebs, samRvdeloebas da saerTod qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mosaxleobas.

mowodebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom erekle II-is mier damtkicebuli taxtis

memkvidreobis wesis Tanaxmad, giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis

mefe unda gamxdariyo ZmebSi ufrosi, batoniSvili iuloni. batoniSvilebma TavianTi

momxreebi gorSi miiwvies, vinc gorSi ar gamocxaddeboda, dasjiT emuqrebodnen.

batoniSvilma daviT giorgis Zem mcxeTaSi Semavali gza gadaketa, Cxrekdnen

Tbilisisaken momaval adamianebs, eZebdnen saidumlo werilebs. Cxrekas Tan sdevda

mgzavrebis Zarcva. ivan lazarevma daviT batoniSvils hkiTxa, Tu ratom idga

mcxeTasTan piketi maSin, rodesac lekebis Semosevis saSiSroeba ar arsebobda. daviT

batoniSvilma rus generals upasuxa, rom mas araviTari piketi ar dauyenebia da

amitom araferi icoda, RamiT ki piketi moxsna, Tumca biZebTan brZolaze xeli ar

auRia.

1800 wlis 22 dekembers TbilisSi xma gavrcelda, rom mZimed avadmyofma mefe

giorgim sionis taZarSi moisurva gadayvana, raTa qveSevrdomebi taxtis memkvidre

daviTis erTgulebaze daeficebina. samefo saxlis wevrebis nawili, Tavadebi da

Tbilisis mosaxleoba sionis taZrisaken daiZra. sionisaken gaemarTnen rusi

generlebi: ivan lazarevi da vasili guliakovi. rogorc lazarevis 1800 wlis 25

dekembris moxsenebaSia aRniSnuli, sionis taZarSi daficebis ceremoniali ar

Catarebula. aRsrulda mxolod im wmidanTa neStTa aRmoyvaneba, romlebic aRa

mahmad xanis Semosevis dros taZarSi iyo gadamaluli. ivan lazarevs isic daudgenia,

rom daficebis Sesaxeb xmebi daviT batoniSvilis mier yofila gavrcelebuli.

Tbilisidan daviT batoniSvili kaxeTSi gaemgzavra. rogorc 1800 wlis 23 dekembers

kaxeTidan ivan lazarevs acnobes, batoniSvili daviTi da misi momxreebi kaxeTis

Tavadebs, aznaurebs, samRvdeloebasa da saerTod mosaxleobas mouwodebdnen Txovna

gaegzavnaT lazarevisaTvis, rom daviT batoniSvili mefed ecno. daviT batoniSvilis

momxreebi kaxeTis mosaxleobas arwmunebdnen, rom Tu igi samefo taxtze ar avida,

mefe giorgis Zmebi (erekle mefisa da darejan dedoflis vaJebi) samefos iranis

Sahis qveSevrdomad aqcevdnen. batoniSvilis momxreebma mizans miaRwies – kaxeTis

mosaxleobam daviT giorgis Zis erTgulebaze daifica.

samefo taxtis maZiebel batoniSvilTa Soris brZolas dasasruli ar uCanda.

dapirispirebulma mxareebma Seityves, rom male TbilisSi dabrundebodnen

peterburgidan wamosuli giorgi avaliSvili da elizbar falavandiSvili. cxadia,

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos warmomadgenlebis TbilisSi Camosvlis zusti TariRi ar

icoda ivan lazarevmac. am ukanasknels jer kidev giorgi avaliSvilisa da elizbar

falavandiSvilis TbilisSi Camosvlamde karl knoringisagan miRebuli hqonda

saidumlo brZaneba: yvelaferi gaekeTebina imisaTvis, rom giorgi XII-s Tavisi wadili

aResrulebina, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi generals SeeZlo ruseTis jaric

gamoeyenebina. knoringi lazarevs aseve acnobebda, rom zamTris miuxedavad, igi mzad

iyo jarTan erTad kavkasiis xazidan Tbilisisaken daZruliyo.

1800 wlis dekembris damdegidan peterburgSi sxvadasxva wyarodan midioda

cnobebi giorgi XII-is janmrTelobis mdgomareobis ukiduresad gauaresebisa da

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uaxloes xanebSi mefis mosalodneli gardacvalebis Sesaxeb. peterburgSi

Cqarobdnen. imperatorma pavel I-ma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiasTan

SeerTebis sakiTxi gansaxilvelad gadasca saxelmwifo sabWos da Tan ubrZana

Seqmnili viTarebis gamo sakiTxis ganxilva daeCqarebina. imperatori saxelmwifo

sabWos swerda, rom igi movale iyo mfarvelobaSi miRebul qveyanaSi uzrunveleyo

wesrigi da mtrebisagan dacva.

23. ruseTis imperator pavel I-is 1800 wlis 18 dekembris manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. ruseTis

imperiis saxelmwifo sabWoSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi

1800 wlis 17 dekembers ganixiles. saxelmwifo sabWoSi SiSobdnen, rom giorgi XII-

is gardacvalebis Semdeg batoniSvilebs Soris SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba

daiwyeboda. Seqmnili qaosi osmaleTsa da irans saSualebas miscemda daepyro

qarTl-kaxeTi, xolo Crdilo kavkasiis mTielebs – ganukiTxavad eZarcvaT qveyana.

saxelmwifo sabWos wevrebma gamoTqves mosazreba, rom saqarTveloSi osmaleTisa da

iranis gabatoneba, aseve lekTa da sxva xalxebis ganukiTxavi TareSi safrTxes

Seuqmnida ruseTis poziciebs Crdilo kavkasiaSi. ruseTis imperiasTan qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos SeerTebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas saxelmwifo sabWos wevrebi pirvel

rigSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dacvis aucileblobas ki ar aniWebdnen gadamwyvet

mniSvnelobas, aramed imas, Tu ra sargeblobas moutanda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

SeerTeba ruseTs. saxelmwifo sabWos wevrebma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SeerTebas

Semdegi mizezis gamo dauWires mxari: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SeerTebis Semdeg

gamoiricxeboda samxreT kavkasiaSi iranisa da osmaleTis damkvidrebis saSiSroeba

da usafrTxo gaxdeboda imperiis samxreTi sazRvari; 2. saqarTveloSi damkvidrebis

Semdeg ruseTs saSualeba miecemoda mtkiced moekidebina fexi Crdilo kavkasiaSi,

gamoericxa iranisa da osmaleTis mxardaWera Crdilo kavkasiis muslimi

mosaxleobisadmi; 3. iranTan da osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos

teritoria jarebis Tavmoyrisa da iranisa da osmaleTis teritoriaze SeWrisaTvis

gamoeyenebina; 4. samxreT kavkasiaSi damkvidrebiT ruseTs saSualeba miecemoda

daecva ruseTidan iransa da indoeTSi mimavali savaWro gzis mniSvnelovani

monakveTi; 5. ruseTs saSualeba miecemoda aeTvisebina da gamoeyenebina saqarTvelos

wiaRiseuli simdidre.

saxelmwifo sabWos gadawyvetilebam gavlena iqonia pavel I-is poziciaze.

imperatori aRar daeloda peterburgidan TbilisSi gagzavnili qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos elCebis giorgi avaliSvilisa da elizbar falavandiSvilis dabrunebas da

1800 wlis 18 dekembers xeli moawera manifests qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa

da misi ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. manifesti dauyovnebliv gaugzavnes

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-leitenant karl knorings. amasTan erTad,

knoringma miiRo imperatoris brZaneba, rom manifesti mxolod giorgi XII-is

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi gamoeqveynebina. Tu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos elCebis

giorgi avaliSvilisa da revaz falavandiSvilis peterburgSi Casvlis droisaTvis

giorgi XII kvlav cocxali iqneboda, knoringi manifestis gamoqveynebisa da Semdgomi

moqmedebis Sesaxeb brZanebas peterburgidan miiRebda.

24. giorgi XII-is gardacvaleba. 1800 wlis 28 dekembers TbilisSi 54 wlis asakSi

gardaicvala qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefe giorgi XII. 26-27 dekembris Rame

general-maiorma ivan lazarevma mefis rezidenciaSi gaatara. 27 dekembers diliT

generali isev mivida mefis samyofelSi da momakvdavis monaxulebis Semdeg TbilisSi

ganlagebuli rusis jaris komendanturaSi gamocxadda. lazarevma oficrebs

sabrZolo mzadyofna ubrZana. komendanturidan generali mefis rezidenciaSi

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dabrunda. mefe giorgim ikiTxa, Tu rodis dabrundeboda peterburgidan garsevan

WavWavaZe. lazarevma upasuxa, rom garsevan WavWavaZe male Camovidoda TbilisSi.

generals mefesTan laparaki jer kidev ar daesrulebina, roca mefis sawolSi daviT

batoniSvili da Tavadi solomon lioniZe Semovidnen. mefe giorgisa da batoniSvil

daviTis urTierToba bolo xanebSi daiZaba. mefe saxelmwifo saqmeebis Taobaze

ufro xSirad ioane batoniSvils eTaTbireboda, ioanec xSirad moinaxulebda xolme

avadmyof mamas. aman taxtis memkvidre daviTi Zalze gaaRiziana da igi xSirad aRar

Cndeboda mefis rezidenciaSi, iSviaTad Sedioda mefis sawolSi. mefe giorgim

solomon lioniZezec aiyara guli, ar siamovnebda, rom daviT batoniSvilma

mrCevlad is gaixada. batoniSvil daviTisa da solomon lioniZis sawolSi Semosvla

mefes ar esiamovna. aSkara iyo, rom ivan lazarevisa da solomon lioniZis

TandaswrebiT mefes taxtis memkvidresTan saubari ar surda. solomon lioniZem

mefes hkiTxa:

- Tqvens umaRlesobas xom ar surs taxtTan da samefosTan dakavSirebiT raime

ubrZanos memkvidres?

mefem solomon lioniZis SekiTxva upasuxod datova. amis Semdeg daviT

batoniSvili SeekiTxa mefes:

- rogor aris Tqveni janmrTeloba?

- axla me ise janmrTelad var, rogorsac Sen ar isurvebdi, _ upasuxa mefem

batoniSvils.

1800 wlis 27 dekembers mefe giorgi absoluturad saRad azrovnebda, magram,

rogorc Cans, mis sxeuls seni ukve srulad daufleboda. 28 dekembers, dilis 11:00

saaTze qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefe giorgi XII gardaicvala.

giorgi XII ise gardaicvala, rom daviT batoniSvilTan Serigeba ver moaswro.

yvelam kargad uwyoda, Tu ra didi dro da energia Sealia mefem daviT batoniSvilis

taxtis memkvidred aRiarebas da yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom daviTi samefo

taxtze asuliyo. amis sanacvlo siyvaruli, yuradReba da pativiscema momakvdavma

mefem memkvidrisagan ver miiRo. sikvdilis sarecelze mijaWvul mefes sxvac bevri

ram uklavda guls. man ver miaRwia samefo saxlis wevrTa Soris Tanxmobisa da

siyvarulis damkvidrebas, Zmebma mravalgzis daarRvies misTvis micemuli fici.

sikvdilis win darejan dedofalma ramdenjerme moinaxula mefe. erTxel mis

sawolTan misul darejan dedofals mefe xelze emTxvia da uTxra: ,,me damnaSave

var Tqven winaSe...“.

1800 wlis 30 dekembers giorgi XII-is cxedari sionSi gadaasvenes. 1800 wlis 31

dekembers ivan lazarevi karl knorings moaxsenebda, rom samefo saxlis wevrebTan,

didebulebsa da Tbilisis mosaxleobasTan erTad gadasvenebis procesiaSi

monawileobda ruseTis jaris 3 batalioni. dedofali mariami lazarevs sTxovda ar

daeCqarebinaT mefis dakrZalva. generalma dedofals Txovna Seusrula. mefe

giorgis cxedari sionis taZridan gamoasvenes da procesia mcxeTisaken gaudga gzas.

qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefe mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis taZarSi, mamis – erekle II-

is _ gverdiT dakrZales.

giorgi XII-m samefo imaze gacilebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi datova, vidre erekle

II-m: garTulebuli sagareo-politikuri viTareba, iranis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

dalaSqvris saSiSroeba, ganxeTqileba samefo saxlSi mZime memkvidreobad ergo

umefod darCenil qarTul politikur elitas.

48

Wachtang Guruli

Diplomatie Georgs XII

(1798-1800)

Resümee

Im Artikel geht es um die Beziehungen des letzten Königs von Kartl – Kachetien Georgs XII. (1798-

1800) zum Kaiserreich Russland. Es werden hier nämlich folgende Fragen behandelt: die Inthronisation

Georgs XII. und seine ersten innenpolitischen und außenpolitischen Schritte; die Verschlechterung der

außenpolitischen Lage von Kartl-Kachetien; Aggressive Pläne vom Iran; die Erneuerung der Beziehungen

zwischen dem Königreich Kartl-Kachetien und dem Kaiserreich Russland; die Bittpunkte Georgs XII. (Note

vom 16. Dezember 1798) an den Kaiser Russlands Paul I.; das Beglaubigungsscheiben Georgs XII. vom 7.

September 1799 für die bevollmächtigten Vertreter des Königreiches Kartl-Kachetien am Kaiserlichen Hof

Russlands; der neue politische Kurs des Kaiserreiches Russland im Kaukasus und im Iran; Russisch-persische

Beziehungen und das Königreich Kartl-Kachetien; die Verschlechterung des Gesundheitszustandes Georgs

XII. und die wachsenden innenpolitischen Unruhen; die Note Georgs XII. vom 24. Juni 1800 (die Bittpunkte)

an den Kaiser Russlands; der Vortrag Apoll Musin-Puschkins vom 10. Dezember 1800 vor dem Kaiser

Russlands; die Prüfung der Note vom 24. Juni 1800 durch die russische Regierung und deren Ergebnis; die

Pläne des Kaiserlichen Hofes Russlands für die Zeit des Verscheidens Georgs XII; das Manifest des Kaisers

Russlands Paul I. vom 18. Dezember 1800 über die Aufhebung des Königreiches von Kartl-Kachetien und

dessen Vereinigung mit dem Russischen Kaiserreich.

49

rozeta gujejiani, istoriis doqtori, profesori

religiur dReobaTa transformaciisa da paganizebis konkretuliı

magaliTebi svaneTis tradiciuli yofidanı

cnobilia, rom svaneTis yofam dRemde Semoinaxa mravali religiuri dReoba.

dReobaTa tipologia iZleva saintereso suraTs: dResaswaulTa didi nawili

saeklesio kalendariTaa ganpirobebuli, aris lokaluri xasiaTis dResaswaulebic _ ama Tu im eklesiis sataZro dResaswaulebi, xolo dReobaTa SedarebiT mcire nawili adgilobriv niadagzea warmoqmnili da ama Tu im istoriuli movlenis aRsaniSnavad aris dawesebuli (magaliTad, huliS-uliS, lixvdiSi-liqvreSi, lalxora miSladeR da a. S.). miuxedavad sxvadasxva istoriisa, yoveli dReoba saeklesio kalendars mihyveba da aRniSvnis TariRebis gamoTvla didi sauflo dResaswaulebis, ZiriTadad ki aRdgomis mixedviT xdeba, zogierT dReobas ki uZravi TariRic aqvs.

svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi dasturdeba iseTi dResaswaulebic, romelTa saritualo praqtikis genezisis kvleva sakmaod rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. naSromSi warmodgenilia swored am tipis ori svanuri xalxuri dReobis aRwera da analizi: dReobebis saxelwodebebia `jgirvanaSoba~ da `sabiaSoba~.

`jgirvanaSoba~ da `sabiaSoba~ lokalur dReobaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, orive maTgani saeklesio tradiciebiTaa ganpirobebuli, magram, specialuri kvlevis

gareSe, am dReobebis saxelwodebebi gaugebaria da rTulia ritualis genეzisis, transformaciisa da paganizebis etapebis kvlevac.

`jgirvanaSoba~ xalxuri dReobaa, mas aqvs lokaluri xasiaTi da imarTeboda beCos Temis sofel tvebiSSi. dReoba aRiniSneba `huliS~-obis sadResaswaulo ciklis SabaT dRes (`hulSa samtin~) da dReobis TariRs gamoiTvlian `huliSobis~ dResaswaulis mixedviT. `sabiaSoba~ aRiniSneboda eceris Temis ganapiras weliwadSi orjer, adgilze, romlesac hqvia `sabiaS~. locva weliwadSi orjer imarTeboda: zafxulSi, huliSobis ciklis SabaT dRes da zamTrobiT, barbarobis momyol dRes, anu, 5 (18) dekembers.

ra dResaswaulia `huliSoba~? `huliSoba~ xalxuri dReobaa. mas aRniSnaven svaneTis orive nawilSi, rogorc zemo (mestiis municipaliteti), aseve qvemo svaneTSi (lentexis municipaliteti), oRond qvemo svaneTSi dReobas `uliS~-s uwodeben. dReoba myarad aris CarTuli xalxur dResaswaulTa wliur ciklSi. mas gamoiTvlian saeklesio kalendris mixedviT: dReoba erTi kviriT unda uswrebdes petre-pavlobis marxvis dawyebas.

XIX-XX saukuneebis masaliT `huliSoba~ xangrZliv dResaswaulTa cikls miekuTvneboda, grZeldeboda erTidan xuT dRemde1. Cveni droisaTvis dReoba erTdiania da kviraobiT sruldeba mestiaSi, nakraSi, farSi, beCoSi, lenjerSi, lentexSi da sxv.

sadResaswaulo locva mimarTuli iyo darisa da kargi mosavlianobis dabedebisaken. cnobilia, rom daris dabedebasa da avdrisagan (qariSxali, setyva, zvavi, mewyeri) dacvas saqarTveloSi yvelgan da maT Soris, svaneTSic, wmida elia winaswarmetyvels evedrebodnen da saeklesio kalendriT dawesebul Sesabamis dRes dResaswaulobdnen (eliaoba//iliaoba): Zveli stiliT 20 ivlisss (axali stiliT 2 agvistos), radganac am dRes aRniSnavda eklesia winaswarmetyvel ilia Tezbitelisa (IX s. qristes Sobamde) xsenebis dRes. Semdeg ukve amas daerTo wmida ilia marTlis (WavWavaZisa, 1907) xsenebis TariRi.

1besarion niJaraZe. saxalxo dResaswaulebi svaneTSi. istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi. I. Tbიlisi, 1962, gv. 64.

50

svaneTSi eliaoba (iliaoba) didi dResaswauli iyo. mas zeimobdnen ara mxolod im soflebSi, sadac ilia winaswarmetyvelis eklesiebi mdebareobda (magaliTad, lenjeri), aramed yvelgan. bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva _ ram ganapiroba kidev erTi amgvari Sinaarsis dReobis dawesebis aucilebloba? mecnierTagan pirveli am sakiTxiT dainteresda dekanozi besarion niJaraZe. mis mier moZiebuli eTnografiuli masaliT, `Zlier adre, enguris saTaveebSi, mTidan mowyvetila sayinule, svanurad `hol~, anu `vol~, yinuls enguri daugubebia... mTeli svaneTis soflebi waulekavs. am ubedurebis Semdeg xalxs, rom igi meored ar gameordes, dauwesebia es dResaswauli `huliSi~2. aq aRar Sevudgebi `huliSobis~ dawvrilebiT aRweras3, mas eZRvneba erTi konkretuli, ukve gamoqveynebuli naSromi4. `huliSoba~ am SemTxvevaSi, sainteresoa, rogorc `jgirvanaSobisa~ da `sabiaSobis~ (erTi variantis) gamoTvlis orientiri.

`jgirvanaSoba~ Sesabamisi samecniero literaturis mixedviT `jgirvanaSoba~ arqauli,

Tavdapirvelad astraluri, xolo Semdeg _ nayofierebis RvTaebad miCneuli _ barbales kultis gamoZaxilia5.

`jgirvanaSobis~ rituali aRwerili aqvs soso kvicians: `beCos sasoflo sabWos sofel tvebiSis dasavleTiT, sasaflaosTan axlos... patara, naxevrad dangreuli bazilikaa... iqve or metraze mowyobilia fiqalis qviT daxuruli keria. am bazilikas adgilobrivi mosaxleoba `jgirvanaSs~ uwodebs, xolo dReobas `jgirvanaSobas~. ivnisis TveSi axal mTvareze dReoba huliSobis wina dRes (romelsac hqvia hlaSa samtin) mdinare heldras zemoT mcxovrebi soflis qalebi ikribebian am dReobaze... mlocelebs aq mihqondaT yveli, fqvili, am dRisaTvis nayidi Sesawiravi xbo. im ojaxis qalebs ki, romlebsac pirveli xbomonagebi Zroxa hyavdaT, axal mTvareze orSabaTis nawveli ToTo yveli da kvirisTavi~6.

ra aris kvirisTavi? xalxur yofaSi arsebobda tradicia brtyeli, Txeli momcro zomis qvebis gaxvretisa, romlebsac hqondaT saritualo mniSvneloba: qvebis naxvretSi qalebi CaawveTebdnen im Zroxis pirvel rZes, romelic pirvel xbos moigebda. am wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg qvebi (kvirisTavebi) wmida barbares eklesiebTan mihqondaT da iq tovebdnen. svaneTSi ̀ kvirisTavi~-s Sewirvis tradicia uSualod wmida barbares dReobas da eklesiebs ukavSirdeba.

jgirvanaSis eklesiasTan qalebis mier Sesrulebuli dReoba mkacrad saqalebo iyo, masSi mamakacebi ar monawileobdnen. dReobaze Tavs iyridnen moxuci da axladdaqorwinebuli qalebi. isini eklesiis mimdebared acxobdnen xaWapurebs, lemzirebs7, xarSavdnen xorcs, amzaddebdnen lecvmars8 da sxv. locva da saerTod mTeli rituali mimarTuli iyo msxvilfexa saqonlis, kerZod ki furebis ganayofierebis da wvelis matebisaken. soso kvicians mohyavs locvis teqstic: `...barbols dideba. barbol! Sens madls, amSvide, amravle, kargi wvela mieci mis mimyol adamianebTan Sens madls, madliano!~9. locvas warmoTqvamda sami moxuci qali _ `lemzirebiTa da kvirisTavebiT aRmosavleTisaken xelebapyrobilni~10. mlocvelebi locvis monawile yvela qals am sityvebiT dalocavdnen. Semdeg ki imarTeboda puroba.

2besarion niJaraZe. saxalxo dResaswaulebi svaneTSi. istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi. I. Tbიlisi, 1962, gv. 64-65. 3huliSobis/uliSobis dResaswaulis Tanmxlebi elementia doRi. magaliTad, mestiis TemSi setis wmida giorgis eklesiidan droSa `lem~-s gamoasvenebdnen da imarTeboda doRi, doRi imarTeba beCos TemSic, lenjerSic, nakraSic, farSic.… 4rozeta gujejiani. eliaoba svaneTSi._ krebuli `istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi~. IX. Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 50-71. 5vera bardaveliZe. qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan. droSa `lem~, mgel-ZaRli, mse, XII-XIII. 1963, gv. 147; ioseb kviciani. svanuri dReoba jgirvanaSoba._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, #34, 1974, gv. 69. 6ioseb kviciani. svanuri dReoba jgirvanaSoba._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, #34, 1974, gv. 68-69. 7lemzir hqvia saritualo kvers, igi warmoadgens sefiskveris gaxalxurebul variacias svaneTSi. 8amozelili yvelisa da fqvilis nazavi. 9ioseb kviciani. svanuri dReoba jgirvanaSoba._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, #34, 1974, gv. 68. 10ioseb kviciani. svanuri dReoba jgirvanaSoba._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, #34, 1974, gv. 68.

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soso kvicianis daskvniT, ̀ rogorc Sesawiravi, ise locvis teqsti da rituali migvaniSnebs, rom dReoba imarTeboda mzis qalRvTaebis barbolis _ qalbabaris saxelobaze... mTeli es ceremoniali arqauli Cans da mesaqonleobisa da miwismoqmedebis adreuli xanidan unda momdinareobdes... miuxedavad aseTi arqaulobisa, dReobaze Tavis kvali dautovebia qristianobas. am warmarTul salocavze qristianuli taZari aSenebulia da dReobis saxelsac, safiqrebelia, qristianuli ieri dahkravs. fiqroben, rom jgirvanaSoba _ jgirwminda ianis an iovanes saxels ukavSirdebodes~11.

mkvlevar soso kvicianis bolo winadadeba, Cemi azriT, uaRresad sagulisxmoa. es mosazreba mibiZgebs `jgirvanaSobis~ Tavdapirveli arsis Ziebisaken. saerTod, `barbol~-is saxelze Sesrulebul locvas svaneTSi yvelgan erTnairi xasiaTi aqvs. mlocvelni arian qalebi, romlebic miemarTebian wmida barbales/barbares eklesiebisaken da salocavis gverdiT arsebul minaSenSi, e. w. ladbaS-Si gamarTul keriasTan, acxoben Sesawirav lemzirebs (sefiskverebs) _ marxvisas, xolo xsnilSi _ xaWapurebs. mlocvelebi wmida barbales ojaxis wevrebis mSvidobianobas da janmrTelobas, aseve mewveli saqonlis gamravlebas da wveladobis gazrdas SesTxovdnen. amgvari locva (`limzir~) dResac xSiria. ladbaSi aris eklesiasTan arsebuli minaSeni, sadac salocavi atributebi mzaddeba. ladbaS-Tan Sesrulebul locvas, romelsac win uZRvis kverebis an xaWapuris gamocxoba ladbaS-is keraze, lidbaS-i hqvia da niSnavs qalebis mier ama Tu im eklesiis minaSenTan Sesrulebul locvas. termini sakmaod gamWvirvalea da `dideb~-idan momdinarea12.

cnobilia, rom wmida barbaresadmi Tayvaniscema svaneTSi metad Zlieria. rwmena-warmodgenebis kvlevis dros TvalsaCinoa religiuri sinkretizmis niSnebi, qristiani wmindanis barbares xateba Sezrdilia qristianobamdel qarTvelTa erT-erT mTavar RvTaebasTan _ mzis qalRvTaebis saxebasTan13. bolo xanebSi gamoqveynebulia samecniero kvlevebi, romlebSic aqtualizebulia barbarobis dReobisa da rwmena-warmodgenebis qristianuli interpretaciis xalxuri aspeqtebi14.

Cndeba bunebrivi kiTxva, ratom unda Sesrulebuliyo `barbolis~ saxelze gamarTuli locva (rituali) ara wmida barbares romelime eklesiasTan, romlebiTac esoden mdidaria svaneTis soflebi, aramed sxva wmindanis saxelobis eklesiasTan _ `jgirvanaS~-Tan? termini ̀ jgirvanaSi~ xom sruliadac ar aris ̀ barbolis~ identuri.

romeli wmindani ixsenieba svaneTis yofaSi `jgirvanaS~-ad. faqtia, `jgirvanaSi~ kompozitia. mis pirvel nawilSi gamoiyofa fuZe `jgir~, meore nawilSi _ `(i)van~, xolo –aS, cnobilia, rom svanurSi daboloebaa, kuTvnilebis maCvenebeli. nagenetivar saxelTa svanuri formantia, Sesatyvisi saliteraturo qarTuli -is-a15.

fuZe `jgir~-Tan dakavSirebiT sayuradRebo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli akaki SaniZes svanuri terminis ̀ jgirag~-is analizis dros, akaki SaniZe ̀ jgirag~-is pirvel nawilad gamoyofs `jgir~-s. misi daskvniT, `jgir~-i svanurSic ixmareba da gamoiyeneba zmnis formaTa sawarmoebladac, `kurTxevis~ mniSvnelobiT: lijgri _ kurTxeva, lejgri _ dasakurTxebeli~16. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `jgirvanaSi~-c fuZe `jgir~-is Semcvelia.

sainteresoa, svaneTis yofaSi kidev ra dros da ra konteqstSi gamoiyeneba fuZe ̀ jgir~. es fuZe Semdeg sityvebSi SemogvrCa: 1. jgirag (wm. giorgi an wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia); 2. lijgri (kurTxeva); 3. jgirvanaS (tvebiSis eklesiis saxeli); 4. jgirvanaSob (jgirvanaSis eklesiasTan gamarTuli zemoT aRwerili dReoba); 5. jigrevani (sofel ielSi Semonaxulia momcro eklesia).

11 ioseb kviciani. svanuri dReoba jgirvanaSoba._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, #34, 1974, gv. 68-69. 12nino gabuldani. ramdenime sakraluri terminis semantikuri cvalebadobis Sesaxeb._ Jurnali `saenaTmecniero Ziebani~, #11, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 249-272. 13vera bardaveliZe. svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalendari. I. axalwlis cikli. tfilisi, 1939; vera bardaveliZe. svanuri sagalobeli `barbal dolaSi~._ enimkis moambe. V-VI. 1940; vera bardaveliZe. qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar). Tbilisi, 1941. 14nino mindaZe, rozeta gujejiani. erTi svanuri xalxuri dReobis Sesaxeb (liqvreSi-lixvdiSi-mezrob)._ krebuli `istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi~. V. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 238-257. 15konsultaciisaTvis madlierebas gamovxatav profesor qeTevan margianis mimarT. 16akaki SaniZe. svanuri kultis termini `jgirag~._ Jurnali `macne~, enis... seria, 2, 1973, gv. 116.

52

TavisTavad sainteresoa, moeZebneba Tu ara termin `jgirvanaSs~ paralelebi saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi? andro lekiaSvilis dakvirvebiT, megrulSi arsebuli termini `jgeraguna~ or sityvas aerTianebs: megrul sityvas `jgir~-s, rac dReisaTvis kargs, keTils niSnavs da àgunas~. mecnieris azriT, `jgir~ megrulSi `Zvelad wmindasac~ aRniSnavda. e. i. megruli jgeraguna igivea, rac wm. aguna... es erTaderTi magaliTia, roca qristianuli wmindanis saxels win uZRvis epiTeti `jgir~. Cven viciT meore magaliTic: esaa jgiri ivane, am saxeliTaa cnobili samegreloSi ioane maxarobeli. sagulisxmoa, rom mas Seesatyviseba svaneTSi jgirvani, Sesabamisad, misi dReobis saxelwodeba jgirvanaSi~17.

`jgir~ fuZis arsebobam svanursa da megrulSi, SesaZloa, gvafiqrebinos am fuZis momdinareoba saerToqarTuli periodidan, Tumca es sakiTxi eTnologiuri kvlevis kompetencias scildeba da lingvistTa kvlevis sferoSia moqceuli.

svaneTSi gvaqvs iona winaswarmetyvelis, ioane naTlismcemlis an ioane maxareblis eklesiebi (an naeklesiarebi), maTi saxelebi xalxur yofaSi iTqmis, rogorc ìan~, ìanaS~, ìenaS~, `naTelmcemel~. gasarkvevia, visi saxelobisaa eklesia `jgirvanaSi~ _ ioane winaswarmetyvelisa, ioane naTlismcemlisa Tu ioane maxareblisa. Cemi azriT, pasuxi mocemulia dReobis TariRSi. dReoba ivnisis bolos imarTeboda, petre-pavlobis marxvis dawyebamde, wina kviraSi. ivnisi xalxur kalendarSi ìvanobisTved~ iwodeba, vinaidan Zveli stiliT 24 ivniss (ax. st. 7 ivliss) qristianuli eklesia aRniSnavs ioane naTlismcemlis Sobis dRes _ Soba patiosnisa didebulisa winaswarmetyvelisa, winamorbedisa da naTlismcemelisa ioanesi. cnobilia, rom petre-pavlobis marxva mTavrdeba axali stiliT 11 ivliss (Zveli stiliT, 28 ivnisi), mas mohyveba 12 ivlisis (Zveli stiliT, 29 ivnisi) dResaswauli didebulTa da yovladqebulTa TavTa mociqulTa petresi (64) da pavlesi (67). jgirvanaSoba imarTeboda, rogorc iTqva, ivnisSi, axal mTvareze, huliSobis SabaT dRes. anu, TariRi miaxloebulia (magram arazustia) ioane naTlismcemlis Sobis dResTan.

is faqti, rom sadReobo ritualis pirvandeli azri miviwyebulia da mas wmida barbaresadmi vedrebis saxe aqvs miRebuli, Semdegi mizeziT aixsneba: xangrZlivi drois manZilze (obieqtur istoriul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT) kanonikur swavlebas moklebul mosaxleobas miaviwyda dReobis Tavdapirveli arsi, igi ufro farTod gavrcelebulma da yofasTan mWidrod gadajaWvulma _ mesaqonleobis tradiciebidan gamomdinare _ wmida barbares xatebam gadafara.

`jgirvanaSobis~ msgavsad, `sabiaSobis~ orive locvac `barbolisadmia~ mimarTuli. vera bardaveliZis masaliT, `sabiaSob~-s marTavdnen ecereli qalebi imave `hulSa samtin~ dRes, rodesac beCoSi `jgirvanaSoba~ aRiniSneboda, qalebi asrulebdnen tradiciul lidbaS-is (3) rituals, Sinidan waRebuli fqviliTa da yveliT ladbaS-Tan xaWapurs acxobdnen da `barbolsa~ da `hulSa samtin~-s Seswiravdnen mewveli saqonlis gamravlebisaTvis18.

savele-eTnografiulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom `sabiaSoba~ imarTeboda zamTrobiTac, barbarobis meore dRes. mTxrobelebs TviTon miuRiaT monawileoba am ritualSi, magram axsovT, rom dReobis aRniSvna XX s-is 40-ian wlebSi Sewyvetila. manamde ki mlocveli qalebi sabiaSisken gauval TovlSic ikafavdnen gzas da `barbolis~ saxelze gamarTul `limzir~-s (locvas) awyobdnen19. mTxrobelebma ar icodnen, visi saxelobisa iyo is adgili (sabiaSi), an ratom loculobdnen iq, magram metad faseuli da mniSvnelovania maTi informacia dReobis TariRTan dakavSirebiT: rogorc cnobilia barbarobis (17 (4) dekemberi) momdevno dRe saeklesio kalendris mixedviT, eZRvneba Rirs mamasa da RmerTmosils saba ganmwmendils (+532). 18 (5)

17andro lekiaSvili. wminda giorgis qarTuli kultis sakiTxisaTvis._ `saenaTmecniero krebuli~, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 149. 18vera bardaveliZe. qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar). Tbilisi, 1941, gv. 14-15. 19rozeta gujejiani. savele-eTnografiuli dRiuri. 2003 weli. mTxrobelebi: vardo zaqarias asuli gurCiani, 79 wlis, rusudan besarionis asuli sabaniZe, 65 wlis. masala Cawerilia mestiis raionis eceris Temis sofel barSi 2003 wlis ivlisSi.

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dekemberi mTel saqarTveloSi ̀ sabaobis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. es dReoba, mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, gansakuTrebiT farTod aRiniSneboda dasavleT saqarTveloSi da igi `barbarobasTan iyo `gadabmuli~20. sabiSis teritoriaze Zvelad arsebuli eklesia rom, marTlac, Rirsi mamis saba ganmwmendelis saxelze iyo agebuli, dasturdeba am adgilis svanuri toponimiTac: termini `sabiaS~ Seicavs fuZes `sab(a)~-s, xolo `-aS~ tradiciuli daboloebaa, kuTvnilebis maCvenebeli, rogoric aris magaliTad, lamaraS (ase eZaxian RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiebsa da maT mimdebare teritoriebs), barbalaS (wm. barbales sax. eklesia da misi midamoebi) da a. S. mosazrebas ganamtkicebs dReobis TariRic, radgan, `cnobilia, rom TiToeuli taZari Sendeboda ...saRmrTo istoriis ama Tu im momentis an ama Tu im konkretuli wmindanis mosaxseneblad. taZris dResaswauli ki is dRea, romlis sagangebo zeimiT aRsaniSnavadacaa es taZari agebuli~21.

rogorc Cans, droTa ganmavlobaSi, sabaobis aRniSvnis tradicia daviwyebas mieca, magram xalxurma kalendarma Semoinaxa xsovna imisa, rom barbarobis momyol dRes, sabiaSSic sruldeboda locva mir es xsovna TandaTanobiT transformirda `barbolis~-admi Tayvaniscemis ritualad. rac Seexeba zafxulis `sabiaSTan~ gamarTul `lidbaS~-s, igi uTuod msgavsia svaneTSi Semonaxuli sxva dReobebisa, romlebic `hulSa samtin~-is dRes sruldeba da rituali mimarTulia wmida barbaresadmi, warmoadgens saqalebo locvas. mlocvelebi wmida barbares evedrebodnen ojaxis mSvidobianobas, mewveli saqonlis gamravlebaa da wveladobis gazrdas.

qarTvel mTielTa sulieri kulturis kvlevis istoriaSi farTodaa warmoCenili xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis arqauloba da religiuri sinkretizmi, magram, garkveul obieqtur mizezTa gamo, naklebadaa gamovlenili dReoba-dResaswaulTa qristianuli xasiaTi, Tumca, cnobilia, rom qristianuli sarwmunoeba `umniSvnelo da zedapiruli dafeneba ki ar aris mTielTa religiuri sistemisa, aramed misi ZiriTadi da organuri komponentisa, aramed misi ZiriTadi da organuli komponentia22. rasakvirvelia, ar gamoiricxeba svaneTis xalxur dResaswaulebSi religiuri sinkretizmis niSnebis arseboba, magram, amasTanave, kvlevis obieqturoba moiTxovs yoveli ritualis kvlevas istoriuli ganviTarebis dinamikaSi, epoqaluri danaSrevebis gamokveTas da transformaciuli procesebis gamovlenas. Cveni droisaTvis ukve SesaZlebelia tradiciuli sulieri kulturis sxvagvari, kerZod, qristianuli interpretaciis SesaZleblobasac.

amrigad, Cemi azriT, `jgirvanaSoba~, `sabiaSoba~ warmoadgens transformirebul ritualebs, rodesac miviwyebulia dReobis pirvandeli arsi da dReobebis konkretuli Sinaarsi gadafarulia svaneTSi farTod gavrcelebuli swavlebiT wmida barbares Sesaxeb. es ar aris gasakviri, radgan saqme gvaqvs istoriul (kulturul) mexsierebasTan, romelsac axasiaTebs movlenebis gaZarcva konkretuli da individualuri niSnebisagan da itovebs mxolod imas, rac xalxisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gasagebi da nacnobi kategoriebiT aris gamoxatuli23. istoriuli mexsiereba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs faqtebs, magram xdeba faqtebis mkveTri miTologizeba da gaxalxureba24. sayuradReboa klod levi-strosis meToduri xasiaTis miTiTebac, romlis Tanaxmad, dRes arsebuli faqtebisa da movlenebis mniSvnelobis Sesafaseblad araa sakmarisi am faqtebisa da movlenebis warmomavlobis dadgena, aramed, amasTan erTad, saWiroa, gaTvaliswineba da gaazreba awmyoSi arsebuli mizezebisa, romlebmac ganapirobes faqtebisa da

20nino abakelia, qeTevan alaverdaSvili, nino RambaSiZe. qarTul xalxur dReobaTa kalendari. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 8. 21eqvTime koWlamazaSvili. sulTmofenoba Tu sameboba.– Jurnali `jvari vazisa~. 2. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 28. 22andro lekiaSvili. qarTvel mTielTa religiuri gadmonaSTebis interpretaciisaTvis._ Jurnali `macne~. istoriis seria. 1. 1985, gv. 54. 23М. Элиаде. Миф и история, kr. Космос и истирия, Избранные работы, Москва, 1987, стр. 55-64. 24Jan Assmann. Collective Memory and Cultural Identity. Author(s): Jan Assmann and John Czaplicka Source: New German Critique,

No. 65, Cultural History/Cultural Studies (Spring - Summer, 1995), pp. 125-133. Jan Assmann, Moses The Egyptian: The Memory of

Egypt In Western Monotheism (Harvard University Press, 1997.

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movlenebis dRevandeli saxiT funqcionireba25. e. i. svaneTis tradiciulma sazogadoebam, romlis tradiciuli sulieri kultura SedarebiT mdgradi, konservatuli bunebiTa da gansakuTrebuli religiurobiT gamoirCeoda, ver igua ori konkretuli dReobis gaqroba dResaswaulTa wliuri ciklidan, xolo vinaidan im konkretul dReobaTa namdvili arsi ukve daviwyebuli iyo, xalxma dResaswauli Semoinaxa imgvari locvis (`limzir~) SesrulebiT, romlis rituali da daniSnuleba yvelaze ufro nacnobi da xSiri iyo morwmuneebisaTvis, anu dReoba transformirda wmida barbaresadmi mimarTul locvad.

Rozeta Gujejiani

Specific examples of transformation and paganization of religious

holidays from Svans’ traditional life Summary

Everyday’s life in Svaneti has kept up to day many religious folk festivals and rituals, major part of

which is conditioned by church calendar, though there are local folk festivals , too – namely patronal festivals

of one or another church. Relatively small part of feasts is originated on local ground and is created in

commemoration of specific historical events (for instance, Hoolisch-oolish, Likhvdishi-likvreshi, Lalkhora

mishladeg etc.). Each holiday is brought in line with church calendar and date calculation for their celebration

occurs according to grand ecclesial feasts. Traditional life of Svaneti has kept even such holidays, study of

genesis of ritual practice of which is very difficult and contradictory. Description and analysis of two particular

Svan folk holidays of this type is represented in this work: they are called `Jgirvanashoba~ and `Sabiashoba~.

On the basis of comparison of already existing description of both holidays and current situation the following

state of things is showed up:

`Jgirvanashoba~ and ̀ Sabiashoba~ are ranked among local holidays, since tradition of their celebration

is kept only in two communities, while both of them are conditioned by church traditions.

Study of names and dates of these holidays showed up that `Jgirvanashoba~ is a folk form of festival

devoted to Saint John the Baptist, during which the prayer was offered near the church of Saint John the Baptist

(Jgirvanash), though in converted form the prayer is devoted to Saint Barbara. This holiday is celebrated on

Saturday during folk holiday `Hoolishoba~. There are known two variation of Sabiashoba. Summer variation is described by Vera Bagdavelidze

(on Saturday during the folk holiday “Hoolishoba”), while winter version is given in my materials (the second

day of Saint Barbara’s day). Both of them are celebrated in Etsera community, near the place called `Sabiash~. On the basis of comparison of holiday rituals and dates was showed up the primary essence of Sabiashoba:

this holiday is established according to church calendar, is devoted to Saba Gantsmendili (+532), that is also

confirmed by toponym `Sabiash~. The 18th (5th) of December is known throughout Georgia by the name of

`Sabaoba~. Holiday terminology is also noteworthy from linguistic viewpoint and obviously these data are taken

into account in this work, too.

It is worth noticing the following kinds of holiday donations. Rules of cooking and donation of each

of donations are displayed.

Both holidays are strictly segregated according to gender character and are meant for women.

The fact that primary idea of holiday rituals is forgotten and they take the form of prayer addressed to

Saint Barbara, can be explained by following reason: for a long period (taking into account objective historical

factors) the population deprived of the opportunity to get canonical education forgot the primary essence of

25К- Леви-стросс. Структурная антропология, Москва, 1983, стр. 230.

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holiday and it was overlapped by icon of Saint Barbara, which was far more extended and closely intertwined

with everyday life – proceeding from cattle-breeding tradition.

The opinion is expressed that these holidays, despite their archaic image are originated on Christian

ground and are extant in converted form – in the form of traditional prayer offered in favor of Saint Barbara.

Similar to ̀ Jgirvanashoba~, the primary essence of the ritual of `Sabiashoba~ is forgotten and meaning

of holiday, specific content of fests is overlapped by Saint Barbara’s doctrine widely extended in Svaneti. This

is no wonder, since we deal with so-called collective memory, which is characterized by events’ alienation

from specific and individual features and which only keeps the fact that is especially understandable for people

and is expressed by familiar categories.

Information reflecting `Hulishoba~, the starting point for date calculation of this holiday is represented

in details in the course of holidays’ analysis.

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levan jiqia, istoriis doqtori

berZnebis afxazeTidan gasaxlebis istoriisaTvis

(1949-1955)

meore msoflio omis dasrulebisTanave civi omi daiwyo. msoflio or

urTierTdapirispirebul banakad gaiyo. sabWoTa kavSiri yvelafers akeTebda saimisod, raTa e. w. socialisturi sistemis farglebSi rac SeiZleba meti saxelmwifo aRmoCeniliyo. gansakuTrebuli brZola daiwyo saberZneTisaTvis, romelic meore msoflio omis Sedegad TiTqmis ganadgurebuli iyo. sabWoTa kavSiri cdilobda radac ar unda dajdomoda saberZneTis `gawiTlebisaTvis~ mieRwia. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma droulad aamoqmeda e. w. `marSalis gegma~ (1947 w.), romelic msoflio omisgan dangreuli veropis saxelmwifoebisaTvis finansur mxardaWeras gulisxmobda. marSalis gegmis farglebSi seriozuli finansuri mxardaWera miiRo saberZneTma. saberZneTi socialisturi samyaros miRma darCa. am garemoebam kidev erTxel ubiZga sabWoTa kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobas daewyo e. w. `agentebis~ Zebna. mZime viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen afxazeTSi mcxovrebi berZnuli mosaxleoba. sabWoTa saqarTvelos (da sabWoTa kavSiris) politikuri xelmZRvaneloba berZnul mosaxleobas (da ara marto maT) erTgvar safrTxed aRiqvamda. berZnebi kompaqturad cxovrobdnen afxazeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi. sabWoTa uSiSroebis samsaxurebi mudmivad adevnebdnen maT Tvalyurs da swavlobdnen berZnebis politikur ganwyobas1.

1949 wlis 7 ivniss saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis mdivanma kandid Carkvianma da saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem z. CxubianiSvilma TxovniT mimarTes sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomares ioseb stalins, raTa saqarTvelodan gaesaxlebinaT ramdenime eTnikuri umciresoba, maT Soris berZnebi afxazeTidan. kremlidan dasturmac ar daayovna, ioseb stalini nebas rTavda saqarTvelos xelisuflebas afxazeTidan gaesaxlebina berZnebi. gasaxlebulTa qoneba adgilobriv kolmeurneobebs unda gadascemoda2.

1949 wlis 14 ivniss, dilis 4 saaTze, daiwyo specoperacia koduri saxelwodebiT `talRa~ da dasrulda dilis 8 saaTze. gasaxlebas daeqvemdebara afxazeTSi mcxovrebi berZnebis 5619 ojaxi, romelTagan 3989 iyo berZnuli moqalaqeobis mqone, 1218 ojaxi – yofili berZnuli moqalaqeobis mqone an moqalaqeobis saerTod armqone, 412 ojaxi - adre berZnuli moqalaqeobis mqone da imdroisaTvis ki sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone. gasaxlebulTagan mamakaci iyo 7957, qali – 8224, bavSvi – 7811, sul – 23992 adamiani3.

specoperaciaSi monawileobda 3945 operatiuli TanamSromeli, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros 7159 oficeri da jariskaci, sabWoTa partiuli aqtivis 14318 adamiani, gamoyenebuli iyo 3303 avtomanqana4. berZnebi Sua aziaSi daasaxles.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTma berZnulma ojaxma TviTon gamoTqva naTesavebTan erTad Sua aziaSi gadasaxlebis survili. ase rom damatebiT 931 sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone berZnuli ojaxi gaasaxles afxazeTidan, aqedan 12 ojaxi qalaq soxumidan, soxumis raionidan – 766 ojaxi, gulirifSis raionidan – 134 ojaxi, gudauTis raionidan – 18 ojaxi, gagris raionidan – 1 ojaxi.

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis 1949 wlis 20 ivnisis #675 brZanebis safuZvelze afxazeTidan gasaxlebuli berZnebis saxlebSi

1saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 7, saqme 141, furclebi 1-4. 2saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 7, saqme 141, furclebi 64-66. 3saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 7, saqme 141, furceli 42. 4saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 7, saqme 141, furceli 44.

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Caasaxles moqalaqeebi saqarTvelos mciremiwiani adgilebidan (ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelodan)5. 1953 wels ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris axalma politikurma xelmZRvanelobam usamarTlod represirebulTa reabilitaciis kursi aiRo. Tumca es procesi seriozuli naklovanebebiT mimdinareobda da is yvelas ar Sexebia. reabilitaciis molodinSi myofma berZnebma daiwyes afxazeTSi TviTneburi dabruneba6. dabrunebulebi iTxovdnen maTi kuTvnili saxlebisa da meurneobis dabrunebas. berZnebis saxlebSi Casaxlebuli mosaxleoba uars acxadebda sacxovrebeli farTis daTmobaze, radgan maTi gancxadebiT isini xuTi welia cxovroben am saxlebSi da sakuTari meurneobac Seqmnes. rac mTavaria isini acxadebdnen, rom xelisuflebis nebarTviT iyvnen Casaxlebuli da ara TviTneburad. aseT viTarebaSi gaxSirda afxazeTSi TviTneburad dabrunebul berZnebsa da maT saxlebSi Casaxlebul mosaxleobas Soris Sexla-Semoxla, fizikuri dapirispireba. viTareba imdenad daiZaba, rom adgilobrivi milicia uZluri iyo Tavidan aecilebina konfliqtis SemTxvevebi. aseT viTarebaSi afxazeTis komunisturi partiis (b) saolqo komitetis mdivanma g. qarCavam TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis mdivan vasil mJavanaZes, raTa am ukanasknels yvelaferi eRona Sua aziaSi gadasaxlebuli berZnebis afxazeTSi TviTneburi dabrunebis aRsakveTad7. ilustraciisaTvis warmogidgenT 1949 wels afxazeTidan gasaxlebuli berZnuli moqalaqeobis mqone ramdenime berZenis sias, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirSi reabilitaciis procesis dawyebisTanave dabrundnen afxazeTSi da iTxovdnen kuTvnil sacxovrisebs: 1. sokrat xarlampis Ze kubusi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul berZnebs. misi qoneba pirveladi aRweriT 670 maneTs Seadgenda, xelmeored aRwerisas _ 863 maneTs. mis saxlSi Caasaxles raJden filipes Ze rexviaSvilis xuTsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan. raJden rexviaSvilma daiwyo axali saxlis mSenebloba. sokrat kubusi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda gulirifSis raionis sofel azanTaSi. 2. simela giorgis asuli zigirtovi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam pirveladi aRweriT Seadgina 491 maneTi, xolo xelmeored aRwerisas _ 1019 maneTi. mis saxlSi Caasaxles vasil dianozis Ze gobejiSvilis orsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan. simela zigirtovi Sua aziidan dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qobuleTis raionis sofel dagvaSi. 3. qristefore iordanes Ze xionidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam pirveladi aRweriT Seadgina 2010 maneTi, xolo xelmeored aRwerisas – 3077 maneTi. mis saxlSi Caasaxles platon filipes Ze rexviaSvilis xuTsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan. qristefore xionidi Sua aziidan dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qobuleTis raionis sofel dagvaSi. 4. aristid sabas Ze karacinidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misi qoneba ar aRwerila. mis saxlSi aravin CausaxlebiaT. misi saxli dangreulia. aristid karacinidi saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qobuleTis raionis sofel dagvaSi. 5. giorgi ivanes Ze egorovi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam pirveladi aRweriT Seadgina 1150 maneTi, xolo xelmeored aRwerisas _ 2135 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles sergo lukas Ze rexviaSvilis samsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan. sergo rexviaSvilma 1526 maneTi daxarja saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze. marTalia giorgi

5saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 31, saqme 221, furclebi 2-3. 6saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 31, saqme 221, furclebi 16-17. 7saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 31, saqme 221, furclebi 3-5.

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egorovi soxumis raiaRmaskomma Caasaxla x. ionidis saxlSi, Tumca is iTxovda Tavis saxlSi dabrunebas. 6. Teofile giorgis Ze popandopulo, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels gaasaxles sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebTan erTad. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam Seadgina 529 maneTi. mis saxlSi Caasaxles simon ivanes Ze WalaZis xuTsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan. Teofile popandopulo saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qobuleTis raionis sofel dagvaSi. 7. dimitri triandofiles Ze ioanidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam pirveladi aRweriT Seadgina 1205 maneTi, xelmeored aRwerisas _ 2396 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles sandro revazis Ze jelaZis oTxsuliani ojaxi. sandro jelaZem saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 1190 maneTi. dimitri ioanidi saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qobuleTis raionis sofel dagvaSi. 8. rudena mixeilis asuli xionidi, SvilTan nikita aristidis ZesTan erTad cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels gaasaxles sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebTan erTad. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam pirveladi aRwerisas Seadgina 1217 maneTi, xolo xelmeored aRwerisas _ 1887 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles raJden giorgis Ze rexviaSvilis Svidsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 4482 maneTi. 9. saba giorgis Ze ustabaSidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam xelmeored aRwerisas Seadgina 965 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles maTe glaxus Ze gobejiSvilis samsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan. afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg saba ustabaSidi cxovrobda soxumis raionis besleTis sasoflo sabWoSi, muSaobda kiris qarxanaSi. 10. giorgi xarlampis Ze kazanjidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam pirveladi aRweriT Seadgina 895 maneTi, xelmeored aRwerisas _ 2744 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles sergo onisimes Ze rexviaSvilis samsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan. sergo rexviaSvilma saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 1480 maneTi. giorgi kazanjidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda soxumis raionis besleTis sasoflo sabWoSi, muSaobda kiris qarxanaSi. 11. panaiot xarlampis Ze kazanjidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam pirveladi aRweriT Seadgina 1840 maneTi, xelmeored aRwerisas _ 1980 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles fedosia lukas asuli gogriWianis samsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan, man saxlis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 720 maneTi. panaiot kazanjidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda soxumis raionis besleTis sasoflo sabWoSi. 12. elise ivanes Ze jomiadi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi werilobiTi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam xelmeored aRwerisas Seadgina 2868 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles nestor qristefores Ze rexviaSvilis eqvssuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 1576 maneTi. elise jomiadi cxovrobda qalaq taSkentSi. 13. ivane xarlampis Ze mistakopulo, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi werilobiTi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misma qonebam

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pirveladi aRweriT Seadgina 590 maneTi, xolo xelmeored aRwerisas _ 2981 maneTi, mis saxlSi Caasaxles givi iosebis Ze WalaZis ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva Senoba-nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 1430 maneTi. ivane mistakopulo saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qobuleTis raionis sofel dakvaSi. 14. elene pavles asuli kubusi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misi qonebis aRwera ar ganxorcielebula. mis saxlSi Caasaxles simon pavles Ze gogriWianis oTxsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 1834 maneTi. 15. nikoloz dimitris Ze atmajievi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. mis saxlSi Caasaxles nikoloz mixeilis Ze gogriWianis samsuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 1490 maneTi. nikoloz atmajievi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi. 16. efrosine estates asuli mistakopulo, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. mis saxlSi Caasaxles Salva ilias Ze WeliZis rvasuliani ojaxi ambrolauris raionidan, romelmac 1220 maneTi daxarja saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze. efrosine mistakopulo afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi orjonikiZis quCa #42-Si. 17. giorgi Tevdores Ze pantelidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. mis saxlSi Caasaxles ivane markozis Ze maisuraZis oTxsuliani ojaxi onis raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze daxarja 172 maneTi. giorgi pantelidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda gulirifSis raionis sofel fSafSi. 18. sofia nikolozis asuli muratova, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. mis saxlSi Caasaxles vasiko kiriles Ze maisuraZis ojaxi onis raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze 2800 maneTi daxarja. sofia muratova afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi kirovis quCa #60-Si. 19. andro andros Ze xarlampidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. xelmeored aRwerisas misma qonebam 1538 maneTi Seadgina, mas Tanxa ar miuRia. mis saxlSi Caasaxles anTimoz zaqarias Ze maisuraZis rvasuliani ojaxi onis raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze 2560 maneTi daxarja. andro xarlampidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi saqarTvelos Sose #332-Si. 20. estate petres Ze anastasiadi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. xelmeored aRwerisas misma qonebam 2626 maneTi Seadgina, mas gadauxades mxolod 334 maneTi. mis saxlSi Caasaxles vaxtang trifonis Ze maisuraZis oTxsuliani ojaxi onis raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze 1050 maneTi daxarja. estate anastasidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi sabWoTa quCis #56-Si. 21. ivane adamis Ze xarlampidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels is nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. pirveladi aRweriT misma qonebam Seadgina 1604 maneTi, rac mas ar miuRia. mis saxlSi Caasaxles raJden nikolozis Ze ugrexeliZis rvasuliani ojaxi cageris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa

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da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze 8099 maneTi daxarja. ivane xarlampidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi saqarTvelos Sose #332/9-Si. 22. estate giorgis Ze anastasiadi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel odiSSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. pirveladi aRweriT misma qonebam 1425 maneTi Seadgina, rac mas ar miuRia. xelmeored aRwerisas misma qonebam 2448 maneTi Seadgina. estate anastasiadis saxlSi Caasaxles nikoloz mixeilis Ze ugrexeliZis aTsuliani ojaxi cageris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze 11797 maneTi daxarja. estate anastasiadi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi ServaSiZis #61-Si. 23. ilia nikolozis Ze xartomajidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel kelasurSi. 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. pirveladi aRweriT misma qonebam 3000 maneTi Seadgina, rac mas ar miuRia, xelmeored aRwerisas misma qonebam 2932 maneTi Seadgina. mis saxlSi Caasaxles aleqsandre konstantines Ze kopalianis xuTsuliani ojaxi cageris raionidan, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze 13746 maneTi daxarja. ilia xartomajidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda gulirifSis raionSi. 24. vasil xarlampis Ze pasxalidi, cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel kelasurSi. is 1949 wels nebayoflobiT gahyva gasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis ar mqone berZnebs. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. pirveladi aRweriT vasil pasxalidis qonebam 2250 maneTi Seadgina, rac mas ar miuRia, xelmeored aRwerisas misma qonebam 3644 maneTi Seadgina. mis saxlSi Caasaxles Tebro vasilis asuli kopalianis oTxsuliani ojaxi cageris raionidan, romelmac 20088 maneTi daxarja axali saxlis mSeneblobisa da sxva saWiroebisaTvis. vasil pasxalidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda soxumis raionis sofel kelasurSi. 25. anastasi konstantines Ze konstantinidi, cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi yazbegis quCaze. 1949 wels is gaasaxles. ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. pirveladi aRweriT misma qonebam 2305 maneTi Seadgina, xolo xelmeored aRwerisas _ 11733 maneTi. mis saxlSi Caasaxles n. vekuas oTxsuliani ojaxi, romelmac saxlis remontze 13524 maneTi daxarja. anastasi konstantinidi cxovrobda qalaq samaryandSi internacionalis quCa #4-Si. 26. andro ivanes Ze mistakidi, cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi goris quCa #15-Si. 1949 wels is gaasaxles, Tumca ar arsebobs misi Txovna nebayoflobiT gasaxlebaze. misi qoneba 973 maneTad Sefasda. mis saxlSi Caasaxles eqim g. nadareiSvilis oTxsuliani ojaxi, romelmac saxlisa da sxva nagebobebis keTilmowyobaze 4542 maneTi daxarja. andro mistakidi afxazeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi gulias quCa #80-Si.8

afxazeTSi TviTneburad dabrunebuli berZnebis 259 ojaxi darCa sacxovrebeli farTisa da sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTebis gareSe.

1953 wlis 7 oqtombers saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis prokuraturidan saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis mdivan vasil mJavanaZes saidumlod gaegzavna werili, romelSic saubari iyo saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetisa da afxazeTis saolqo komitetis yofili xelmZRvanelobis mxridan kanonebis uxeSi darRveviT afxazeTidan berZeni mosaxleobis gasaxlebaze.

1955 wlis 12 aprilis sxdomaze saqarTvelos kp (b) ck biuros sxdomam (oqmi 68) ganixila 1949 wels afxazeTidan gasaxlebuli sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone berZnebis sakiTxi (momxseneblebi: alatorcevi, miwiuri, gociriZe, CubiniZe, javaxiSvili, georgaZe, labaxua, kuWava, inauri, gunia, lelaSvili, gegeSiZe, janeliZe, arSba, sexniaSvili, mJavanaZe) da daadgina dabrunebuliyvnen afxazeTSi

8saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 31, saqme 221, furclebi 6-15.

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ukanonod gasaxlebuli sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone berZnebi da daevala „saqgadasaxlebmSens“ aeSenebina maTTvis saxlebi. biurom daavala saqarTvelos kp (b) centralur komitetTan arsebul partiul komisias, saqarTvelos ssr prokurors TofuriZes da afxazeTis assr prokurors lominaZes gaerkviaT 1949 wels afxazeTidan sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone berZnebis ukanono gasaxlebaSi damnaSave pirebi, raTa maTi partiuli pasuxismgeblobisa da sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxi daeyenebinaT dRis wesrigSi9.

1955 wlis 4 agvistos saqarTvelos kp (b) centraluri komitetis mdivanma vasil mJavanaZem da saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare givi javaxiSvilma TxovniT mimarTes sakavSiro komunisturi partiis centralur komitetsa da sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, raTa sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo bankidan usaxlkaro darCenili berZnebis 259 ojaxisaTvis gamoeyoT 518 aTasi maneTi. Txovna dakmayofilda10, ris Semdeg berZnebsa da afxazeTis adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris incidentebma iklo.

amdenad, 1949 wels ukanonod ganxorcielda afxazeTidan sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone berZeni mosaxleobis gasaxleba. ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris axalma politikurma xelmZRvanelobam ukanonod represirebulTa reabilitacia daiwyo, Tumca es procesi arasrulyofilad warimarTa. aseT viTarebaSi berZnebma daiwyes TviTneburi dabruneba afxazeTSi. gaxSirda incidentebi dabrunebul berZnebsa da maT saxlebSi CasaxlebulTa Soris. sabolood sabWoTa xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba afxazeTSi dabrunebuli berZnebisaTvis axali sacxovrebeli farTebis gadacemis Sesaxeb. amiT problema gadaiWra da incidentebmac iklo.

Levan Jikia

History of expulsion of Greeks from Abkhazia

(1949-1955) Summary

On the 7th of June, 1949 the political government of the Soviet Georgia applied with request to Mr.

Ioseb Stalin, the chairman of Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union in order to give permission to evict

some ethnic minorities from Georgia, including Greeks - from Abkhazia. The approval for Kremlin was sent

immediately and respectively on the 14th of June, 1949 at 4 o’clock a.m. the special operation with the code

name “Wave” was launched which finished at 8 o’clock a.m. As a result of the special operation 5619 Greek

families were evicted from Abkhazia. It is important to be mentioned that several Greek households expressed

a wish themselves to be expulsed with their relatives in the middle Asia. So the extra 931 Greek households

having the soviet citizenship were evicted from Abkhazia. In the houses of the deported families Georgian

citizens from different regions were settled down.

In 1953 after the death of Mr. Ioseb Stalin the new political government of the Soviet Union began

rehabilitation process of illegally repressed persons but it did not refer to everyone. The Greeks waiting for

return started to come back in Abkhazia by themselves. They demanded to give back illegally deprived houses.

In such circumstances the conflicts and physical resistances between the Greeks willfully returned in Abkhazia

and the population settled in their houses frequented. The situation was such tensioned that the local police

was powerless to avoid conflict incidents.

On the 4th of August, 1955 Georgian political government applied with request to the political

government of the Soviet Union in order to allocate 518 thousand rouble from the public bank of the Soviet

Union for homeless Greeks. The request was satisfied after which the number of incidents between the Greeks

and the local population of Abkhazia was reduced.

9saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 30, saqme 53, furclebi 9-10. 10saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 14, aRwera 31, saqme 221, furclebi 2-3.

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merab kalandaZe, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

erTi aqtualuri problemis gamo, anu dava udavo sakiTxze

qarTulma istoriografiam postsabWoTa sivrceSi, pirvelma Tu ara, erT-erTma

pirvelma dasva sakiTxi msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis gadasinjvis Taobaze. es Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis erT-erTi pliusia. msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis gadasinjvis aucileblobas aravin uaryofda. mkafiod gamoikveTa sakiTxisadmi ori midgoma. istorikosTa erTi nawili kategoriulad uaryofs msoflio istoriis marqsistul periodizacias da mxars uWers msoflio istoriis periodizaciis evropuli modelis aRdgenas. „Cven piradad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia yovelgvari originalobis da novaciebis gareSe saSualo da umaRles saswavleblebSi msoflio istoriis swavlebisas SemoRebuli iqnas is periodizacia, romelic miRebulia civilur samyaroSi. Zvel istorias da Sua saukuneebis istorias Soris mijnas warmoadgens qristianobis gavrceleba, germaneli tomebis Semosevebi, dasavleT romis imperiis dacema. Sua saukuneebis da axal istorias Soris zRvaria renesansi, didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi, reformacia. axal da uaxles istorias Soris mijnad, Cveni azriT, yvelaze umjobesi iqneboda aviRoT pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisi“1. aq msoflio istoriis marqsistul periodizaciis kategoriul ugulebelyofasTan gvaqvs saqme. am periodizaciazea agebuli prof. kote anTaZis redaqciiT, 90-ian wlebSi gamosuli msoflio istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi2. es xazi gavagrZeleT Cvens SromebSi da vcadeT mogveca evropis calkeuli qveynebis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, istoriuli azrovnebis da msoflio istoriis calkeuli sakvanZo sakiTxebis periodizacia3. es aris erTi midgoma. arsebobs sul sxva Tvalsazrisic. aseTi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba,

cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar iyo da postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi

arsebuli Tavisufali azrovnebis, istoriuli movlenebisadmi mravalvariantuli

1k. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe, k. meSveliani. istoriis periodizaciisTvis.– Jurnali „macne“, istoriis seria, №2, 1992, gv. 34; m. kalandaZe. msoflio istoris periodizacia qarTul istoriografiaSi. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 73; k. anTaZe, k. meSveliani, m. kalandaZe. msoflio istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxi.– Jurnali

„istoria da geografia skolaSi“, №1-2, Tbilisi, 1992. gv. 10; M. Каландадзе. Грузинские школьные учебники

по новой истории.– `Преподавание истории в школе~, №7, 1994, გვ. 38. 2q. TvaliaSvili, c. CikvaiZe. Zveli msoflios istoria. VI klasis saxelmZRvanelo (meore gamocema). Tbilisi, 2005; k. anTaZe, l. fircxalava. Sua saukuneebis istoria. me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo. meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 2000; k. anTaZe, n. mamukelaSvili. axali istoria. VIII klasis saxelmZRvanelo. meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 2000; g. boloTaSvili, n. kiRuraZe, e. meZmariaSvili. uaxlesi istoria. IX klasis saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, 1997; m. kalandaZe, n. mamukelaSvili, l. fircxalava. istoria. X klasi.

Tbilisi, 2001, 1997. 3m. kalandaZe. germaniis istoriis periodizacia.– Jurnali „klio“, №17, 2003; m. kalandaZe. safrangeTis istoriis periodizacia.– Jurnali „klio“, №20, 2003; m. kalandaZe. inglisis istoriis periodizacia.– Jurnali „klio“, №21, 2004; m. kalandaZe. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriis periodizacia.– Jurnali „klio“, №25, 2005; m. kalandaZe. italiis istoriis periodizacia.– Jurnali „klio“, №27, 2005; m. kalandaZe. espaneTis istoriis periodizacia.– Jurnali „klio“, №29, 2006; m. kalandaZe. ruseTis istoriis periodizacia.– krebuli „axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi“. nakveTi 3. Tbilisi, 2008; m. kalandaZe. germaniis istoria, kultura, geografia. Tbilisi, 2002; k. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe. safrangeTis istoria, kultura, geografia. Tbilisi, 2005; m. kalandaZe. inglisis istoria, kultura, geografia. Tbilisi, 2005; m. kalandaZe. diplomatiis istoriis periodizacia.– qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli 10. Tbilisi, 2003; m. kalandaZe. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis periodizacia.– qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 11. Tbilisi, 2004; m. kalandaZe. istoriuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis periodizacia.– krebuli miZRvnili vaxtang nanitaSvilis xsovnisadmi. Tbilisi, 2005; T. anTaZe, m. kalandaZe. napoleon bonapartis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis ZiriTadi etapebi.– saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti. humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi. t. IV. Tbilisi, 2015; m. kalandaZe. axali istoris zogierTi sakvanZo sakiTxis periodizaciis Taobaze.– gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, №9-10, 2015.

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midgomis, logikuri Sedegia. meore Sexedulebas erTgvari kompromisuli elferi

dakravs. aq marqsistuli periodizaciis gadasinjva sanaxevro, zedapirul, paliatur

xasiaTs atarebs da mxolod deklamaciis doneze xdeba. meore midgomis mTavar

tonismimcemad cnobili qarTveli istorikosi prof. givi Jordania mogvevlina.

am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs misi saintereso statia „SeniSvnebi,

msoflio istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxebze“4, romelic daibeWda Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis gazeTSi. is ar uaryofs msoflio istoriis marqsistuli

periodizaciis gadasinjvis aucileblobas. Sua saukuneebs da axal istorias Soris

mijnad is iRebs XV saukunis miwuruls da XVI saukunis dasawyiss. es iyo swori

xedva, magram is ratomRac Tavs ikavebs aqedan axali istoriis dawyebaze da

mizanSewonilad esaxeba xangrZlivi gardamavali periodis gamoyofa didi

geografiuli aRmoCenebidan safrangeTis didi revoluciis dawyebamde (1492-1789).

sakiTxisadmi formaciuli midgomis daZlevis mcdeloba am Temaze misi msjelobis

pliusia. sakiTxisadmi formaciuli midgoma ar cnobda gardamaval xanas. amgvari

xedva siaxlis Semcveli iyo, magram sakiTxis aseTi gadawyveta sakamaTo SeiZleba

iyos da damajereblad ar migvaCnia. xom ar varTulebT saqmes? aq, cxadia,

vgulisxmobT imas, rom xangrZlivi gardamavali periodis (1492-1789 wlebi) gamoyofa

sruliad zedmetad gveCveneba. safrangeTis didi revoluciiT axali drois istoriis

dawyeba dagvianebuli unda Candes da Zalian uaxlovdeba msoflio istoriis

stalinur periodizacias. amitom amgvari midgoma, Cveni azriT, msoflio istoriis

stalinuri periodizaciis reanimaciis farul mcdelobad aRiqmeba da principulad

miuRebelia. es ar aris araviTari gardamavali periodi. es aris adreuli axali

dro (1492-1789 ww.), rogorc es miRebulia istorikosTa saerTaSoriso kongresebze,

simpoziumebze, konferenciebze, saskolo da umaRlesi saswavleblebis

saxelmZRvaneloebSi, samecniero literaturaSi.

aRniSnul sakiTxze Tavisi azri gamoTqva istorikosma profesorma akaki

geTiaSvilma. am TemasTan dakavSirebiT misi pozicia sainteresoa, magram sakamaToa.

amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom am problemisadmi misi midgoma araTanmimdevrulad

migvaCnia. saqme isaa, rom man jer kidev 2000 wels krebulSi „Sua saukunebis istoriis

sakiTxebi“ gamoaqveyna polemisturi xasiaTis naSromi „ramdenad misaRebia es

qronologia, anu gana unda davubrundeT XV saukunes?“5 aq is, rogorc

saTauridanac kargad Cans, faqtobrivad, upirispirdeba im novaciebs, romelsac

adgili hqonda postsabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi da iTvaliswinebda

msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis gadaxedvas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am

naSromSi igi arsebiTad axals arafers ambobs da mxars uWers Zvel versias, rom

Sua saukuneebsa da axal istorias Soris mijnad davtovoT XVII saukunis Sua xanebi.

„aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti da misi programa

msoflio istoriaSi, Cveni azriT, Sua saukuneebis epoqas unda gansazRvravdes

Semdegi qronologiiT: dasawyisi mTeli V saukune, dasasruli, daaxloebiT XVI

saukunis bolo da XVII saukunis damdegi (konkretuli qveynis, regionis, kontinentis

gaTvaliswinebiT). sxvanairad Sua saukuneebis istorias, rogorc erTian epoqas

mTlianobaSi ver aRiqvams da ver gaiazrebs verc farTo mkiTxveli da miT umetes

verc VII klasis moswavle“6. aq, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs XVII saukunis Sua xanebis

4g. Jordania. SeniSvnebi msoflio istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxze.– „Tbilisis universiteti“, 1991 wlis 29 noemberi. 5a. geTiaSvili. ramdenad misaRebia es qronologia, anu gana unda davubrundeT XV saukunes? – „Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi“. nakveTi II. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 5-11. 6a. geTiaSvili. ramdenad misaRebia es qronologia, anu gana unda davubrundeT XV saukunes? – „Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi“. nakveTi II. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 10.

64

inglisis revolucias, magram amas ar akonkretebs da Zalze bundovnad, zogadi

frazeologiiT Semoifargleba. amgvari midgoma axali araa da gaWrili vaSliviT

hgavs msoflio istoriis marqsistul periodizacias. riTi gansxvavdeba igi

marqsistuli midgomisagan? vfiqrobT, arafriT. praqtikulad, saqme gvaqvs axali

argumentebiT SefuTul Zvel versiasTan, romelic gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi,

prof. kote anTaZis redaqciiT gamosul msoflio istoriis saskolo

saxelmZRvaneloebis Semdeg, wingadadgmul nabijad Znelia miviCnioT. amgvari xedva

marqsistuli periodizaciis wisqvilze asxams wyals da, vfiqrobT, miuRebeli unda

iyos.

aRniSnul sakiTxSi sruliad gansxvavebuli pozicia uWiravs mas „Sua

saukuneebis istoriis“ saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi7, romelic man profesor beJan

javaxiasTan erTad dawera. aq isini Sua saukuneebis istoriis mecnierebis da

teqnikis ganviTarebiT da geografiuli aRmoCenebiT amTavreben8. erT SemTxvevaSi

saqme gvaqvs XV saukunis miwurulidan axali istoriiis dawyebis uaryofis

mcdelobasTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki Sua saukuneebis istorias vamTavrebT XV

saukunis bolos didi geografiuli aRmoCenebiT. sad aris logika? am SemTxvevaSi

periodizaciis sakiTxSi srul qaosTan gvaqvs saqme, rac, cxadia, miuRebelia. didi

geografiuli aRmoCenebis CarTva Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi sakamaTod migvaCnia.

albaT, ufro upriani iqneboda saxelmZRvanelo dagvesrulebina wina monakveTiT

renesansiT9. bolo nawili, Cveni azriT, saWiro ar iyo da zedmetia.

msoflio istoriis periodizaciis evropuli versiisadmi skeptikur

damokidebulebas amJRavnebs qarTuli medievistikis kidev erTi TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli profesor guram kutalia. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs

2004 wels misi xelmZRvanelobiT dawerili Sua saukuneebis istoriis

sauniversiteto saxelmZRvanelos pirveli nawili, romelic qronologiurad

moicavs V-XV saukuneebs. am Canafiqris Tanaxmad, meore nawili iqneboda XVI saukune

da XVII saukunis pirveli naxevari. aq periodizaciis sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba

Zalian gamWvirvale da naTelia. avtoris Rrma rwmeniT, Sua saukuneebsa da axal

istorias Soris mijnad unda davtovoT XVII saukunis Sua wlebi. is am sakiTxze

sagangebod Cerdeba saxelmZRvanelos dasawyisSi „msoflio istoriis samwevrovani

dayofa“, romelic im novaciebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, romelsac adgili aqvs

Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi msoflio istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxSi

da miznad isaxavs marqsistuli periodizaciis radikalur gadasinjvas. aRniSnuli

problemisadmi misi midgoma winaaRmdegobrivad migvaCnia. erT adgilas is aRniSnavs:

„amitom upriania vTqvaT, rom XVI saukune da XVII saukunis dasawyisi gardamavali

periodi an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi „adreuli axali droa“10. meore adgilze is am

periods, XVII saukunis pirveli naxevari, axasiaTebs, „rogorc gviandeli

feodalizmis anu adreuli axali drois periods“11. saqme gvaqvs formaciuli

midgomis reanimaciis mcdelobasTan, rac CvenTvis kategoriulad miuRebelia.

sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma imdenad naTels ar fens Temas, ramdenadac kidev ufro

bundovans xdis mas. an erTi unda iyos, an meore. orive erTad ver iqneba. vfiqrobT,

sakiTxi aris Zalian gamWvirvale da zedmetad nu gavarTulebT. es saWiro araa. es

7b. javaxia, a. geTiaSvili. Sua saukuneebis istoria. VII klasis saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, 2003. 8b. javaxia, a. geTiaSvili. Sua saukuneebis istoria. VII klasis saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 174-180. 9b. javaxia, a. geTiaSvili. Sua saukuneebis istoria. VII klasis saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 165-174. 10Sua saukuneebis istoria. nawili 1. g. kutalias redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9. 11Sua saukuneebis istoria. nawili 1. g. kutalias redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 15.

65

arc gardamavali periodia da arc gviani Sua saukuneebi da adreuli axali dro

erTad. es adreuli axali istoriaa. misi argumentacia ver gvarwmunebs misi

msjelobis marTebulebaSi. is Tavis msjelobas j. trevelianis mosazrebis araswor

interpretaciaze agebs. sakiTxisadmi ingliseli istorikosis midgoma sworad unda

gavigoT da ara saTavisod, rogorc es am SemTxvevaSi xdeba. ingliseli istorikosi

savsebiT marTalia, rom axali istoriis gariJraJze kvlav arsebobdnen Zveli Sua

saukuneebis struqturebi, magram misi Rrma rwmeniT, es aris ara Sua saukuneebis

istoria, aramed adreuli axali dro, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zveli da

axali struqturebis Tanaarseboba. gamoCenilma frangma istorikosma Jak le gofma

kargad uwoda „xangrZlivi Sua saukuneebi“. axal istorias treveliani iwyebs XIV-

XV saukuneebidan, rogorc es miRebulia evropul istoriografiaSi. ai, es iqneba j.

trevelianis Sexedulebisadmi swori midgoma, xolo saTavisod interpretireba

miuRebelia. sainteresoa, ratom iwyebs treveliani Tavis wigns „inglisis

socialuri istoria“ jefri Coseridan da ara samrewvelo gadatrialebidan

inglisSi. ra kavSiri arsebobs Cosersa da dedofal viqtorias Soris? am kiTxvaze,

Cveni SexedulebiT, erTi pasuxi arsebobs. imitom, rom ingliseli istorikosi am

epoqas Coseridan viqtoriamde moiazrebs rogorc axal dros.

axali istoria mxolod progresTan rodi asocirdeba. winsvlasTan erTad

adgili aqvs stagnacias. erT SemTxvevaSi es aris winsvla, progresi. amis mkafio

gamoxatulebaa inglisis, niderlandebis, safrangeTis ganviTareba. meore

SemTxvevaSi es procesi SeferxebiT mimdinareobs da adgili aqvs stagnacias,

romelic gamoxatulebas poulobs Suasaukuneebrivi struqturebis konservaciaSi. am

gziT viTardeboda germania, espaneTi, skandinaviis qveynebi, aRmosavleT evropis

saxelmwifoebi. am mimarTulebiT warimarTa saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTareba.

es adreuli axali droa da ara gviani Sua saukuneebi12. nuTu aseTi Zneli

gasacnobierebelia, rom adreuli axali istoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sua

saukuneebis strqturebis da axali urTierTobebis Tanaarseboba.

XVI saukuneSi Zveli Sua saukuneebis struqturebis dominirebaze saubari,

albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da garkveuli ukmarisobis grZnobas gviCens.

XVI saukuneSi Zalumad dabera axalma siom. sul ufro ikrebs Zalas racionalizmi,

individualizmi, praqticizmi, azrovnebis sekularizacia. yalibdeba axali tipis

adamiani, romelsac aqvs sruliad axali mentaliteti, adamiani – Semoqmedi, axali

civilizaciis mesaZirkvle. amas mZlavri stimuli misca reformaciam, pirvel rigSi

ki, ra Tqma unda, kalvinizmma. upiratesoba eniWeba saxelmwifos interesebs.

dominanti xdeba „saxelmwifos interesebi“ da ara Zveli religiur-ideologiuri

imperativebi. saerTaSoriso asparezze adgili aqvs dapirispirebas ara calkeul

saxelmwifoebs Soris, aramed koaliciebs Soris. saZirkveli eyreba koloniur

politikas. da bolos, rac mTavaria, sazRvao civilizaciidan gadavdivarT

saokeanoze. nuTu isev Sua saukuneebis istoriaa? vfiqrobT, rom ara. XVI-XVII

saukuneebi miRebulia axali civilizaciis dabadebis xanad. es aris adreuli axali

istoria. velosipedis Tavidan gamogoneba, Cveni azriT, saWiro araa.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul istoriografias

es sakiTxi sakmaod kargad unda hqonoda gacnobierebuli. ai, ras werda Teimuraz

WumburiZe Tavisi „axali istoriis“ saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi: „marTlac amerikis

aRmoCena da saerTod, didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi... Rrma mniSvnelobis movlenaa...

12m. kalandaZe. msoflio istoriis periodizacia qarTul istoriografiaSi. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 72-82; m. kalandaZe. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 48-52.

66

ase rom, am didmniSvnelovani movlenidan axali istoriis dawyeba ar aris

moklebuli erTgvarovan safuZvels, magram es kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom XV saukunis

gasuls ispoba yvelaferi is, riTac saSualo saukuneebis evropa cxovrobda. am

mxriv, rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia, rom XV saukunis gasuli e. i. dro didi

geografiuli aRmoCenebisa, gauval sazRvrad davidoT saSualo saukuneebsa da axal

istorias Soris. piriqiT, is movlenebi, romelic Tavisi warmoSobiT saSualo

saukuneebs miekuTvnebian, ganagrZoben Tavis arsebobas axal istoriaSic. feodaluri

weswyobilebis naSTebma safrangeTis didi revoluciamde moatanes, xolo evropis

danarCen kuTxeebSi ufro gvian moispnen.

piriqiT, is movlenebi, romlebic axali istoriis damaxasiaTebel movlenebad

iTvleba, magaliTad fulis meurneoba, qalaquri cxovrebis ganviTareba, axali

humanisturi msoflmxedveloba XV saukuneze ufro adre warmoiSva evropis

cxovrebaSi“13. sakmaod realisturi midgomaa.

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi gamosuli axali istoriis

pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis mTavar Rirsebad msoflio

istoriis swori periodizacia migvaCnia. isini Sua saukuneebsa da axal istorias

Soris mijnad asaxeleben XV saukunis miwuruls da XVI saukunis dasawyiss,

konkretulad ki renesanss, did geografiul aRmoCenebs, reformacias. azrTa

sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs konkretuli TariRis gansazRvra. erTni (a. wereTeli, T.

WumburiZe) am or epoqas Soris mijnad did geografiul aRmoCenebs miiCneven, xolo

meoreni (d. uznaZe, i. gvelesiani, s. avaliani) – renesanss da reformacias. es kamaTi

principul xasiaTs ar atarebs da mxolod detalebs Seexeba. analogiuri midgoma

gvxvdeba revoluciamdel rusul da XIX-XX saukuneebis evropul istoriografiaSi.

am Tvalsazrisis revizia zedmetia. es ukve gaakeTes marqsistebma. ra Sedegi moyva

amas, yvelam kargad viciT.

Sua saukuneebs da axal istorias Soris mijnad XVII saukunis Sua xanebis

datoveba anaqronizmad migvaCnia. amgvari midgoma msoflio istoriis marqsistuli

periodizaciis wisqvilze asxams wyals da gaWrili vaSliviT hgavs mas. axali

istoria iwyeboda XVII saukunis Sua wlebSi inglisis revoluciiT, aRar vityviT

burJuaziuli, es metismeti iqneboda. ramdenad misaRebia es qronologia, anu gana

unda davtovoT XVII saukunis Sua xanebi am or epoqas Soris mijnad? am kiTxvaze

pasuxi erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiTia – ara. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, Tanamedrove

qarTuli istoriografia win unda wavides da ara ukan. amitom msoflio istoriis

marqsistuli periodizaciis reanimaciis nebismieri mcdeloba, ra formiTac ar unda

iyos is, miuReblad migvaCnia da es qarTuli istoriografiis guSindeli dRea.

aseTi pozicia, vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar yofila da, Cveni azriT, pirvel

yovlisa, Tavdacvis instiqtiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, romelsac mkveTrad

gamokveTili, pragmatuli sarCuli gaaCnia. am periods axali istoria wagvarTmevs.

es Seusabamoba xom unda gaswordes. amitom, Cven migvaCnia, rom am davas wminda

subieqturi motivebi udevs safuZvlad da viwro dargobrivi interesebiTaa

gamowveuli. arsebiTad aq sadavo arc araferia.

bunebrivia, seriozuli koreqtivebis Setanas moiTxovs Sua saukuneebis

istoriis Sida periodizacia. am problemisadmi marqsistuli midgoma dRes ukve

moZvelebulia, yavli gauvida da istoriografiuli retros surneli dakravs.

sabWoTa istoriografiis Tanaxmad, Sua saukuneebis istoria sam periodad iyofoda:

1. adreuli Sua saukuneebi (V-XI ss), 2. klasikuri Sua saukuneebis xana (XI-XV ss),

13T. WumburiZe. axali istoria. quTaisi, 1920, gv. 1-2.

67

da 3. gviani Sua saukuneebi (XVI saukune-XVII saukunis Sua xanebi). Sua saukuneebis

istoriis sam periodad dayofa misaRebi unda Candes, magram masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsi,

socialur-ekonomikuri formaciebi da klasobrivi brZolis principi miuRebelia.

calkeuli epoqebis qronologiuri CarCoebis dazusteba, koreqtireba,

gamoricxulad ar migvaCnia.

pirvel yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebis istoriiis marqsistuli

Sida periodizaciis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia da seriozuli koreqtivebis

Setanas, dazustebas moiTxovs gviani Sua saukuneebis adgili msoflio istoriaSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso standartebis Tanaxmad, XVI saukune da XVII

saukunis pirveli naxevari araa gviani Sua saukuneebis istoria da arc gardamavali

periodi. es adreuli axali droa. es Seusabamoba unda gaswordes.

dazustebas moiTxovs ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis (XI-XV ss.)

qronologiuri CarCoebi. aq, pirvel yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom

XIV-XV saukuneebSi, rodesac Cndeba sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebi, warmoiSoba

wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia, iwyeba renesansi, mikuTvneba ganviTarebuli

feodalizmis epoqisaTvis dagvianebuli unda iyos da, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles

moiTxovs. amave dros XIV saukunidan axali epoqis dawyeba, rogorc amas xazs usvams

evropel istorikosTa erTi nawili, naadrevi unda Candes.

adrindeli Sua saukuneebis istoriis periodizaciis dazusteba, Semdgomi

srulyofa, daxvewa, Cveni azriT, gamoricxuli ar unda iqnas. aq, cxadia,

vgulisxmobT imas, rom albaT, gacilebiT upriani iqneboda es epoqa davasruloT

ara XI saukunis miwuruls, rogorc amas xazs usvamda sabWoTa istoriografia,

aramed gacilebiT ufro adre – IX saukunis Sua xanebSi, 843 wels verdenis

SeTanxmebiTa da frankTa saxelmwifos daSliT. Tanamedrove qarTul medievistikaSi

Sua saukuneebis istoriis marqsistuli Sida periodizaciis reanimacia

damajereblad ar migvaCnia da miuRebeli unda iyos14.

Sua saukuneebis istoriiis Sida periodizacia ase gvesaxeba. is pirobiT, sam

periodad SeiZleba davyoT: 1. adreuli Sua saukuneebi (V-IX ss.). am epoqis SigniT

mniSvnelovani mijna Cans arabTa Semosevebi. amiT ki ar iwyeba Sua saukuneebis

istoria, rogorc amas anri pireni fiqrobs, aramed es aris mniSvnelovani mijna

adreuli Sua saukuneebis istoriis SigniT. 2. klasikuri Sua saukuneebis epoqa (IX-

XIII ss.). am epoqis SigniT mniSvnelovani mijna Cans XI saukunis miwuruli, qalaqebis

ganviTareba da jvarosnuli laSqrobebi. 3. XIV-XV saukuneebi unda moviazroT,

rogorc gviani Sua saukuneebis periodi. rogorc holandieli mecnieri i. hoizinga

ityoda, es aris „Sua saukuneebis Semodgoma“. am epoqis SigniT yuradRebas ipyrobs

renesansis xana, ganviTareba, romelsac CinkveCentosTan mivyavarT, an is SeiZleba

davyoT ubralod saukuneebis mixedviT, XIV saukune da XV saukune.

vfiqrobT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom am SemTxvevaSi msoflio istoriis

marqsistuli periodizaciis gadasinjva survilebis doneze xdeba. erT SemTxvevaSi

saqme gvaqvs msoflio istoriis periodizaciis radikaluri gadasinjvis

mcdelobasTan, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi pliusebi da minusebi. meore

SemTxvevaSi es xdeba survilis doneze. am or midgomas Soris principuli

gansxvaveba, Cveni azriT, swored amaSi unda mdgomareobdes.

aRniSnuli problemis sanaxevrod gadawyvetasTan gvaqvs saqme sul axlaxans,

2015 wels profesor murman papaSvilis redaqciiT gamosul saxelmZRvaneloSi

„dasavleT evropis istoria (XVI saukune)“15. yuradRebas mivapyrobT or garemoebas.

14Sua saukuneebis istoria. prof. g. kutalias redaqiiT. Tbilisi, 2004. gv. 14-15. 15dasavleT evropis istoria (XVI saukune). redaqtori prof. murman papaSvili. Tbilisi, 2015.

68

Tavdapirveli ganzraxvis Tanaxmad, es wigni Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc Sua

saukuneebis istoriis saxelmZRvanelos gagrZeleba (meore nawili), e. i. XVI saukunis

dasavleT evropis istoria moiazreboda Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi. sabolood,

saxelmZRvanelos avtorebma gaiziares profesor Teimuraz papasqiris da am

striqonebis avtoris rCeva da SeCerdnen kompromisul variantze – „dasavleT

evropis istoria (XVI saukune). es swori nabiji iyo. miuxedavad amisa, msoflio

istoriis marqsistul periodizaciaze uaris Tqmaze laparaki mainc Zneli unda iyos.

marTalia, saTauridan aRar Cans, magram teqstSi sakmaod Zalumad igrZnoba, rom es

epoqa Sua saukuneebis istoriasTan ufro metad asocirdeba, vidre adreul axal

drosTan. es ki, Cveni azriT, swori ar unda iyos. erTaderTi istoriuli skola,

romelic XVI saukunes Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi moiazreboda, sabWoTa

istoriografia iyo.

Zveli inercia imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi

saqarTveloSi gamoqveynebuli Sua saukuneebis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi kvlav

gvxvdeba msoflio istoriis sabWoTa marqsistuli periodizacia da XVI saukunisa

da XVII saukunis pirveli naxevris istoria isev moiazreba rogorc Sua saukuneebis

istoria16. aq, cxadia, saTanadod araa gaTvaliswinebuli is novaciebi, romelsac

adgili hqonda 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi postsabWoTa periodis qarTul

istoriografiaSi.

qarTveli medievistebidan msoflio istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxSi

yvelaze ufro swori pozicia profesorma karlo meSvelianma daikava da man mxari

dauWira Sua saukuneebis istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis radikalur

gadasinjvas.

erT mosazrebas win mivyavarT, meore ki ukan gveqaCeba. am ori Sexedulebidan

romelia ufro swori, vfiqrobT, amis gamorkveva miukerZoebel mkiTxvels ar

gauWirdeba.

* * *

amrigad, sabWoTa totalitarul-bolSevikuri saxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT,

qarTul istoriografias ZaliT moaxvies Tavs msoflio istoriis marqsistuli

periodizacia da mas amis winaaRmdeg xmis amoRebis aranairi saSualeba ar gaaCnda.

sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala. saqarTvelom suverenoba aRidgina. qarTul

istoriografias SeeZlo sakuTari arCevani gaekeTebina. man uari Tqva msoflio

istoriis marqsistul periodizaciaze. es Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis

erT-erTi didi pliusia, romelsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi Zlieri da susti

mxareebi.

qarTvel istorikoTa erTma nawilma kategoriulad uaryo msoflio istoriis

marqsistuli periodizacia da daubrunda evropul models. Sua saukuneebsa da axal

istorias Soris mijnad iRebs XV saukunis miwuruls da XVI saukunis dasawyiss,

konkretulad ki, renesanss, did geografiul aRmoCenebs, reformacias.

qarTvel medievistTa meore didi nawili ase ar fiqrobs da am epoqas, XVI

saukunes da XVII saukunis pirvel naxevars, ar aRiqvams, rogorc adreul axal dros,

rogorc es miRebulia evropul-amerikul istoriografiaSi; saubrobs xangrZliv

gardamaval periodze. es arc gardamavali periodia da arc gviani Sua saukuneebi

da adreuli axali dro erTdroulad. es erTmniSvnelovnad adreuli axali droa,

16m. papaSvili. Sua saukuneebis istoria. nawili 1. Tbilisi, 1994; n. gomarTeli. Sua saukuneebis istoria. nawili 1. Tbilisi, 1996. meore nawili iqneboda XVI saukune da XVII saukunis pirveli naxevari. es Zneli misaxvedri araa.

69

romelsac axasiaTebs Zveli Sua saukuneebis da axali struqturebis Tanaarseboba.

sruli pasuxismgeblobiT unda ganvacxadoT, rom veraviTar aucileblobas msoflio

istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis reanimaciisa ver vxedavT. ramdenad misaRebia

es qronologia, anu gana unda davtovoT ZalaSi XVII saukunis Sua xanebi? am

kiTxvaze Cveni pasuxi erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiTia – ara. periodizaciis sakiTxSi

aseTi orWofoba da meryeoba, vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos da is Tanamedrove

qarTuli medievistikis krizisis erT-erT simptomad gvevlineba. am sakiTxze kamaTi

Ria karis mtvrevad migvaCnia. es aris dava udavo sakiTxze.

maS ase, erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs msoflio istoriis marqsistuli

periodizaciis gadasinjvis radikalur mcdelobasTan. aq kategoriuladaa

uaryofili msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizacia da aRdgenilia evropuli

midgoma, romelic umTavresad i. stalinis ZalisxmeviT, sabWoTa periodis

istoriografiam, sruliad umarTebulod, ugulebelyo. meore SemTxvevaSi msoflio

istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis gadasinja xdeba zedapirulad, sanaxevrod da

kompromisul xasiaTs atarebs. amgvar midgomas damajerebloba aklia da, Cveni

azriT, msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis reanimaciis farul

mcdelobad SeiZleba miviCnioT. es ki, ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi

aqcenti keTdeba evropul realiebze. meore SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove rusuli

istoriografiis gavlenis kvali ufro ikveTeba. sakuTriv aseTi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

periodizaciis sakiTxSi sabWoTa epoqis qarTuli istoriografiis Semdeg win

gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens. amgvari mravalvariantuli midgoma, cxadia, cariel

niadagze ar aRmocenebula da Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi arsebuli Tavisufali

azrovnebis logikuri Sedegia, magram droa am sakiTxze dava dasruldes da

qarTulma istoriografiamac gaiziaros msoflio istoriografiaSi miRebuli

Tvalsazrisi.

Merab Kalandadze

The most urgent problem, that is matter of dispute undispited

Summary

Soviet Totalitarian State efforts by virtue of Georgian historiography imposed Marxist periodization

of World History and for the removal of any sound could not afford.

The Soviet Union collapsed. Georgia regained sovereignity. Georgian historiography could own

choice. He refused Marxist periodization of World History. This modern Georgian historiography plus one,

naturally has its strengths and weaknesses.

Post-Soviet Georgian historiography was the firs to put the issue of whether or not one of the firs in

the history of Marxist periodization revision. No one denied the Marxist periodization revision. Cleary

identified two approaches to the issue.

One part of historians denied Marxist periodization and returned European model. Medieval and Early

modern history on the XV century and XVI century, in particular the Renaissance, the Great Geographical

Discoveries and the Reformation.

The other part of Georgian Medievalist does not think so, and in the XVI century, the era XVI century

in the first half did not perceive it as early in the new time time, as is common in European-American

historiography. They talk on the long transition period from the Great Georgraphical discoveries to the French

Revolution (1492-1789) World History Marixist periodization review modest in the nature. This is the earlies

the modern time. In this issue, we believe it is a dispute between the open door unidsputad issue.

Such differences of the opininion of course is not accidental and primarily a modern Georgia, the free-

thinking, historical events multi-variantic paid and logical result of plularism.

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mirian xositaSvili, doqtoranti

zogierTi mosazreba Tbilisis sagareubno zonis ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT

Tbilisisa da misi sagareubno zolis samecniero kvleva, Tundac urbanuli

kvlevebis konteqstSi, sainteresoa eTnologiuri mecnierebisTvisac, radgan eTnologia holisturi mecnierebaa da eTnosTan, Tu mis sxvadasxva socialur nawilTan an geografiul arealTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli, socialuri an ekonomikuri problematika eTnologiis kvlevis sferocaa.

diskusia Tbilisisa da misi sagareubno zonis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi XX saukuneSi ramdenime etapad mimdinareobda: msjeloba aqtiurdeba II naxevridan, gansakuTrebiT mZafrdeba XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi da Semdgom ukve _ postsabWoTa periodSi. diskusia grZeldeba Cven droSic da qalaqis dagegmarebisa da misi sagareubno zolis socialur-kulturuli aspeqtebi da problemebi mraval SekiTxvas badebs am etapzec. naSromSi ganxilulia 80-iani wlebis sazogadoebrivi diskusiis Sedegad wamoWrili problematika da warmodgenilia specialisitTa OurbanistTa, eTnologTa) dakvirvebebi da samecniero xedvebi.

xangrZlivi diskursis ganmavlobaSi qalaqis dagegmarebisa da misi sagareubno zolis socialur-kulturuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb gamoiTqva araerTi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli azri da rekomendacia. momyavs ramdenime mosazreba:

1986 wels gazeT „TbilisSi“ gamoqveynda saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis akaki kacaZis statia „dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis migracia“. akaki kacaZem gamokveTa Tbilisis ganviTarebis socialuri da kulturuli problemebi, gadajaWvuli demografiul sakiTxTan: „Tbilisi Cvens Tvalwin milionian qalaqad gadaiqca. magram misi mosaxleoba ara marto raodenobrivad gaizard, Tvisobrivadac ganviTarda. cxadia, es procesi umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobs. samwuxarod, sazogadoebrvi cxovrebaSi warmoqmnil problemebs, ase Tu ise, vafiqsirebT, magram amasTan mTavaria maTi gadawyvetis realuri gzebis Zieba, raSic sazogadoebrivi mecnierebac aqtiurad unda Caebas. dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis zrda–ganviTarebas marTva da regulireba esaWiroeba, amisaTvis ki, upirveles yovlisa, unda vicodeT migraciis socialuri meqanizmi... did qalaqze migraciul dawolas gansazRvravs sasoflo regionebisa da mcire Tu saSualo qalaqebis ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabali done da, meore mxriv, saxalxo meurneobis mzardi moTxovnebi muSaxelze~1.

amave statiaSi akaki kacaZe gamokveTs yvela im ZiriTad problemas, romelic Tanmxlebia zogadad urbanuli cxovrebisa da saubrobs Tbilisis zrdis gamomwvev mizezebsa da periferiebis daclis porblemebze: `migrantTa ZiriTadi nawili axalgazrdobaa, romelic modis swavlisaTvis, profesiis dasaufleblad. maTi umravlesoba, ukeTesi samuSao da sacxovrebeli pirobebis gamo, did qalaqSi mkvidrdeba. TbilisSi Semomavali da gamavali migraciuli nakadebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba masStabis, sqesobriv–asakobrivi struqturis, socialur–profesiuli Semadgenlobis motivaciis mixedviT... saqarTvelo, rogorc gansaxlebis sistema, erT mTlians Seadgens. amitom mxolod TbilisSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebiT migraciis regulirebas ver SevZlebT. unda gaviTvaliswinoT respublikis regionebSi

1akaki kacaZe. dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis migracia._ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 3 Tebervali, 1986.

71

mimdinare socialur–ekonomikuri da socialur–kulturuli situacia da misi ganviTarebis tendenciebi. am mxriv mravali sazrunavi gvaqvs“2.

akaki kacaZe xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ikvlevda Tbilisis socialu-ekonomikur problemebs, demografiul sakiTxebs da statiis dadsasruls, gamoTqvams ramdenime mecierul rekomendacias, rac, misi azriT, gantvirTavs qalaqs da SeaCerebs soflebidan axalgazrdobis masobriv gadinebas: „gegmiuri wesiT dedaqalaqs Seematos mxolod deficituri profesiis adamianebi; samuSao adgilebis arsebuli da perspeqtiuli gaangariSeba maqsimalurad unda iTvaliswinebdes samecniero-teqnikuri progresis moTxovnebs; gavitanoT aramaprofilebeli sawarmoebi da maTi filialebi. mWidro urTierTmimarTebiT davgegmoT da ganvaxorcieloT samrewvelo obieqtebis ganlageba dedaqalaqsa da mis mezobel regionebSi; gaviyvanoT aramaprofilebeli saSualo specialuri da saSualo profteqnikuri saswavleblebi; socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mokle da grZelvadiani gegmebis Sedgenisas ukeT unda gaviTvaliswinoT mezobeli raionebis gegmebi. demografiuli situaciisa da SromiTi resursebis dinamiuri cvlilebebi ganvixiloT mezobel regionebSi mimdinare Sesabamis procesebTan kavSiriT; qalaqis arqiteqturul–dagegmarebiTs sammarTvelosTan Seiqmnas samecniero meTodologiuri jgufi arqiteqtoris, ekonomistis, demografis, sociologis, fsiqologis, ekologis da sxva Sesabamis specialistTa SemadgenlobiT. samrewvelo da sacxovrebeli binebis erTiani recionaluri sistemis Seqmna ganaSenianebis demografiul princips unda iTvaliswinebdes~3.

1980-ian wlebSi, rogorc cnobilia, dedaqalaqSi jer kidev arsebobda e. w. Caweris instituti. `Caweris~ arqmone saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi evr axerxebdnen TbilisSi samsaxuris dawyebas da sacxovrebeli farTis SeZenas, rac TavisTavad apirobebda sazogadoebaSi mankieri sistemis arsebobas. dgeboda kriinaluri garigebebi, xSirad formdeboda fiqtiuri qorwinebebic ki, risi saSualebiTac xerxdeboda TbilisSi Cawera.Aakaki kacaZe am problemazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas da wers, rom aucilebelia `sruli wesrigi damyardes sapasporto samsaxurSi, aRikveTos fiqciuri qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis registracia4~.

1989 wels am problemur sakiTxs gamoexmaura giorgi mWedliSvili. avtori akritikebda arsebul kanonmdeblobas, romelic dedaqalaqSi Caweris pirobebs amkacrebda da aRniSnavda: „dedaqalaqSi mosulTaTvis Caweris kanonis gamkacreba ar gvgonia warmoadgendes problemebis damakmayofilebel gadaWras. igi ufro saeWvo da dausabuTebeli „gadaWraa“. unda vecadoT da yvelaferi viTonoT, rom es procesi bunebrivad xdebodes. iqneb droa xalxis is dauokebeli survilic gavigoT, yvelas rom surs respublikis inteleqtualuri da industriuli cxovrebis centrSi cxovrobdes. swored amitom kidev ufro metad unda vizrunoT, sanam sxvaTac ar miutovebiaT mama–papiseuli adgilebi, SevqmnaT axali misaRebi pirobebi adgilebze qarTuli mosaxleobis damagrebisTvis. Tbilisidan mTeli rigi institutebis, dawesebulebebisa da sawarmoebis, fabrika-qarxnebis saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi ganlagebebis SemTxvevaSi, ufro safuZvlianad gvesaxeba qarTvelTagan mitovebuli miwebis aRorZineba, vidre am mizniT erTi Tu ori soflis xelaxali gaSeneba Cvens nasoflarebsa da naqalaqarebze. swored amitom savsebiT veTanxmebi im azrs, rom Tbilisis gantvirTva moxdes maqsimaluri SesaZleblobiT, gansakuTrebiT yvela im obieqtisagan, romelTa dedaqalaqSi arsebobac aucileblobas ar warmoadgens da Tavis mxriv, xalxTa mizidvis saSualebad qceulan. da es unda moxdes da gakeTdes ara iZulebiTi arCevaniT, aramed siyvaruliT da rwmeniT“5.

Tbilisis zrdiT ganpirobebuli Sid amigraciuli problemebi TvalSisacemi gaxda: raionebi icleboda axlagazrdebisagan da qalaqis masTabebi izrdeboda.

2akaki kacaZe. dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis migracia._ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 3 Tebervali, 1986, gv. 3. 3akaki kacaZe. dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis migracia._ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 3 Tebervali, 1986, gv. 3. 4akaki kacaZe. dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis migracia._ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 3 Tebervali, 1986, gv. 3. 5giorgi mWedliSvili. `nu gadaaqcevT Tbiliss qarTvelTagan mitovebul saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad~._ gazeTi `axalgazrda komunisti~, 22 aprili, 1989.

72

problemis Sesaxe msjelobaSi CaerTvnen sxva eTnologebic, demografebic, urbanistebic. am mxriv sayuradReboa `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebuli masala: àqtualuri demografiuli problemebi da qarTuli sinamdvile~6.

1988 wels Sidamigracouli porblemebis Teoriuli aspeqtebisa da yofiTi problematikis Sesaxeb isaubra eTnologma aleqsi robaqiZem7.

axalgazrdobis soflad `damagreba~, cxadia, moiTxovda maTTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani infrastruqturis adgilebze Seqmnas da ganviTarebas. am problemis Sesaxeb bevri iwereboda meoce saukunis meore naxevridan qarTul presasa Tu samecniero publikaciebSi. ganskuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo Teza _ mudmivi yuradReba daeTmos axalgazrdobis Tavisufali drois gatarebis organizaciuli srulyofis sakiTxebs; umaRles da saSualo specialur saswavleblebSi miRebis wesebis srulyofiT, raTa ar dakarguliyo niWieri axalgazrda. ̀ Tbilisis mkvidri mosaxleobis gaaqtiurebis mizniT SevqmnaT pirobebi, raTa Warbi profesiis adamianebi iq gaviyvanoT, sadac saqarTvelos regionebi maTs naklebobas ganicdian8.

saqarTveloSi swrafi tempiT mimdinare cvlleebebis mTelma kaskadma, komeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis daSlam, kerZo sakuTrebis aRdgenam miwaze, privatizaciis procesma XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls erTgvari qaosic Seqmna. socialisturi wyobidan Tavisufal ekonomikur wyobaze gadasvla sakmaod rTuli da qaoturi saxisa aRmoCnda saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis. es sirTuleebi aisaxa urbanistikazec.

sabWoTa kavSirsa da im dros mis nawilad arsebul saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikurma transformaciam ganapiroba bevri cvlileba Tbilissaa da mis sagareubo zolSic. 1988 wels gazeT „literaturuli saqarTvelos“ Jurnalistma qeTevan sadRobelaSvilma gamoaqveyna saintereso interviu _ „gvianRa iqneba“... sami SekiTxva akaki baqraZes“. rogorc saTauridan Cans, respodenti cnobili qarTveli sazogado moRvawe akaki baqraZea. akaki baqraZe im dros rusTavelis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile gaxldaT. Jurnalistis dasmuli mesame SekiTxva CvenTvis saintereso problematikas exeba: „batono akaki, albaT mimixvdebiT, rom umwvavesi demografiuli da ekologiuri problemebis pirobebSi Cveni interesi gansakuTrebiT gamZafrebulia rusTavelis sazogadoebis demografiisa da ekologiis ganyofilebisadmi. amitom, gTxovT, ufro konkretulad mogviTxroT, Tu ris gakeTebas apirebs aRniSnuli ganyofileba? rogor gesmiT demografiuli problemebis nawilobriv mainc daZlevis gzebi?“ – razec respodenti pasuxobda: „Tbilisi aucileblad unda ganitvirTos, sanam misi uTavbolo zrda Cvens bediswerad ar gadaqceula. amisaTvis aucilebelia Tbilisidan gavitanoT zogierTi umaRlesi saswavlebeli da fabrika–qarxana samxreT saqarTvelos raionul centrebSi. cxadia, me mxolod Senobis gadatanas ar vgulisxmob. studentobis, profesor–maswavlebelTa da muSa–mosamsaxureTa gadayvanasac. cxadia, es, rac axla vTqvi, umravlesobis saSinel aRSfoTebas gamoiwvevs: TviTon waeTrios, Cven TbilisSi Tavs didebulad vgrZnobTo. gexvewebiT, gemudarebiT: damijereT, kargad davfiqrdeT. araferi ise saSiSi ar aris axla CvenTvis, rogorc dauokebeli survili – mTeli saqarTvelo TbilisSi cxovrobdes. Tuki SeiZleba litvis saukeTeso Teatri pawia qalaq paneveJisSi iyos da ara vilniusSi, ratom ar SeiZleba amgvari ram saqarTveloSi? Tuki SeiZleba yvelaze saxelganTqmuli kalaTburTelTa gundi kaunasSi iyos da ara vilniusSi, ratom ar SeiZleba es saqarTveloSi? Tuki SeiZleba mTel msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli universiteti tartuSi iyos da ara talinSi, ratom ar SeiZleba es saqarTveloSi? kargi, batono, Cveni universiteti gansakuTrebuli movlenaa Cveni kulturis istoriaSi da mas ver SevexebiT, magram politeqnikuri, sasoflo sameurneo da sxva uamravi instituri? danarCenma saqarTvelom ra daaSava? ratom ar unda enTos sxva daba-qalaqebSi umaRlesi

6eduard kodua, givi WanuyvaZe, oleg viazovi, gia wulaZe, Tengiz niJaraZe, givi logua. àqtualuri demografiuli problemebi da qarTuli sinamdvile~._ Jurnali `ciskari~, Tbilisi, 1983. 7aleqsi robaqiZe. èTnosi da migracia~._ gazeTi, `Tbilisi~, 4 agvisto, 1988. 8 akaki kacaZe. dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis migracia._ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 3 Tebervali, 1986, gv. 3.

73

ganaTlebis lampari? amgvari gadanawileba saqarTveloSi Tanabari kulturuli donis Seqmnasac Seuwyobs xels da qarTuli mosaxleobis demografiul wonasworobasac. gavakeToT es manam, sanam Tbilisi qarTvelTa rezervaciad ar gadaqceula da mis garSemo ucxo tomis zRva ar aboboqrebula. roca es moxdeba, mere gvianRa iqneba RvinoSi areuli cremlebis RapaRupi sufraze“9.

sazogadoebas awuxebda Tbilisis masStabis zrdis xarjze soflebisa da raionebis daclis saSiSroebis Tema. 1989 wels gazeT „axalgazrda komunistSi“ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTuli kulturis istoriis kaTedris docenti giorgi mWedliSvili gamoexmaura akaki baqraZis intervius: „Cveni qveynisaTvisac politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli viTarebidan unda gamomdinareobdes mcirericxovan qarTvelTaTvis erTi sabediswero gamovlena – dRes mTeli saqarTvelo lamis erT qalaqad – Tbilisad iqces. yvela dedaqalaqisken modis. Tu viTareba ar Seicvala, mdgomareoba am mxriv sagangaSoa“10. iqve gamoTqmuli iyo gulistkivili: „dedaqalaqSi mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis erTi umTavresi piroba xom kidev erTi dacarielebuli sofeli da moxucebis amara datovebuli ojaxebia; an iqneb TbilisSi CamosulTa binis miRebis momlodine aTasobiT wyvili, an martosulni sacxovrebeli farTis ukmarisobisTvis an sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, Sobadobaze, TviT yvelaze Zvirfas da Cveni erisaTvis sasicocxlo gamravlebaze uars rom amboben“11. interviuSi ikveTeba bevri arsebuli problema, rac gadmoyva Semdeg wlebsac da dReisatvis gansakuTrebuli masStabebi SeiZina: qalaqis farTi gascda yvela gonivrul zRavrs da qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili dedaqalaqSia Tavmoyrili.

1990 wels saqarTvelos arqiteqtorTa kavSirTan Seiqmna „urbanistTa sazogadoeba“. misi prezidenti lado vardosaniZe gazeT „TbilisisaTvis“ micemul interviuSi aRniSnavda: „qalaqis problematikisadmi samgvari midgoma – kvleva, daproeqteba da marTva, – unda vaRiaroT: dRes TiToeuli maTgani erTmaneTisagan gaTiSulad moqmedebs. mecnieruli kvleva Tavis Teoriul CarCoebSia gamoketili da praqtikulad ar xorcieledeba, arqiteqtor–damproeqteblebi ki naklebad eyrdnobian samecniero codnas da, ZiriTadad, piradi gamocdilebisa da ostatobis imdeiT arian, xolo, rac Seexeba marTvas, igi mudam yoveldRiuri, konkretuli sakiTxebiT aris „dakavebuli“. Cveni sazogadoeba swored imisaTvisaa mowodebuli, rom qalaqis funqcionirebis es samive mxare gaaerTianos, erTmaneTTan daakavSiros, rasac verc erTi saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia ver SeZlebs“12. lado vardosaniZe aRniSnavda, rom urbanizacia gardauvali, Seuqcevadi procesia, amitom, rac ufro droulad da realurad daiwyeba msjeloba problemebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro ioli gaxdeba procesis marTva. `dRemde, Tanamedrove gagebiT, qarTuli urbanistika ar arsebobda da praqtikulad vsargeblobdiT ucxo, nasesxebi urbanistuli ideologiiT, normebiT, xerxebiT, proeqtirebis meTodebiT, aman damRupveli gavlena iqonia Cvens qalaqTmSeneblobaze, rac sakmaod kargad Cans axal sacxovrebel ubnebSi. Cveni reliefis Tavisebureba, klimaturi pirobebi, miwasTan siaxlovis tradiciebi anu eTnofsiqologiuri faqtorebi miviwyebuli iyo. rasac ver iguebs Tbilisi, mcxeTa, siRnaRi...“13. rogorc urbanisti aRniSnavda „gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovanad Tbilisis centris ganviTarebis problema migvaCnia. or welze metia, rac Sedga centris detaluri dagegmarebis proeqtis ganxilva, saWiro gaxda Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT misi xelaxali damuSaveba, magram, samwuxarod, mas Semdeg am mimarTulebiT praqtikuli nabijebi ar gadadgmula“14.

9qeTevan sadRobelaSvili. `gvianRa iqneba... sami SekiTxva akaki baqraZes~._ gazeTi `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 7 oqtomberi, 1988. 10giorgi mWedliSvili. `nu gadaaqcevT Tbiliss qarTvelTagan mitovebul saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad~._ gazeTi àxalgazrda komunisti~, 22 aprili, 1989. 11giorgi mWedliSvili. `nu gadaaqcevT Tbiliss qarTvelTagan mitovebul saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad~._ gazeTi àxalgazrda komunisti~, 22 aprili, 1989. 12r. bainduraSvili. `ras gvpirdebian ùrbanistebi~?_ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 9 agvisto, 1990. 13 r. bainduraSvili. `ras gvpirdebian ùrbanistebi~?_ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 9 agvisto, 1990. 14 r. bainduraSvili. `ras gvpirdebian ùrbanistebi~?_ gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 9 agvisto, 1990.

74

samwuxarod, „urbanistTa sazogadoebam“ didxan ver iarseba qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli politikuri cvlilebebis gamo. sabWoTa sistemis daSlisa da axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze urbanistulma ganviTarebam ukana planze gadaiwia, radgan ufro aqtualuri gaxda, arsebobisaTvis saWiro, sxva socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebis mogvareba.

Mirian Khositashvili

Some considerations on Tbilisi suburban zone development prospects Summary

In Georgian society the discussion on development prospects of Tbilisi and its suburban zones has

become increasingly topical since the second half of the 20th century. The ongoing discussion on development

of Tbilisi and its suburban area became hectic in the 80-ies of the 20th century and later in post-soviet era.

The discussion still continues and the social and cultural aspects and problems of the city planning and

suburban area trigger many questions even these days. The scientific research of Tbilisi and its suburban area,

even in the context of urban studies, is of significant interest also to scientist ethnologists, since the ethnology

is a holistic field and cultural, social or economic range of problems, related to ethnos and its various social

parts of geographic areas, is also a subject matter of ethnology.

A number of controversial ideas and recommendations were expressed during the long discourse. The

study represents the picture of social and cultural development discourse of the city and its suburban zone and

contains opinions and recommendations on the development prospects of the city.

75

dodo gelaSvili-beriZe, doqtoranti

erovnuli sabWos moRvaweoba umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis organizebisaTvis (1918 wlis maisi-1919 wlis ianvari)

1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtiT saqarTvelo damoukidebeli demokratiuli

saxelmwifo gaxda. Ddamoukideblobis aqtis me-2 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma demokratiuli respublikaa. Nnoe

Jordaniam saqarTvelos demokratiuli saxelmwifos mniSvneloba erovnuli sabWos

erT-erT sxdomaze Semdegnairad ganmarta: “saqarTvelo unda darCes demokratiul

saxelmwifod es ims niSnavs, rom is sayovelTao saarCevno sistemas unda daeyrdnos.

saqarTvelo unda gadaiqces uflebriv saxelmwifod: es imas niSnavs, rom

aRmasrulebeli, mosamarTle da kanonmdebeli Zala naTlad unda gaimijnos da

rogorc pirveli, ise meore ukanasknels unda daeqvemdebaros~15.

vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organizacia moicavs rogorc

mTavrobis SigniT instituciur organizacias, aseve aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

funqciur Tu instituciur gamijvnas xelisuflebis sxva Stoebisgan, saWirod

miviCnevT, organizaciis sakiTxi ganvixiloT 1921 wlis konstituciis mixedviT amave

konstituciiT dadgenili mmarTvelobis formis-parlametarizmis WrilSi. Cveni

Semdgomi msjeloba daemyareba konstitucionalizmis umTavres `Zalauflebis

gamijvnis Teorias~ romelic Tavis mxriv im sam principzea damyarebuli (funqciuri

gamijvna, instituciuri gamijvna Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmebi) rac

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organizaciis analizisTvis mniSvnelovania imdenad

ramdenadac mis istoriul-politikur sarCulebTan erTad naTlad gvisaxavs im

periodis mTavrobis organizaciis realur motivebs, miznebs da mdgomareobas.

1918 wlis 25 maiss, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenamde, erovnuli

sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomaze daisva sakiTxi erovnuli sabWos

reorganizaciis Sesaxeb. miRebuli iqna dadgenileba

a) aRmasrulebeli komiteti uqmdeba; b) sabWo irCevs Tavis axal prezidiums

meore krebaze; g) arCeul iqnes samandato komisia, romelsac daevalos sabWos

reorganizaciis sakiTxis ganxilva, wevrTa da kandidatTa siis gaasinjva~16.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave, 1918 wlis 26 maiss,

saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWos mier mTavrobis organizaciasTan dakavSirebiT

Semdegi debulebebi iqna miRebuli:

a) daarsdes 8 saministro, sakontrolo organo daarsdes calke;

b) uqmdeba sasursaTo da mzrunvelobis saministroebi;

g) SeerTebulia: finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis, miwaTmoqmedebis da Sromis

saministroebi.

saministroebi da ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenloba Semdegi saxiT iqna

warmodgenili:

1. Tavmjdomare da Sinagan saqmeTa _ noe ramiSvili.

15gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #176. 16saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme 49, furceli 3.

76

2. sagareo _ akaki Cxenkeli.

3. samxedro _ grigol giorgaZe.

4. finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis – giorgi Juruli.

5. ganaTlebis _ giorgi lasxiSvili.

6. miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis _ noe xomeriki.

7. iusticiis _ Salva mesxiSvili.

8. gzaTa _ ivane lorTqifaniZe17.

amdenad, damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebisTanave Camoyalibda parlamentis

winaSe pasuxismgebeli droebiTi koaliciuri mTavroba, mis Tavmjdomared airCies

social-demkrati noe ramiSvili, romelmac SeiTavsa Sinagan saqmeTa ministris

posti. Kkoaliciur mTavrobaSi, umravlesoba social-demokratebs ekuTvnoda, Tumca

masSi warmodgenilni iyvnen socialist-federalisti (g. lasxiSvili, S. mesxiSvili),

erovnul-demokrati g. Juruli da socialist-revolucioneri (iv. lorTqifaniZe)

ministrebi.

1918 wlis 11 ivniss saqarTvelos demokratiul mTavrobaSi kidev erTi saministro

dasaxelda-afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba. Aamis Sesaxeb d. Citaia

naSromSi ”saqarTvelos demokratiul mTavrobaSi afxazeTis saqmeTa uwyebis Seqmnis

istoriidan”,- aRniSnavs: 1918 wlis 11 ivniss erovnulma sabWom Camoayaliba

sakonstitucio komisia (Tavmjdomare p. sayvareliZe), romelsac daevala

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciis proeqtis SemuSaveba, sadac

samarTlianad gaformda qveynis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis saboloo

forma. jer kidev 1918 wlis 11 ivniss daido xelSekruleba afxazTa saxalxo sabWosa

da saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobas Soris, romlis ZaliTac afxazeTi

adasturebda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnas, xolo saqarTvelos mTavroba

afxazeTis avtonomiis garantias iZleoda. afxazeTs eniWeboda sruli Sinagani

avtonomia. xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda afxazTa saxalxo sabWosaTvis

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan samxedro-ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. 1918 wlis

11 ivniss, saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da afxazTa saxalxo sabWos Soris dadebuli

xelSekrulebis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad SemoRebul iqna afxazeTis saqmeTa

ministris Tanamdeboba. afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdebobaze kandidati unda

waredgina da faruli kenWisyriT unda aerCia afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos. afxazeTis

ministri iyo afxazeTis oficialuri warmomadgeneli centrSi-TbilisSi. igi iyo

dakavSirebuli rgoli afxazTa saxalxo sabWosa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris.

im periodis dokumentebi adastureben, rom yvela mimarTva, gadawyvetileba,

dadgenileba, romelic iRebda afxazTa saxalxo sabWosa da agzavnida TbilisSi-

saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi, pirvelad egzavneboda afxazeTis saqmeTa ministrs.

afxazeTis saqmeTa ministri iyo polkovniki r. Cqotua18.

1918 wlis 2 ivniss saqarTvelos respublikis Tavmjdomare noe ramiSvili

mimarTavs saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomares nikoloz CxeiZes:

`saqarTvelos respublikis pirvel mTavrobas daekisra metad mZime movaleoba-

mospos Cvens saxelmwifos farglebSi anarqia da aRadginos sruli wesiereba

revoluciis monapovarTa saboloo gasamtkiceblad.

Aam movaleobis asasruleblad Cven saWirod migvaCnia mTavrobis garSemo yvela

sazogadoebriv da revolucionur realur ZalTa gaerTianeba, rom parlaments

17saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1823, aRwera 2, saqme N1, furceli 31. 18daviT Citaia. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobaSi afxazeTis saqmeTa uwyebis Seqmnis istoriidan._ Jurnali `saistorio Ziebani~, Tbilisi, 2001, N4, gv. 190-191.

77

saSualeba mieces es mizani daCqarebiT ganaxorcielos Tavisi aseTi dadgenileba

axali mTavrobis dauyovnebliv Sesadgenad~19. N

1918 wlis 24 ivniss gaimarTa erovnuli sabWos prezidiumis sxdoma. sxdomas

eswrebodnen: Tavmjdomaris amxanagi iese baraTaSvili da eqvTime TayaiSvili; mdivani

daviT isniaSvili da mdivnis amxanagi ioseb abakelia. sxdomaze ganixiles sakiTxi:

`mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris werili ama wlis 24 ivnisis TariRiT da NN7034 -iT

ramiSvilis gancxadeba, rom mTavrobam daadgina samsaxuridan gadadges~20.

imave dRes naSuadRevis 2 saaTsa da 15 wuTze saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos me-

12 sagangebo kreba daiwyo. krebas Tavmjdomareobda iese baraTaSvili, romelmac

ganacxada, rom dRis wesrigi Seicavs mxolod erT sagans- mTavrobis gancxadebas

samsaxuridan gadadgomis Sesaxeb. Ddasmul sakiTxze gaimarTa msjeloba. Mmsjelobis

damTavrebis Semdeg social-demokratiuli fraqciis saxeliT irakli wereTelma

erovnul sabWos warudgina Semdegi Sinaarsis winadadeba: `moismina ra mTavrobis

gancxadeba- mis gadadgomis Sesaxeb, erovnuli sabWo saWirod sTvlis miandos sabWos

wevrs noe Jordanias axali mTavrobis Sedgena da aniWebs mas sagangebo uflebebs

marTva-gamgeobis mosawesrigeblad da gasaerTianeblad~21.

imave dRes, 1918 wlis 24 ivniss, saRamos 9 saaTsa da 20 wuTze daiwyo erovnuli

sabWos me-13 kreba.Aaxali mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem, noe Jordaniam, erovnul sabWos

ganucxada mTavrobis momavali moqmedebis gegmis Sesaxeb da aRniSna, rom `axal

mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi darCnen yvela is ministrebi, romlebic gadadgomil

ministrTa kabinetis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen. rac Seexeba ministrTa amxanagebis

Semadgenlobis sakiTxs, amis Sesaxeb xval gairkveva~22.

Aamave krebaze, kenWi eyara Semeg winadadebas: `moismina ra mTavrobis gancxadeba,

erovnuli sabWo ucxadebs mTavrobas srul ndobas da aRuTqvams mas srul

daxmarebas wamoyenebul gegmis gansaxorcieleblad~23.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis sxdomaze, romelic gaimarTa

imave dRes 1918 wlis 24 ivniss, ministrTa amxanagebis daniSvnis Sesaxeb, miiRes

dadgenileba: „dainiSnos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris n. ramiSvilis, romelic amave

dros droebiT asrulebs sagareo saqmeTa ministris Tanamdebobas, amxanagad g.

maxaraZe; sagareo saqmeTa ministris a. Cxenkelis, romlis Tanamdebobas droebiT

asrulebs n. ramiSvili, k. gvarjalaZe da z. avaliSvili; miwaT-moqmedebis da Sromis

ministris n. xomerikis amxanagad p. geleiSvili miwaT moqmedebis uwyebisa da - g.

eraZe – Sromis uwyebaSi-, iusticiis ministris S. mesxiSvilis amxanagad gr.

Ggvelesiani, finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministris g. Jurulis amxanagad k.

kandelaki da g. nikolaZe; gzaTa ministris i. lorTqifaniZis amxanagad i. malania

da p. sabaSvili; samxedro ministris g. giorgaZis TanaSemwed gen. odiSeliZe,

romelic imave dros iqmnes saqarTvelos respublikis jarebis mTavarsarlad”.24

secssa, f.1861, aR.3, saqmeN N3, furceli 8-9.

19saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme NN51, furceli 11. 20saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme NN51, furceli 2. 21saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqmeN51, furceli 3. 22saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqmeN NN51, furceli 5. 23saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836 aRwera 1, saqme N 51, furceli 5. 24 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1861, aRwera 3, saqmeN N3, furceli 8-9.

78

saarqivo masaliT dasturdeba, rom mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi mimdinareobda

xolme rigi cvlilebebi. magaliTisaTvis mogvyavs 1918 wlis 25 ivnisis saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis sxdomis dadginileba, sadac aRniSnulia:

generali kvinitaZe ganTavisuflebul iqnas samxedro ministris amxanagisa da

saqarTvelos respublikis jarebis sardlis Tanamdebobisagan, da dainiSnos

samxedro sabWos wevrad. samxedro ministris amxanagis daniSvnis Sesaxeb nacvlad

generlis g. kvinitaZisa daadgines: `samxedro ministris amxanagisa saqarTvelos

respublikis jarebis sardlis Tanamdebobis droebiT asruleba daevalos

generalur Stabis ufross general maiors andronikaSvils~25.

saarqivo dokumentidan dasturdeba, rom iyo SemTxveva, roca mTavrobis wevri

Tavisi surviliT, gancxadebis safuZvelze, iTxovda Tamnamdebobidan gadadgomas.

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos social-federalistTa fraqciis sxdomis oqmidan

vigebT, rom 1918 wlis 20 oqtombers am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Seikriba sagangebo

SeerTebuli kreba ”fraqciisa da mTavari komitetisa~. Kkrebas daeswrnen : er.

torotaZe, al. wereTeli, s. dadiani, S. miqelaZe da s. fircxalava. mTavari

komitetidan – qr. raWveliSvili, mTavrobidan g. lasxiSvili, al. mdivani, g.

gvelesiani.Kkrebaze gansaxilveli sakiTxi iyo: “g. lasxiSvilis gancxadeba

ganTavisuflebisa ganaTlebis ministris Tanamdebobidan~. dokumentSi gadadgomis

mizezad dasaxelebulia Semdegi: `vinaidan amdeni xnis muSaobis Sedegad igi

sruliad daiRala, daavadmyofda da araviTari fizikuri saSualeba ara aqvs

ganagrZos saministroSi muSaoba, miT umetes arsebul pirobebSi, roca yovel

wvrilmanisTvis didi brZolaa saWiro, rogorc parlamentSi, ise ganaTlebis

komisiaSi da mTavrobaSi, amas unda daematos finansuri didi krizisi, roca

mTavroba ganaTlebis saministrosTvis TiTqmis aras iZleva~26. amave sxdomaze giorgi

lasxiSvilis gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT miRes Semdegi dadgenileba: `vTxovoT

darCes Tavis adgilas, xolo TanamSromel TanaSemweTa gamoZebnis saqmeSi daexmaros

maT fraqciis sagangebo komisia 3 kacisagan (g. rcxilaZe, os. baraTaSvili, da sv.

Mdivani). Ffraqcia adgens: cxovrebis gaZvirebis gamo sabWom daadginos- ministrebs

micen Tviurad 3000 man. Aamxan. 2500 m~27.

1918 wlis 25 ivniss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis sxdomaze

ministrebis ufleba Semdegnairad ganisazRvra: ministrebs mTavrobis sxdomaze

gadamwyveti xmis ufleba eZleoda, xolo ministris aryofnis SemTxvevaSi ki mis

amxanags28.

roca mTavrobis wevrebi erovnul sabWos sxdomebs eswrebodnen, maT

gansakuTrebuli adgilebi hqondaT gamoyofili. erT-erT saarqivo dokumentSi amis

Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: ̀ dadginda, rom mTavrobis ̀ loJaSi~ adgili misces (miakuTvnes)

mxolod ministrebs, maT amxanagebs, mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTvels, mis TanaSemwes da

im pirs, visac iq moiwvevs mTavrobis Tavmjomare. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi ufleba

mieces ministrebs, maT amxanagebs, mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTvels, mis TanaSemwes da

25saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1861, aRwera 3, saqmeN3, furceli 10. 26saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1. saqme NN45, furceli 66. 27saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme N45, furceli 66. 28saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1861, aRwera 3, saqme N3, furceli 10.

79

im pirs, visac iq moiwvevs mTavrobis Tavmjdomare. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi

ufleba mieces ministrebs Seiyvanon Tavisi uwyebis erTi moxele~29.

k. miqelaZe parlamentaruli wyobilebis pirobebSi parlamentisa da

xelisuflebis urTierTamokidebulebis sakiTxs Semdegnairad ganmartavs:

“mTavrobis wevrebi arCeulni parlamentis wevrTa Soris warmoadgenen namdvil

garantias imisas, rom mTavrobis politikas eqneba erTsaxeoba. Pparlamentaruli

mTavroba inarCunebs organiul kavSirs TviT parlamentTan; es ki uzrunvelyofs

mTavrobis moqmedebas saxelmwifoebriv organoTa Soris uTanxmoebisagan da

winaaRmdegobisagan, rasac SeiZleba adgili aqvs saxelmwifos sxva gvar formiT

arsebobis pirobebSi. Pparlamentarul mTavrobis upiratesoba kidev imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom misi wevrTa moRvaweoba damyarebuli, aris solidarul

pasuxismgeblobis principze~30.

miuxedavas imisa, rom damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi saqarTvelos respublikas

Tavisi konstitucia ar gaaCnda, saxelmwifo mSeneblobis procesSi xelisuflebis

umaRlesi organoebi TandaTanobiT Rebulobdnen iseT iuridiul normebs, romliTac

saxelmwifos organoebs Soris funqciebis danawileba mkvidrdeboda.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda aRmasrulebeli struqturebis muSaobis

organizaciis sakiTxebs da maT mier moqalaqis da saxelmwifos demokratiuli

urTierTobebis mowesrigebas. saqarTvelos mTavroba Tavis nebas umorCilebda

xalxis nebas, romelic parlamentis mier iyo gansazRvruli. saqarTvelos

parlamentma Tavisi umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organo daakompleqta koaliciuri

gziT da mis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvana sxva da sxva politikuri partiebis

warmomadgenlebi31.

k. miqelZe imdroindeli saqarTvelos koaliciuri, gundur principze Seqmnil

mTavrobas dadebiTad afasebs da amaxvilebs yuradRebas Semdeg mniSvnelovan

argumentze: ̀mTeli mTavrobis Semadgenloba awarmoebs Sinagan da sagareo

politikas, eWvs gareSea, rom mTavrobis politikuri nabijebi unda momdinareobdes

sakanonmdeblo organos mier naCveneb kalapotSi~32..

dadebiTad afasebs am faqts a. abesaZe, roca wers: am wesiT dakompleqtebulma

saqarTvelos mTavrobam, rac iuridiulad 1921 wlis konstituciiT gaformda,

ZiriTadad gaamarTla Tavisi daniSnuleba. Mman unarianad mokida xeli qveynis

saSinao da sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas. mTavroba iyo kabinetur principze

agebuli saqarTvelos umaRlesi kolegialuri mmarTvelobis organo, romelsac

saTaveSi edga erTi wlis vadiT parlamentis arCeuli mTavrobis Tavmjdomare.

konstituciis 67-e muxlis mixedviT erTi da igive piri am postze zedized mxolod

orjer SeiZleboda yofiliyo arCeuli. mTavrobis Tavmjdomares yavda erTi

moadgile, romelic misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi Tavmjdomaris movaleobebs

asrulebda. mTavrobis danarCen wevrebs ministrebi warmoadgendnen, romlebsac

Tanamdebobaze niSnavda mTavrobis Tavmjdomare. TviToeuli maTgani damoukideblad

29saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1861, aRwera 3, saqme N3, furceli 2. 30k. miqelaZe. demokratiuli saxelmwifos konstitucia da parlamentaruli respublika. Tbilisi, 1918, gv. 45. 31albert abesaZe. saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi (disertacia). Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 6. 32k. miqelaZe. demokratiuli saxelmwifos konstitucia da parlamentaruli respublika. Tbilisi, 1918, gv. 45.

80

swyvetda mis kompetenciaSi Semaval sakiTxebs da parlamentis winaSe agebda pasuxs

dakisrebuli funqciebis SesrulebisaTvis. saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo

politikis dasaxuli kursis warmarTvas mTavroba anxorcielebda sakiTxebis

kolegiuri ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis gziT33.

1918 wlis 22 ivniss sakonstitucio komisiis mesame krebaze, sakonstitucio

komisiis wevrma noe Jordaniam parlamentisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

urTierTdamokidebuleba Semdegnairad ganmarta: “parlamenti iyos matarebeli

sakanonmdeblo da imave dros aRmasrulebeli funqciebisa: ministrebi daniSnulebi

parlamentis mier, rogorc moxeleni pasuxs ageben mxolod kanonis winaSe, garda

ministr-Tavmjdomarisa, sagareo da saSinaosi,- romelnic politikuradac

pasuxismgebelni arian. Ppalata TviTon NniSnavs ministrebs da ara erTs andobs

kabinetis Sedgenas, amiT moispoba saministros krizisebis SesaZlebloba~34.

1918 wlis presaSi ki vkiTxulobT: `parlamenti ara marto politikuri tribunaa,

aramed uzenaesi sakontrolo da sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebaa, sadac

parlamentaruli weswyobilebaa ganxorcielebuli, mTavroba pasuxismgebelia ara

marto iuridiulad. Ees imas niSnavs, rom yoveli ministri pasuxs agebs, rogorc

Tavisi moqmedebis kanonierebisa, ise Tavisi moqmedebis mizanSewonilebisaTvis.

Pparlamenti undoblobas ucxadebs iseT ministrs, romelic raime danaSauls

sCadis~35.

dimitri gegenava `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samrTalSi~ ministrebis

individualuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs Semdegnairad ganmartavs: konstituciaSi

upiratesoba mieniWa mTavrobis wevrebis individualur pasuxismgeblobas. Aamgvari

gadawyvetilebis ZiriTadi motivi, erTi mxriv, is iyo, rom mTavrobis mTliani

gadayenebis SemTxvevaSi politikur krizisebs ar mieRo xangrZlivi xasiaTi da

qveyana ar darCeniliyo umTavrobod. aRsaniSnavia, rom individualuri

pasuxismgeblobis SemoRebiT uzrunvelyofil iqna mTavrobis darCena

xelisuflebaSi, vinaidan erTi ministris cud saqciels ar unda gamoewvia mTlianad

kabinetisTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba36.

qonda Tu ara adgili xelisuflebis uflebaTa gamijvnas 1921 wlis

konstituciiT gegenava miiCnevs: ̀ am periodSi uflebamosilebaTa gamijvna ar yofila

miRebuli, vinaidan mTavrobis Tavmjdomare iTavsebda saxelmwifos meTauris

garkveul funqcias, xelisuflebis sistemaSi dominirebda parlamenti, mTavrobas

irCevda sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba da igi swored parlamentis winaSe iyo

pasuxismgebeli…kanonmdebloba ekuTvnoda parlaments, xolo umaRlesi

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba-mTavrobas.Mmagram parlamenti mainc inarCunebs

dominirebul mdgomareobas da Zalauflebis koncentracias mis xelisuflebaSi.

mTavroba parlaments emorCileba da misgan gamomdinareobs~37.

konstituciis Tanaxmad, ministris postze, sqesis ganurCevlad, SeiZleba

daniSnuliyo saqarTvelos yoveli sruluflebiani moqalaqe, romlebsac

parlamentis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba qonda. Kkonstituciis 67-e muxlis

33albert abesaZe. saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi (disertacia).

Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 62.

34saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme N201, furceli 10. 35gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, N#161. 36d. gegenava, b. qanTaria, l. canava, T. TevzaZe, z. maWaraZe, p. javaxiSvili, T. erqvania, T. papaSvili. saqarTvelos konstituciis samarTali (meore gamocema). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 50. 37d. gegenava, b. qanTaria, l. canava, T. TevzaZe, z. maWaraZe, p. javaxiSvili, T. erqvania, T. papaSvili. saqarTvelos konstituciis samarTali (meore gamocema). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 48-49.

81

safuZvelze aikrZala mTavrobis wevris mier sxva Tanamdebobis SeTavsebis wesi.

gamonakliss warmoadgenda is, rom mTavrobis wevri SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod

parlamentis wevri, an agilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis xmosani.

mTavrobisa da parlamentis wevrobis SeTavseba xelisuflebis am or ZiriTadi

Stos saerTo miznebidan gamomdinareobs. igi parlamentaruli marTva-gamgeobis

damaxasiaTebeli niSania.

Kkonstituciis Tanaxmad, parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebeli iyo rogorc

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare, ise misi TviToeuli wevri38.

ganmtkicebac emsaxureboda agreTve mTavrobis, rogorc kolegiuri organosa da

misi Tavmjdomaris kompetenciebis gamijvna, rac efuZneboda marTva-gamgeobis

demokratiul principebs.

Kkolegiuri mTavroba anxorcielebda respublikis saqmeTa umaRles marTva-

gamgeobas da mxolos mas qonda konstituciis ZaliT parlamentSi sakanonmdeblo

iniciativis ufleba. mTavroba valdebuli iyo Tvalyuri edevnebina qveynis

konstituciisa da sxva kanonebis aRsrulebisaTvis. igi iZleoda daskvnas im

kanonproeqtebze, romlebic parlamentis an xalxis iniciativiT iyo gansaxilvelad

Semosuli.

respublikis sagareo interesebis uzrunvelyofasTan erTad saqarTvelos

mTavroba icavda respublikis usafrTxoebas gareSe gansacdelebisagan da mTeli

Tavisi institutebiT fxizlad idga misi damoukideblobis dacvis sadarajoze.

mTavrobis ufleba-movaleobebSi Sedioda agreTve zrunva Sinagani wesrigisa da

qveynis uSiSroebis dacvisaTvis, rasac igi mTavrobis specialurad Seqmnili

mmarTvelobis organoebis daxmarebiT awarmoebda.

mTavrobas farTo rwmunebani eniWeboda ekonomikis marTvis sferosic.

saministroebze dayrdnobiT igi ganagebda qveynis finansebs, uSvebda sakuTari

fulis niSnebs da yovelwliurad udgenda parlaments saqarTvelos biujets

dasamtkiceblad.

rogorc parlamentis moTxovnil ise kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi

mTavroba periodulad abarebda angariSs respublikis parlaments gaweuli muSaobis

Sesaxeb. Kkonstituciis mixedviT igi valdebuli iyo weliwadSi erTxel mainc

waredgina angariSi saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobis Taobaze.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sxva saxelmwifoTa winaSe qveynis

warmomadgenlobis arsebobis saWiroebam, ganapiroba is, rom mTavrobis

Tavmjdomares daekisra respublikis umaRlesi warmomadgenlis funqcia. igi

niSnavda elCebs sxva saxelmwifoebSi. masTan xdeboda agreTve sxva saxelmwifoebis

elCebis akreditireba.

rac Seexeba mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris funqciebs saSinao mmarTvelobis sferoSi,

igi ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda mmarTvelobis ama Tu im dargSi reviziebis

CatarebiT, risTvisac aqtiurad iyo gamoyenebuli saxelmwifo kontrolioris

instituti. Aase magaliTad, 1919 wlis 30 ianvars kanoniT mTavrobasa da mis

Tavmjdomares ufleba mieca daeniSna sagangebo revizia mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva

dargis, adgilebis da Tanamdebobis pirTa moqmedebis Sesaswavlad.

aRmasrulebel-ganmkargulebeli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi

mTavrobis Tavmjdomares ufleba qonda gamoeca brZanebebi da gankargulebebi.

aRniSnuli administraciuli aqtebis mizani iyo parlamentis miRebuli kanonebis da

38albert abesaZe. saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi (disertacia). Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 60-61.

82

sxva davalebebis cxovrebaSi gatareba da maTi Sesrulebis organizaciis

xelmZRvaneloba.

rac Seexeba respublikis meurneobis calkeuli dargebis marTvas, mas dargobrivi

da funqcionaluri mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva organoebi asrulebdnen. Ddargobrivi

saministroebidan funqcionirebdnen finansTa, vaWroba-mrewvelobis, Sinagan saqmeTa,

iusticiisa da zogierTi sxva saministroebi, romlebic adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis

organoebSi arsebuli TavianTi struqturuli qvedanayofebis meSveobiT

anxorcielebnen maTTvis mindobili dargebis mmarTvelobas. Aase magaliTad,

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosa da saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis mier 1918

wlis 20 agvistos damtkicebuli debulebiT `saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~, samxedro ministri warmoadgenda Tavisi uwyebis yoveli

dargis xelmZRvanels da Tavisi moqmedebiT pirdapir eqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos

mTavrobas39.

amrigad, Cveni SexedulebiT, 1921 wlis konstituciis proeqtSi, mTavrobisa da

mTavrobis wevrebis uflebamosilebebidan TvalSisacemia Semdegi momenti:

`mTavrobis wevrs ar SeuZlia imave dros raime Tanamdeboba eWiros, an raime

profesias misdevdes, mas SeuZlia mxolod iyves parlamentis wevri da

TviTmmarTvelobis xmosani~40. aRniSnuli danawesi mTavrobis wevrs uflebas aZlevda

yofiliyo parlamentis wevri rac sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebas

niSnavs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas rom instituciuri gamijvnis

principisTvis aucilebelia, xelisuflebis Stos, konkretuli organo

warmoadgendes, rac arsebiTad, ara marto organos arsebobaSi gamoixateba, aramed

organos wevrebis sxvadasxvaobas niSnavs. Sesabamisad saxeze gvaqvs mTavroba

romelic angariSvaldebulia im parlamentis winaSe romlis wevrebic amave

mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi arian. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom garda

parlamentis winaSe mTavrobis wevrebis individualuri pasuxismgeblobisa

parlaments mTavrobis mTliani Semadgenlobis daTxovnac SuZlia ris

sapirispirodac mTavrobas parlamentze zemoqmedebis aranairi berketi ar gaaCnia:

parlamentsa da mTavrobas Soris winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi 1921 wlis konstitucia

iTvaliswinebda mTavrobis gadadgomas. zemoaTaRniSnuli msjelobidan naTelia rom

Zalauflebis gamijvnis ori principidan erTi nawilobriv xolo meore sruliad

ugulvebelyofilia, Tumca aRniSnuls Tavisi politikuri sarCulebi gaaCnda rac

im periodis politikur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebidan gamomdinareobda.

saerTaSoriso viTareba Tu qveynis Sida mdgomareoba, romelic parlametis

amgvar `uzenaesobas~ emyareboda, rac Sedegad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

organizaciaze funqciur da uflebriv SedegSi aisaxa k. miqelaZis aRniSvna rom

gamoviyenoT: “saqarTvelom mZime gardamaval xanaSi Tavisi warmomadgenlobiTi

organos saqmianobis saSualebiT SeZlo ewarmoebia swrafi da saRi erovnuli

politika, rac imis utyuari maCvenebelia, rom normalur pirobebSi misi

pasuxismgebeli mTavroba SesZlebs ufro met nayofier saqmianobas sagareo

politikaSi~41.

Sesabamisad aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba organizaciis TvalsazrisiT miviReT

rogorc mxolod, parlamentis mier gansazRvruli miTiTebebis Semsrulebeli

sagareo Tu saSinao politikis mimarTulebiT, aRniSnul msjelobas amyarebs r.

39albert abesaZe. saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi (disertacia). Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 64-66. 40gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918, N#295. 41k. miqelaZe. demokratiuli saxelmwifos konstitucia da parlamentaruli respublika. Tbilisi, 1918, gv. 45-46.

83

arseniZis mosazreba sakonstitucio komisiis sxdomaze `respublikis jaris~

debulebis ganxilvis dros dasmuli sakiTxi aRmasrulebeli organos funqciebis

gansazRvris Sesaxeb: `Tu mTavroba pasuxismgebeli iqneba sabWos winaSe, maSin

mTavrobasve, unda hqondes jaris gankargulebis ufleba. sabWo pasuxs ver mosTxovs

mTavrobas, Tu ukanasknels Tavis gankargulebaSi ar hyavs jari~42. amave sxdomaze

kiTxvaze Tu ra uflebebli unda gadascemoda mTavrobas jarTan mimarTebis

sakiTxSi pasuxi iyo Semdegi: mTavrobas eqneboda mxolod is ufleba rasac

gadacemda parlamenti.

Dodo Gelashvili-Beridze

The Work of the National Council for Organizing the Supreme Executive

Government ((May 1918 - January 1919)

Summary

Provisional coalition government of Georgia which was responsible before the parliament was

established immediately after getting independence on 26 May, 1918. Social democrat -Noe Ramishvili was

elected to be the head of the government. (He immediately substituted the post of the minister of Internal

Affairs). Eight ministries were established among them was the post of the Minister of Affairs of Abkhazia

on 11 June, 1918.

A special meeting of the National Council was held on June 1918 . The meeting approved the

advertisement on resignation of the government. On the same day the National Council gave a power to Noe

Zhordania to create a new government. and granted a special right to manage the administration. The Cabinet

of Ministers remained unchangeable. On the same day –on 24th of June, 1918 the resolution of appointing the

ministers’ deputies ( i.e `comrades~) was adopted on the government meeting of the Democratic Republic

of Georgia .

The issue of interdependence of Parliament and Executive Authorities was defined in the following

way: The government was elected by the Executive Authorities. It was responsible before the Parliament.

Legislation belonged to Parliament and the supreme executive authorities belonged to the government. The

Parliament had a dominant position. The government was submissive to the Parliament and was based on it.

42saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme 46, furceli 8.

84

valeri kekenaZe, magistranti

saCxeris municipalitetis

istoriuli toponimia, gzebi, saTavadoebi

saCxeris municipalitets metad mdidari istoriuli warsuli gaaCnia, rasac

adasturebs mis teritoriaze mravlad gamovlenili arqeologiuri Tu materialur-

kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi. municipalitetis teritoria uwyvetadaa

dasaxlebuli jer kidev zeda paleoliTis droidan. aRniSnuli periodebis kvlevis

sferoSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba warsulis Seswavlas istoriuli geografiis

kuTxiT, rac erTian sistemaSi moiyvans municipalitetis teritoriis istoriuli

ganviTarebis ZiriTad etapebs. naSromSi warmodgenilia istoriuli geografiis

ZiriTadi sakvanZo sakiTxebi: istoriuli toponimebi, gzebi da saTavadoebi.

saCxeris municipalitetis istoriul geografiaSi ar arsebobs calke

monografiuli gamokvleva, romelic warmodgenas Segviqmnida misi teritoriis

istoriul cvalebadobaze, Tumca calkeuli sakiTxebi moxvda iseTi mecnierebis

yuradRebis qveS, rogorebic arian: vaxuSti bagrationi (1997), niko berZeniSvili (1964),

olRa soselia (1981), eldar nadiraZe (2001), konstantine anTaZe, vaxtang jaoSvili

(1960), koba xaraZe (2003), Taili RvinianiZe, mari SaraSiZe, roman kverenCxilaZe (1959).

calkeuli istoriuli cnoba gabneulia agreTve sakuTriv saCxereze miZRvnil

sxvadasxva Tematikis naSromSi: mixeil gogatiSvili (2012), merab kezevaZe (2008), vasil

wereTeli (2013, 2008), giorgi dvalaSvili (2010), qeTevan muSkudiani (2009), jurxa

nadiraZe (1975), valeri kekenaZe (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016).

garda qarTveli avtorebisa, aRniSnul Temaze metad saintereso cnobebs

vawydebiT evropeli mogzaurebis CanawerebSi, romelTac gaiares municipalitetis

teritoriaze da garkveulwilad aRweres TavianTi marSrutebi, eseni iyvnen Jan Sardeni

(1672), iohan anton giuldenStedti (1771–1772) da sxv.

istoriuli toponimiis aRdgenasa da teritoriuli lokalizaciis mxriv

mniSvnelovani daxmareba gagviwia Zvelma kartografiulma masalebmac, magaliTad,

vaxuSti bagrationis atlasi (1997) da rusuli 5-versiani rukebi (mag. карта кавкаского

края 1913) da sxva. mniSvnelovani cnobebi iqna mopovebuli agreTve Tbilisis erovnul da

adgilobriv municipalur arqivebSi.

zemoT mocemuli Teoriuli masalis gacnobisa da damuSavebis Semdeg,

daaxloebiT erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, Tsu geografiis institutis samecniero

eqspediciis mier uSualod savele samuSaoebis dros Seswavlili da dazustebuli iqna

mopovebuli masalebi, eqspediciam kidev ufro gaamdidra da mniSvnelovani siaxleebi

SesZina municipalitetis istoriuli geografiis rig sakiTxebs. swored zemoT

moyvanil masalebsa da adgilze Catarebul samecniero savele samuSaoebs eyrdnoba

mocemuli naSromi. masalebis fiqsaciisa da Sesabamisi analizis Semdeg SevecadeT

Segvedgina municipalitetis saTavadoebis sazRvrebis, istoriuli gzebisa

(saerTaSoriso, Sida qseli, uReltexilebi) da toponimiis (maT Soris saxecvlili)

85

retrospeqtuli kartografireba, romelic warmoadgens samecniero siaxles da did

daxmarebas gauwevs zemo imereTis istoriuli geografiiT dainteresebul mkvlevarebs.

istoriuli toponimia. saCxeris municipaliteti 12 TemSi gaerTianebuli 60-mde

soflisagan Sedgeba, Tumca istoriulad bevrad ufro met sofels moicavda, romlebic

droTa ganmavlobaSi gauqmda da saerTod daicala mosaxleobisagan, zogierTic

axlomdebare soflebs SeuerTda.

SevecadeT Zvel qarTul da rusul saarqivo rukebze, XIX saukunidan moyolebul

aRwerebsa da adgilze piradad Catarebuli Sesabamisi kvlevebis meSveobiT aRgvedgina

gauqmebuli soflebis saxelwodebebi da maTi teritoriuli ganlageba. viTareba metad

savalalo aRmoCnda, municipalitetis teritoriaze dadasturda daaxloebiT 50-mde

gauqmebuli sofeli. Cveni yuradReba miiqcia agreTve sxvadasxva sanaxis

saxelwodebamac, romlebic mosaxleobaSi empiriulad gadmocemuli codnis wyalobiT

SemogvrCa, agreTve SeiZleba miviCnioT Zvel sasoflo toponimebad. amgvari fiqris

safuZvels gvaZlevs dRevandel soflebSi didi manZilebiT daSorebuli eklesiebi

Zveli samarxebiT, romelTac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba moixseniebs iseTi saxelebiT,

romelTa Sesaxebac aranair informacias ar floben; magaliTad, sofel gorisaSi

arsebuli Txmorisisa da adauris wm. giorgis eklesiebi, Cveni varaudiT, toponimi

Txmorisic da adauric adreul xanaSi Tanamedrove gorisis teritoriaze ganlagebul

or sofels unda rqmeoda.

gauqmebuli soflebis adgilze monaxulebisas aRmovaCineT ZiriTadi

damaxasiaTebeli tendencia, soflebis umravlesoba Znelad misadgom mTagorian

geografiul arealSia warmodgenili, amasTanave, soflebi saerTaSoriso gzebidan

sakmaod daSorebiT mdebareoben. sofelTa geografiuli ganfenilobis es specifika

Zvelad saerTo qarTuli, Cveulebrivi movlenaa. mtris gamudmebiTi Semosevebisagan

Tavdasacavad mosaxleoba ganzrax irCevda iseT adgilebs dasaxlebisaTvis, romlebic

mters TvalSi advilad ar moxvdeboda da geografiuladac Znelad misadgomi iyo. ukve

XIX-XX saukuneebSi, rodesac saqarTvelos teritoriaze SedarebiT simSvidem

daisadgura, mosaxleobac iwyebs barad Camosvlas, Zveli soflebi ki nel-nela icleba.

saCxeris municipalitetis soflebis dacla agreTve gamoiwvia sabWoTa kavSiris

mesveurebis demografiulma politikam, rodesac xdeboda mTagoriani, mTavrobisaTvis

Znelad misadgomi soflebidan mosaxleobis masobrivi, ZaldatanebiTi Tu

nebayoflobiTi, gadasaxlebebi. aRniSnuli politikis Sedegad aTeulobiT sofeli

sruliad an nawilobriv daclili aRmoCnda, ramac mravali sofeli sabolood srul

gauqmebamde miiyvana. meqanikuri migraciis es procesi municipalitetSi umetesad 1950-

iani wlebidan iwyeba, rodesac saCxeris municipalitetis mosaxleoba gadaasaxles

oCamCiris, gulirifSis, soxumis, gagris, marneulis, adigenis raionebSi. raoden

gasakviric ar unda iyos gadasaxlebulebis nawili saingiloSic ki Caasaxles.

aRniSnuli migraciuli procesebis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs adgilobriv

municipalur arqivSi daculi masalebi. aRniSnulma gadasaxlebebma ZiriTadad

daazarala Walvanisa da argveTis Temis soflebi, faqtobrivad am dros gaqra

toponimebi: gorijvari, laRauri, karaTi, bukveTi, bukilauri, dedabera, lomisa,

boreuli, laSianTxevi, Zirula, forxala, kiniora, Sexveuli, Ziri, qolevi, valanda,

lekeTi, oxobina da sxv.

86

droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebi ganicada dasaxelebaTa toponimebmac.

magaliTad, sofeli jalaurTa, romelic vaxuSti bagrationis imereTis rukaze

jareulTas saxeliTaa warmodgenili; TavisTavad soflis Zveli saxelwodebidanve

Cans, rom es adgili SesaZloa warmoadgenda jaris Seyris adgils. aseTive

saxecvlileba ganicades toponimebma: tbeTi – sadarno, wmani – rwami, itavaza – irtoza,

Salauri – Salvauri, korbouli – kolbeuri da mravali sxva. unda aRiniSnos agreTve

erTi specifika, is, rom adgilobrivi ebrauli mosaxleoba sofel sairxes – sarixes

uwodebda, es momenti gasaTvaliswinebelia, ramdenadac ebraeli mosaxleoba uZvelesi

droidan cxovrobda saqarTvelos teritoriaze da maTSi avtomaturad SemorCenili

unda yofiliyo Zveli toponimikuri saxelwodebebi.

mravalma sofelma mezobel sofelTan ganicada asimilacia da erTi saxelis

qveS iwodeba, magaliTad: kapnaTubani, gogoTubani, sisvaZeebi, da a.S. dRes sakuTriv

korboulis teritorias Seadgenen. agreTve magaliTisaTvis unda aRiniSnos qalaq

saCxeris (qalaqad iwodeba 1964 wlidan) teritoriis gazrda mis mosazRvre soflis –

naCerqezevis xarjze, romelic qalaqma mTlianad SeierTa. adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi

Zveli soflis Sesaxeb cnobas ukve aRar floben. saarqivo dokumentebis kvlevisas

dadginda, rom Zveli saCxere mxolod Tanamedrove or paralelur ubanSi – besik

quTaTelaZisa da akaki wereTlis quCebze iyo ganlagebuli. ukve dRevandeli kulturis

saxlidan moyolebuli vidre sofel sarekamde, iyo sofeli naCerqezevi, romelic jer

kidev 1926 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweraSi soflis statusiTaa warmodgenili.

aRniSnuli soflis Sesaxeb sakomlo masalebi daculia saCxeris municipalur arqivSi.

gauqmebuli soflebi da maTi teritoriuli lokalizacia warmodgenilia rukaze.

saTavadoebi. imereTis saerisTavo sistema Camoyalibebas iwyebs jer kidev

farnavazis droidan (argveTis saerisTavo), erTianobis rRvevis Semdgom ZiriTadad

swored aRniSnul teritoriaze warmoiqmna calkeuli saTavado. sistema Zalze did

cvlilebebs ganicdis misi arsebobis bolomde (XIX saukunis II naxevari).

saTavadoebi imereTSi faqtobrivad dasrulebul saxes iRebs XV saukuneSi; am dros

erTiani saqarTvelo iSleba da qveyana ramdenime samefo-samTavrod nawildeba.

swored am droidan iwyeba saTavadoTa gansakuTrebuli zrda imereTSi.

municipalitetis teritoriaze XV-XIX saukuneebSi arsebobda imereTis samefoSi

Semavali saTavado feodaluri sistema. Tanamedrove municipalitetis sazRvrebSi ori

saTavado saxli iyo warmodgenili – sawereTlo da saabaSiZeo, romelTa ganlagebis

miaxloebiTi retrospeqtivac rukazea warmodgenili. aRniSnul sazRvrebSi

mniSvnelovani cvlileba mxolod XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi xdeba, rodesac

gaZlierebuli wereTelTa sagvareulo saabaSiZeo feodalur saxls arTmevs sofel

liCs, maxaTaurs, savanes, qoreTsa da Rodoras mimdgomi mxareebiTurT, naSromSi

darTul rukaze sasazRvro xazi warmodgenilia XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mdgomareobiT.

saTavadoebis sazRvrebis kartografirebisas wavawydiT erT mcire gaugebrobas:

mogveqcia Tu ara Tanamedrove soflebis: perevi, jria, qarZmani, TedeleTi, jalabeTi,

xaxieTi, Woisis teritoriebi saabaSiZeo mamulSi, romlis mamulebsac es teritoriebi

uSualod emijneba. aRniSnuli soflebidan arcerTi ar Cans vaxuSti bagrationis

rukaze, rac gvaZlevs saSualebas vivaraudoT, rom es soflebi maSin ar arsebula.

teritoriis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb arc Cven mier mikvleuli istoriuli wyaroebi

gadmogvcemen rames. aRsaniSnavia, rom am teritoriis saabaSiZeo mamulSi Seyvana

87

gadagvawyvetina im faqtormac, rom aRmosavleTiT mis mosazRvre Sida qarTlis

saTavados – samaCablos SemadgenlobaSi es soflebi da teritoria ar moixsenieba.

geografiuli arealis mixedviTac es teritoria ufro metad saCxeris municipalitets

ekuTvnis, maT javis raionis soflebidan mkveTrad gamoyofen mTebi: sirxlabirti,

alxaSenTi, ribisi, biliurTa, kardanaxumi, rusTavi. es soflebi geografiulad

uSualod ebmis saCxeris municipalitetis teritorias (adrindel saabaSiZeos).

cal-calke ganvixiloT saCxeris municipalitetis Tanamedrove teritoriaze

mdebare saTavadoebi:

erT-erT umsxviles da Zlier saTavados warmoadgenda sawereTlo, romelic

daaxloebiT XVI saukuneSi yalibdeba. wereTlebis saTavado ganlagebuli iyo

zemo imereTSi. is ZiriTadad moicavda Tanamedrove saCxerisa da WiaTuris

municipalitetebs, agreTve Terjolis (Zevri), onis, ambrolauris, qarelis, xaSuris

municipalitetebis mcire nawilsac. aRniSnuli sazRvrebi da saTavados ganlagebis

areali saCxereSi warmodgenilia rukaze.

wereTlebi agreTve flobdnen yma-mamulebsac: Cixas, didwifelas, ofCas,

darkveTs, sakurwes, kacxs, winsofels da sxva. wereTlebs ekuTvnodaT: mTa xixaTa,

,,sanadiro mTa“, sofeli rokiTis nawili.

sawereTlos sazRvrebi iyo: CrdiloeTiT raWis saerisTavo, samxreTiT mdinare

Zirula, aRmosavleTiT lixis mTa, dasavleTiT WiaTuris wylamde.

saabaSiZeo, iqmneba XV saukuneSi; masSi ZiriTadad Sedioda Tanamedrove

zestafonis, xaragaulis, wyaltubos, Terjolisa da WiaTuris municipalitetebis

soflebi. saabaSiZeo teritoriulad orad iyo gayofili, misi meore nawili saCxereSi

mdebareobda, romlis sazRvrebic rukaze mkveTradaa gamoyofili. saabaSiZeos

sazRvari: CrdiloeTiT raWis saerisTavomde, samxreTiT mdinare Zirulamde,

aRmosavleTiT lixis qedamde, dasavleTiT argveTa-Cxaramde aRwevda. abaSiZeebis

xelSi iyo: Sorapnis, SroSis, Walatyis, cucxvaTis cixe-simagreebi.

zemoT moyvanil wyaroTa dayrdnobiT da piradi dakvirvebebis Sedegad

movaxdineT XV-XIX saukuneebis Tanamedrove saCxeris municipalietis teritoriaze

mdebare saTavadoebis retrospeqtuli kartografireba.

1810 wels ruseTis imperiam imereTis samefo daipyro da gaauqma, samefosTan

erTad arsebobas wyvets saTavado sistemis mmarTvelobis Zveli saxe1.

istoriuli gzebi, Sida da saerTaSoriso qseli, uReltexilebi. Zveli gzebis

gamovlena da maTi kartografiuli aRnusxva, garda mecnieruli faqtorisa,

praqtikul-gamoyenebiT xasiaTsac iRebs; Zveli gzebis aRdgena rig SemTxvevaSi Zalze

xelsayrel viTarebas uqmnis mosaxleobas, rogorc axali ekonomikuri

SesaZleblobebis gaxsnis mxriv, agreTve, sagzao manZilis Semoklebis TvalsazrisiT,

rac droisa da Tanxebis dazogvaze pirdapir aisaxeba; amis magaliTad SegviZlia

davasaxeloT ramdenime Zveli sagzao monakveTi, romelTa aRdgenasa da keTilmowyobis

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo da, aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobac did SeRavaTs igrZnobs.

cxinvalis regionis okupaciis Semdeg raWaSi mimavali sagzao monakveTi

blokirebul iqna; amis gamo SeirCa SemovliTi marSruti, ramac Zalian gazarda manZili;

1olRa soselia. narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan. t. II. Tbilisi, 1981; valeri kekenaZe. imereTis saTavadoebis sazRvrebis kartografireba XV-XIX ss.– geografiisa da anTropologiis Tanamedrove problemebi. saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi. Tbilisi, 2015.

88

esaa Semdegi mimarTuleba: xaSuri-zestafoni-tyibuli-ambrolauri-oni. Zvelad raWaSi

gadasasvleli gza arsebobda saCxere-xreiTi-onis mimarTulebiT, romelic

dResdReobiT ufunqcioa da SeukeTebeli. aRniSnuli monakveTis reabilitaciis

SemTxvevaSi gza sagrZnoblad Semokldeba, rac TiTqmis Zveli, cxinvalis

mimarTulebis, gzis identuria. aqedan gamomdinare, am istoriuli gzis aRdgena Zalze

xelsayrelia, razedac ukve midis msjeloba Sesabamis saxelmwifo uwyebebSi. igive

SeiZleba iTqvas Semdeg istoriul marSrutzedac: xvani–Walvani–wmani–dedaberas

gadasasvleli–surami, romlis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSic mgzavrs WeraTxevis xeobis,

gomisa da xaSuris gauvlelad SeuZlia umokles droSi saCxeris teritoriidanve

moxvdes suramSi da Semdeg dasavleTisaken sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. es gza Seamcirebs

xaragaulis municipalitetisaken mimaval marSrutsac da a.S.2

gzas, rogorc komunikaciis saSualebas, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mowesrigebuli sagzao qseli uzrunvelyofs konkretul

teritoriaze gansaxlebuli mosaxleobis Tavisufal mimosvlas, rac xels uwyobs,

rogorc socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas, agreTve kulturul kavSirebs eTnikurad

Tu eTnografiulad gansxvavebul sxvadasxva lokalur jgufs Soris.

amasTan, saerTaSoriso gzis gavla ama Tu im qveyanaze xels uwyobda imas, rom es

qveynebi mudmivad misdevdnen Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebas da ar CamorCebodnen

civilur samyaros, rac maTi normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli

faqtori iyo. saerTaSoriso gzis arseboba xSirad ganapirobebda gzaTa siaxloves

axali qalaqebisa da soflebis aRmocenebas.

garda dadebiTisa, gzis gayvanas axlda uaryofiTi faqtorebic; kerZod, mtris

Semosevis SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxare arasaTanadod iyo gamagrebuli da kargi gzac gaaCnda,

mteri swrafad gadaadgildeboda da iolad ipyrobda mxares, qveyanas. susti

saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, omianobisas mosaxleobisaTvis gzis maxloblad

cxovreba araxelsayreli gaxdeboda da gadainacvlebda SedarebiT usafrTxo,

miudgomel teritoriaze.

omianobis didi xniT gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, imis gamo, rom SekeTebiTi

samuSaoebi aRar tardeboda, SesaZloa gzebi metad dazianebuliyo mewyerebiT,

zvavebiT, Zlieri wvimisas gadarecxvebiT, rac mas savalad uvargiss gaxdida da

SesaZloa male kidevac gamqraliyo. mosaxleobisaTvis agreTve araxelsayreli

xdeboda sazRvrispira mdinareebze arsebuli xidebi, amis gamo SesaZloa isini

mizanmimarTulad daengriaT.

dasavleT saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli sami

mniSvnelovani uReltexili, rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, imereTze gadioda, maTgan

ori _ saCxeris gavliT. erTi maTgani ali–mcxeTisjvari–WeraTxevis xeoba–jvari–

korbouli, saCxeris gavliT miemarTeboda Savi zRvisaken, meore surami–dedaberas

gadasasvleli–wmani–Walvani–xvani–saCxere, da mesame, surami–CumaTeleTi–fona–wifa–

neboZiri–mosakidel–Cxeri–Sorapani. am gzebs, Tavis mxriv, uerTdeboda sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobis Sida gzebic, romelzedac gadahqondaT savaWro saqoneli3.

2valeri kekenaZe. imereTis istoriuli gzebis retrospeqtuli kartografireba XV-XIX saukuneebSi.– geografiis institutis SromaTa krebuli. 6. 2014. 3ეldar nadiraZe. xalxuri qviT xurooba imereTSi. Tbilisi, 2001.

89

saCxereze gadadioda istoriuli qvafeniliT mokirwyluli saqaravne gza,

romelic saerTaSoriso gzis erT-erT arterias warmoadgenda. igi amJamad Tanamedrove

saavtomobilo gzis miRmaa darCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom gzas, mTel gayolebaze, axlac

etyoba qvafenilis naSTebi. WeraTxevis xeobidan mimaval mgzavrs korboulis TemSi

Sesvlisas goraZiris vulkanur gorakamde unda emoZrava im marSrutiT, romelzedac

axlac miemarTeba saavtomobilo gza. goraZiris mTis Ziridan igi Cauxvevda

xelmarcxniv da gaemarTeboda sofel zemo nigvzarisaken, Caivlida amave sofelSi

mdebare samTelas (sanTela) cixis siaxloves da daeSveboda qvemo nigvzaris

mimarTulebiT, nigvzaridan gamovidoda gogolaZeebis ubanSi da SeuerTdeboda

korboulis Tanamedrove saavtomobilo gzas, mividoda korboulis centrTan (iq sadac

axla soflis bazari mdebareobs) marjvena mxridan gverds auqcevda korboulis wminda

nikolozis saxelobis eklesias da gaemarTeboda moZvisaken, saidanac gorisis TavSi

gamovidoda da merjevamde isev gauyveboda im gzas, romelic dRes Tanamedrove

saavtomobilo gzaa, Semdgom amisa gauvlida merjevis samebis eklesias, gadaivlida

merjevis gviandel abanoebis axlos gamaval gzas da gamovidoda saCxereSi (Tanamedrove

Tamar mefis quCa), am gzas rusis gzas uwodebdnen XIX saukuneSi, radgan aneqsiis Semdeg

ruseTis jari umetesad am gzas iyenebda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTSi gadasasvlelad.

aRniSnuli gzis reabilitacia ganizraxes 1961 wels, gaido ximinjebi mdinare dumalaze

(korboulis Temis teritoria), Catarda Sesabamisi samuSaoebi, magram adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis protestis gamo, romelTa saxlebze da nakveTebze unda gaevlo gzas,

proeqti CaiSala da gzam gadainacvla iq, sadac axla mdebareobs saCxere-gomi-Tbilisis

damakavSirebeli saavtomobilo gza.

korboulis Tems kveTda agreTve dasavleTidan (Zveli boslevidan) momavali

Semdegi marSrutis gza: Cxirouli-tyemlovani-mandaeTi-korbouli-jvari-ali.

dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken mimaval gzaze, garda suramis qedis

gadasasvlelebisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iyo meore gzac, romelic aranakleb

mniSvnelovani iyo: ali-mcxeTisjvari-WeraTxevis xeoba-jvari-korbouli-saCxere.

amasTanave, korboulidan gza saCxeris gverdis avliT uxvevda da pirdapir SuqruTSi da

Semdeg WiaTuris midamoebisaken miemarTeboda. meore gza ki, rogorc aRvniSneT,

saCxereze gadioda, romelic Tavis mxriv yvirilis piriT Cixas miadgeboda. CixasTan mas

meore gza uerTdeboda, romelic quTaisidan wamosuli tyibulSi amodioda, aqedan

muxura-xreiT-wirqvalis gamovliT saCxere-Cixamde adioda. Cixidan gza yvirilis

xeobas miuyveboda. sofel perevis qvemoT is gaiyofoda. erTi perangas gadasasvleliT

mdinare frones xeobaSi, meore ki mdinare yvirilis saTaveebiT didi liaxvis Senakad

mdinare fawas xeobaSi Sedioda. aq mas quTaisi-onis gza uerTdeboda. am gzebs qarTlSi

qalaqi cxinvali da niqozi xvdeboda.

saCxeris midamoebSi gamavali gzebi iyo: 1) saCxere-Cixa-wona-kexvi-TamaraSeni-

qrcxinvali; 2) saCxere-Cixa-Wala-darya-mTa peranga-yornisi-worbisi-erkneTi-avnevi-

dvani-breTi; 3) saCxere-Cixa-Wala-darya-mTa peranga-gomarTa-xtana-oJora-TiRva-

atoci, aqve saCxere-xreiTi-raWa; 4) xvani-Walovani-liCi-nadaburi; 5) xvani-

didmindvrebi-vaSlari-ulumbo.

cota mogvianebiT aq gza gadioda: saCxere-sairxe-gorisa-moZvi-korbouli _

qarTlisaken. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua saukuneebSi da Semdegac, qarTl-kaxeTis

90

urTierToba imereTTan da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva mxareebTan ZiriTadad swored am

gziT xdeboda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan dasavleTSi gadmosulma Jan Sardenmac

swored es monakveTi airCia Tavis marSrutad. igi wers: `CavediT qalaq alSi, aqedan ori

lie viwro xeobiT viareT. es aris saqarTvelosa da imereTis samefos sazRvari. TovliT

dafarul mTebSi Svidi lie gaviareT, gvegona gza agvebneoda, radganac Tovls sul

daefara yovelgvari nakvalevi, SevCerdiT sofel kolbeurSi“ 4.

rogorc Cans, Sardenma zamTarSi, uamindobaSi SeZlo gaevlo es rTuli gza, rac

mianiSnebs imaze, rom rTul meteorologiur pirobebSic ki es gza savalad arcTu ise

Zneli iyo.

Sida sagzao qseli metad mravalferovani iyo, magaliTad: sofel sxvitoridan

istoriuli saurme gza auxvevda amave sofelSi mdebare eklesiis xel-marcxniv, rostom

wereTlis sasaxles marjvniv moitovebda da gauyveboda mdinare gonjuras, avidoda

naurTevis serze (am adgilebs adgilobrivi mosaxleoba naurmals uwodebs) da

gaiyofoda orad: erTi kvereTis mimarTulebiT, xolo meore gorijvris salocavisaken

bajiTis mimarTulebiT, es gza ukavSirdeboda sofel uzunTasac. saCxere-korboulidan

gza gadadioda sofel bereTisas mimarTulebiT, sadac agreTve mdebareobda Zveli

sabaJo bereTisasa da wyalSavs Sua sofel nigozeTSi. aqve iyo sveris batonis sasaxle.

es gza sversa da tyemlovans Sua gadioda da, rogorc Cans, Zvel boslevSi uerTdeboda

Sorapan-saCxeris gzas erTi mxriT da sazano-boslev-amaSukeTis gzas meore mxriT.

municipalitetis Sida sagzao qseli dawvrilebiT SegiZliaT ixiloT rukaze.

gza kacxidan korboulze midis: kacxi-navarZeTi-WiaTura-SuqruTi-wasri-

jalaurTa-korbouli. Aqedan gza miemarTeboda Sorapnisaken: korbouli-sabaJo-sveri-

TvalueTi-kodiswyali-uwlevi-qoCaswyali-moqviSnuli–sanaxSire–Sorapani.

SedarebiT gviani saukuneebis gza gadadioda zestafonis midamoebidan WiaTuraSi:

saqara–dilikauri–boslevi–joyoeTi–kacxi–navarZeTi–WiaTura.

niko berZeniSvili romelmac es gza ganvlo gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,

ase aRwers Tavis marSuts korboulidan alis mimarTulebiT: `gaviareT korbouli-

goraZiri-Zirulis xeobaSi gavediT, gaviareT sofeli boreuli-jvari. aqedan iwyeba

mdinare wyalwyula, romelic zisxevTan erTad qmnis WeraTxevs. gza am mdinareTa pirs

misdevs da sakmaod damRlelia, es gzac araa, ufro mdinaris kalapotia~.

bereTisa-korboulis gavliT qvis nivTebi gadahqondaT Zirulis xeobis sofel

WalvanSi, liCSi, RodoraSi, otriaSi, xvanSi, romlebic mTian soflebs warmoadgenen da

gzaze mZimewoniani qvis gadaadgileba, ra Tqma unda, did sirTuleebTan iqneboda

dakavSirebuli. meore gza, jalaurTa-Worvila-gorisis gavliT uerTdeboda mTavar

magistrals da Cadioda saCxereSi. bereTisuli saflavis qvebi Cvenma eqspediciam am

soflebSi mravlad daadastura.

Bbunebrivia, yvela mcire gzis dasaxeleba SeuZlebelia, amasTanave, es

meorexarisxovani gzebi xSirad icvleboda da inacvlebda adgils.

eldar nadiraZis5 kvlevidan Cans, rom bereTisuli qvis nawarmi zemo imereTis

TiTqmis yvela sofelSia dadasturebuli, rac, bunebrivia, mianiSnebs imaze, rom zemo

4 niko berZeniSvili. gzebi rusTavelis epoqis saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1966. 5eldar nadiraZe. xalxuri qviT xurooba imereTSi. Tbilisi, 2001.

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imereTis soflebs Soris arsebobda mowesrigebuli gzebi, romlebzedac marxiliT an

gorvaze dafuZnebuli transportiT gavla Sesabamisi simZimiT SesaZlebeli iyo.

XIX saukunis zemo imereTis gzebs Zalze cud daxasiaTebas aZleven avtorebi

Taili RvinianiZe da mari SaraSiZe. maTi azriT, glexobas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba

moevlo gzisaTvis, rasac kidev ufro arTulebda mTagoriani reliefi da notio hava.

mdgomareobis sirTuleze rom saubroben, isini aRniSnaven: ̀ zemo imereTis samimosvlo

trasebi viwro, oRro-CoRro, zogan sacalfexo bilikebad qceul gzebs warmoadgenda.

wvimebis Semdeg ormoebSi Camdgari wyali da lafi saxifaTos xdida mogzaurobas, bevr

adgilas gzebi xramebad iqceoda~. gzebis sirTules kidev ufro arTulebda xidebis

gaumarTaoba, xSirad saerTod ar arsebobda zemo imereTis gzebze. iyo mxolod

sacalfexo dakiduli (bondis) xidebi, romelzedac uremis an raime sazidris gatareba

warmoudgeneli iyo, amitomac urmebi fonebiT sargeblobdnen. aRniSnul mxareSi

moZraobas mkveTrad gamoxatuli sezonuri xasiaTi hqonda, gadaadgileba zamTarSi

faqtobrivad wydeboda.6

zemoT aRniSnuli aSkarad miuTiTebs zemo imereTis sagzao monakveTebis Zalze

mZime viTarebaze. aSkara iyo, rom Tu gzebi ar mowesrigdeboda, mosaxleobis yofa kidev

ufro autaneli gaxdeboda, aucilebeli iyo mTavrobas moewesrigebina gzebi, radgan

amas ekonomikurad metad Raribi imereli glexoba Tavisi ZalebiT ver moaxerxebda.

marTlac, 1860–ian wlebSi saCxere-WiaTura-zestafonis gza safuZvlianad

SekeTda, rac didi Sveba iyo mosaxleobisaTvis; aqaurebs ukve ugzooba aRar

abrkolebdaT, savaWro Tu piradi kavSirebi daemyarebinaT mezobel mxareebTan.

Valeri Kekenadze

Historical Toponymy , Roads and Estates of Sachkhere Municipality

Summary

Municipality of Sachkhere has a very rich historical past , that is proved by various archeological and

material–cultural heritage found in its territory. The territory of the municipality is continuously populated

even since Paleolithic era. In the field and process of researching these periods, a special importance is given

to studying past in the field historical geography, that will unite the main stages of historical development

of the municipality territory as one system. In this work it is represented main issues of historical development

, such as :historical toponyms, roads and estates.

Based on proper analysis , we have made a retrospective cartography of this work, that will be very useful

for researchers interested in historical geography of Upper ( Zemo) Imereti.

6Taili RvinianiZe, mari SaraSiZe. qvemo imereTis transporti da raionTaSoriso kavSiri._ geografiis institutis Sromebi. t. XIII. Tbilisi, 1960.

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irakli TezelaSvili, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis studenti

masalebi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis IX adgilobrivi krebisaTvis

mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi, mangleli mitropoliti da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate (cincaZe) gardaicvala 1952 wlis 3 Tebervals1. misi gardacvaleba didi danaklisi iyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiisTvis2. saqarTvelos eklesiis saerTo interesi, bunebrivia, moiTxovda sapatriarqo taxti didxans ar darCeniliyo daqvrivebuli, amitomac kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates mier mosaydred gamorCeulma3 urbnelma mitropolitma melqisedekma (fxalaZe) gardacvlili mamamTavris dakrZalvidan (10 Tebervali) sami kviris Semdeg4 daiwyo mzadeba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis IX adgilobrivi krebis mosawvevad, romelsac unda aerCia avtokefaliis aRdgenidan (1917 w. 12 (25) marti) meeqvse sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi da mexuTe mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi5. 1952 wlis 28 Tebervals, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mdivanma (aq: sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydris mdivanma) dekanozma platon cqitiSvilma,6 kaTolikos-patriarqis kancelariis #35-36 ganCinebiT7 mimarTa saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis wevr mRvdelmTavrebs: quTaTel-gaenaTel da Wyondidel mitropolit efrems (sidamoniZe) (masve droebiT ebara baTum-Semoqmedisa da margveTis eparqiebi) da bodbel-alaverdel episkopos gabriels (CaCaniZe) warmoedginaT TavianTi eparqiebidan krebisTvis delegatebis sia araugvianes martis pirveli kviris oTxSabaTisa. 1 marts igive teqstiT, #39 ganCinebiT mimarTa platon cqitiSvilma cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis droebiT mmarTvels, dekanoz svimeon gigineiSvils.

12016 wels Sesrulda 150 weli misi dabadebidan. am Rirssaxsovar TariRs mieZRvna samecniero konferenciebi korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTul universitetSi. 2masalebi kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates gardacvalebisa da dakrZalvis Sesaxeb ix. Телеграмма о кончине Святейшего Католикоса-Патриарха всея Грузии Каллистрата, Журнал Московской Патриархии (SemdgomSi, SemoklebiT _ ЖМП), #2, 1952, стр. 10 iqve: Митрополит Николай. Речь у гроба Святейшего Католикоса-Патриарха всея Грузии Каллистрата, стр. 27-29; iqve, uavtoro: Католикос-Патриарх Каллистрат (Некролог), стр. 34-35; iqve: Митрополит Николай. Кончина и погребение Каллистрата, стр. 36-40. 3 mosaydred igi gamorCeul iqna 1943 wlis 27 seqtembers, ix. uwmindesisa da unetaresis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis kalistrate cincaZis werilebi. Semkrebi da gadamweri monozoni demetre. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 13; igive sergo vardosaniZe. patriarqi kalistrate, patriarqi melqisedek III, patriarqebi. II. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 74, 176. 41945 wels damtkicebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebis mixedviT, adgilobrivi kreba unda mowveuliyo kaTolikos-patriarqis gardacvalebidan araugvianes 3 Tvisa. ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos VIII saeklesio krebis (1937 w.) saxeliT gamocemuli `debuleba~. saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi. I. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 381, 380-388. 5avtokefaliis aRdgenidan pirveli kaTolikos-patriarqi _ wm. mRvdelmowame kirioni († 1918) mxolod mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposis wodebas atarebda. Tbilelis kaTedra 1917 wlis 13 (26) agvistodan epyra mitropolit leonides (oqropiriZe). II adgilobrivma krebam 1920 wlis 5 ivliss gaaerTiana mcxeTisa da Tbilisis kaTedrebi da masze mmarTveloba SeuTavsa sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs, ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos meore saeklesio krebis (27. 06. 1920) mier gamocemuli

`debuleba~. saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi. I. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 353, 352-366. 6yofili dekanozi, SemdgomSi xarisxSi aRadgina kaTolikos-patriarqma kalistratem 1940-iani wlebis miwuruls. mis Sesaxeb ix. dekanozi platon cqitiSvili (1875-1960), fotomatiane: rubrikas uZRvebian luarsab togoniZe da giorgi maCuriSvili. sapatriarqos uwyebani, @#23 (510). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 18-20. 7saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 12.

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adgilobriv krebaze dasaswrebad saWiro iyo TiTo eparqiidan TiTo sasuliero da TiTo saero piris wardgena8 eparqiis mRvdelmTavris mier Sesabamisi wesiT gacemuli mandatebiT. mandatebis gacema pirvelma daiwyo mitropolitma efremma, radgan mas erTdroulad ebara dasavleT saqarTvelos 4 eparqia (quTais-gaenaTis, Wyondidis, baTum-Semoqmedisa da margveTis). 6 marts man saeparqio #1171 ganCinebiT gasca mandati Tamar nakaSiZis saxelze baTum-Semoqmedis eparqiidan9. savaraudod mitropolitma efremma im dResve gasca mandati imave eparqiis mRvdelmsaxuris, dekanoz aleqsi sobCukis saxelze (mandatis originali ar aris Semonaxuli). platon cqitiSvilis gagzavnili kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydris #36 ganCineba episkoposma gabrielma miiRo 7 marts (rasac Tavad adasturebs sapasuxo weriliT), man imave dRes Seadgina orive eparqiis (bodbisa da alaverdis) delegatTa saerTo sia10. alaverdis eparqiidan delegatebad waradgina sakuTari Tavi (rogorc moiTxovda marTva-gamgeobis debuleba), dekanozi daviT burdulaZe (SemdgomSi alaverdeli episkoposi) da ioseb mazmanglaxaSvili, xolo bodbis eparqiidan: isev sakuTari Tavi da mRvdeli maqsime minenkovi, eriskacis vinaobis Setyobinebas hpirdeboda depeSiT. aRniSnuli sia man saeparqio #26 brZanebiT gaugzavna platon cqitiSvils. rogorc Cans, episkoposi gabrieli problemas xedavda delegatTa raodenobaSi ori eparqiis marTvis SemTxvevaSi, amitomac igi imave #26 ganCinebas urTavs damatebas (#26(a))11 romliTac sTxovs platon cqitiSvils 6 (da ara 5) kacis saWiroebis SemTxevevaSi siaSi daematebina daviT ninaSvili bodbis eparqiis delegatad. episkoposi gabrieli aseve ugzavnis platon cqitiSvils piradi xasiaTis werils: maRal Rirso mamao platon! miviRe Tqveni mimarTva 7/III diliT e.i 8 (?) dRis Semdeg, romeliTac deputatebis sias iTxovT. gaaxlebT, mxolod erTi ram midepeSeT. erTi erTagan, erTi mRvdelTagan da mmarTveli episkoposi igzavneba TviTeuli eparqiidan, me ori eparqia mabaria, ase rom ori mRvdeli, ori erisTagani da oric me = 6 kaci. mosaydrem da mitr. efremma ase brZanes Tqven or xmas miscemTo efremma me samso da ase, axla sabolood rogor gadawyvites midepeSeT Cemianad eqvsni Tu xuTni gamovcxaddeT. siaSi ar iqneba aRniSnuli eris kaci bodbidan. me maqsimes vudepeSe rom man gidepeSoT im kacis gvarisaxeli da misamarTic. Tu eqvsni viqnebiT maSin damatebiT siaSi rom aRniSnulia daviT ninaSvili is iqneba Tu xuTni da maSin amoiReT daviT ninaSvils – sia.

ar damiyovnoT da midepeSeT. weriliT ki macnobeT mandatebi aqedanve mand me winaswar ar unda Camovide –

gabrieli. Seni gabrieli P.S. rom gvian miviRe gibrunebT pakets fostis TariRiT Seni gabrieli12.

platon cqitiSvilma maleve upasuxa episkopos gabriels da amiT es mcire gaugebrobac amoiwura:

alaverdi vaJa fSavelas q. 8 gabriel alaverdels.

O orive eparqiebidan iqnebiT xuTi. Tqven gaqvT mxolod erTi xma. mosaydris survilia CamobrZandeT Tqven piradad martis bolosTvis. mandatebi mand daamzadeT. pl. 12/III.5213.

8mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos VIII saeklesio krebis (1937 w.) saxeliT gamocemuli `debuleba~. saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi. I. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 383. 9 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 2. 10saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 3. 11saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 4. 12saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 94. 13saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 11.

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sabolood mandatebi episkoposma gabrielma gasca uSualod krebis win, TbilisSi, 4 aprils saeparqio #29-30 ganCinebebiT (unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT ninaSvili bodbis eparqiidan jer nikofore meliaeviT, Semdeg ki egnate paneJaTi Canacvlda)14. mitropolitma efremma danarCeni eparqiiebis delegatebis mandatebi daamzada da gasca 9 marts. Wyondidis eparqiidan saeparqio #1172/1174 ganCinebiT mandatebi eboZaT dekanoz kozman kircxaliasa da maqsime motornis15, margveTis eparqiidan: monazon elenes (kiknaZe) (saeparqio #1177 ganCineba)16 xolo quTais-gaenaTis eparqiidan: dekanoz ambrosi fofxaZesa da Tamar janeliZes (ganCinebiT #1178,1179)17. saboloo sia mitropolitma efremma gagzavna Tbiliss 18 marts (delegatebs miemataT: baTum-Semoqmedis eparqiidan – dekanozi aleqsi sobCuki, xolo margveTis eparqiidan _ dekanozi varlam gabadaZe)18. mcire baraTiT mitropoliti efremi aseve atyobinebda platon cqitiSvilsa da mitropolit melqisedeks, rom SesaZlo iyo delegatTa cvlileba, radgan uamindobis gamo maTi Sekreba quTaisSi Zneldeboda19.

1938-52 wlebSi cxum-afxazeTis kaTedra daqvrivebulad rCeboda, rogorc Cans xelisufleba ar iZleoda nebarTvas am metad rTul regionSi daniSnuliyo adgilobrivi qarTveli mRvdelmTavari (sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom sabWoTa kavSiri, caristuli ruseTis politikas agrZeldeba afxazeTis saqarTvelodan CamoSorebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan).20 amitomac, kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates ganCinebiT eparqiis droebiTi mmarTvelis rols 1946 wlidan asruldebda soxumis wm. nikolozis sakaTedro taZris winamZRvari, dekanozi svimeon gigineiSvili21. uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem gadawyvita am problemis mogvareba (iTvaliswinebda ra omis Semdgom komunisturi mTavrobis `daTbobas~ eklesiisadmi). amitomac man 1951 wlis bolos SesTavaza dekanoz svimeons aRkveciliyo berad da mieRo saepiskoposo xarisxi22.

samwuxarod kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate 1952 wlis dasawyisSi (3. II) gardaicvala. amitomac, raRac droiT cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis problemis mogvareba gadaido. mosaydred gamorCeulma urbnelma mitropolitma melqisedekma gadawyvita krebamde moegvarebina es sakiTxi. 20 marts platon cqitiSvilma depeSiT sTxova mitropolit efremsa da episkopos gabriels saswrafod CabrZanebuliyvnen Tbiliss berad aRkvecili dekanoz svimeonis (berobaSi saxeldebul iqna antonad) episkoposad saxeldeba-xeldasxmaze 27-30 marts (xuTSabaT-kviras)23. 30 marts xeldasxmulma cxum-afxazeTis episkoposma antonma, krebis wina dRes, 4 aprils, gasca mandatebi cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis delegatebis arqimandrit ioakimesa (Sengelia) da arqimandrit lukas (nadareiSvili) saxelze24. amiT irRveoda krebaze delegatebis gagzavnis dadgenili wesi, romelic gulisxmobda eparqiis mmarTvel mRvdelmTavarTan erTad erTi sasuliero da erTi saero piris gagzavnas25, amitomac arqimandrit lukas dautoves mxolod saTaTbiro xmis ufleba (e. w. kooptaciis wesiT gawveva), xolo mis nacvlad srulfasovan delegatad cxum-afxazeTis eparqiidan dasaxelebul iqna aqvsenti nadareiSvili. danarCeni eparqiebidan

14saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 64-67. 15saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 5-6. 16saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 7. 17saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 8-9. 18saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 12. 19saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 13. 201938 wlamde ukanaskneli cxum-afxazeTis mRvdelmTavari gaxldaT mitropoliti melqisedeki (fxalaZe), romelic eparqias mwyemsmTavrobda 1935 wlis 2 ianvridan 1938 wlamde, ris Semdegac mouwia eparqiis datoveba, rasac moyva misi II ganmosva (1938-1943 ww.). 21mis Sesaxeb ix. giorgi maCuriSvili, luarsab togoniZe. XVIII-XX saukuneSi moRvawe sasuliero pirTa cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 253-259. 22sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebi). Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 189. 23saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 23. 24saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 62-63. 25mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos VIII saeklesio krebis (1937 w.) saxeliT gamocemuli `debuleba~. saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi. I. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 383.

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delegatebis wardgenis sakiTxi moagvara mitropolitma melqisedekma. sakuTari – urbnisis eparqiidan man gamoiwvia mRvdeli grigol zambaxiZe da konstantine gogiCaiSvili. mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiaze miwerili manglisisa da agarak-walkis eparqiebidan, Sesabamisad: mRvdeli grigol xaritonaSvili, ioseb menTeSaSvili26 da aleqsandre klimenko (manglisis eparqia); mRvdel-monazoni ina da aleqsandre cixiTaTraSvili (agarak-walkis eparqia).

sasuliero dasis didi wili modioda mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiaze, amitomac am umTavresi eparqiidan delegatebis SedarebiT meti raodenoba iqna gamowveuli, amasve moiTxovda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, romlis mixedviTac mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiidan im raodenobiT delegati unda gamowveuliyo, ramdenic yvela danarCeni eparqiidan erTad27. amasve erTvoda, rom kaTolikos-patriarqad gamorCeuli axali mamamTavari iRebda mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis wodebas, amitomac saWiro iyo, rom amas amave eparqiis sasuliero dasisa da mrevlisgan miscemoda garkveuli legitimacia. mcxeTidan gamoiwvies sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZris winamZRvris moadgile – arqimandriti gobroni (wkrialaSvili) (SemdgomSi _ episkoposi), wmida olRas monastris monazoni anusia (koWlamazaSvili) (Tavdapirvelad unda gamowveuliyo amave monastris winamZRvari – iRumenia angelina). Tbilisidan, sionis sapatriarqo taZridan: dekanozi aleqsandre gabunia, mRvdeli ioane sayvareliZe, mRvdeli romanoz petriaSvili. saeroebidan _ Tavdapirvelad sionis sapatriarqo taZris samrevlo sabWos wevri – moqalaqe daviT TulaSvili, mas sagangebod ecnoba amis Sesaxeb28 platon cqitiSvilisgan, Tumca man uari ganacxada, amitomac igi sxva piriT Caanacvles krebaze.

1952 wlis 19 marts mitropolitma melqisedekma sagangebo cirkulariT29 mimarTa q. Tbilisis samrevloebis winamZRvrebs, raTa 5 aprils daniSnuli krebisTvis waredginaT samrevlodan erTi sasuliero da erTi saero delegati. aRniSnul cirkulars gamoexmaurnen30: 20 marts _ arqimandriti zinobi (maJuga) wm. aleqsandre nevelis taZridan, 23 marts _ dekanozi konstantine emCinovi wm. miqael tverelis taZridan, 24 marts – dekanozi boris farafanovi wm. ioane RmrTismetyvelis taZridan, 25 marts _ dekanozi xariton devdariani q(v)aSveTis wm. giorgis taZridan, aseve dekanozi daviT iaSvili wm. petresa da pavles taZridan. sabolood cirkulars gamoexmaura 27 marts, yovladwmida samebis taZridan dekanozi melqisedek xeliZe. uTariRoa kukiis wm. ninos taZris winamZRvris, dekanoz ioane lukaSvilis gamoxmaureba. Tumca man, 4 aprils kidev erTxel mimarTa kaTolikos-patriarqis kancelarias cnobiT, rom mis mier dasaxelebuli delegati _ ivane axalaSvili samsaxureobrivi movaleobis gamo ver axerxebda krebisaTvis Tbiliss dabrunebas, amitomac igi Caanacvles SuSana abaSiZiT31. kerZo gancxadebiT32 mimarTa mitropolit melqisedeks polievqtos gagoSiZem. igi, rogorc saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriiT dainteresebuli piri, iTxovda daswreboda krebas, rogorc sruli, kooptaciis wesiT (saTaTbiro) gamowveuli delegati an ukidures SemTxevevaSi, korespondenti. delegatTa saboloo siaSi polievqtos gagoSiZe ar aris aRniSnuli, rogorc Cans, mas ar misces ufleba yofiliyo sruli an saTaTbiro xmis uflebis mqone delegati da igi krebas eswreboda raime gansakuTrebuli statusis gareSe. amgvarad dasrulda delegatTa gamowveva eparqiebidan, maTi saboloo sia33 amgvaria:

26saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 86. 27mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos VIII saeklesio krebis (1937 w.) saxeliT gamocemuli `debuleba~. saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi. I. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 383. 28saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 25. 29saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 15. 30saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 17-22, 24, 93. 31saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 1. 32saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 10. 33delegatTa saboloo sia dadginda Semdegi dokumentebis safuZvelze: saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 84-85, 87, 88-89.

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I. alaverdis eparqia: 1. episkoposi gabrieli (CaCaniZe); 2. dekanozi daviT burdulaZe; 3. ioseb mazmanglaxaSvili; II. bodbis eparqia: (episkoposi gabrieli (CaCaniZe)); 4. mRvdeli maqsime minenkovi; 5. egnate paneJa; III. manglisis eparqia: 6. mRvdeli grigol xaritonaSvili; 7. ioseb menTeSaSvili; 8. aleqsandre klimenko; IV. cxum-afxazeTis eparqia: 9. episkoposi antoni (gigineiSvili); 10. arqimandriti ioakime (Sengelia); 11. aqvsenti nadareiSvili; V. quTais-gaenaTis eparqia: 12. mitropoliti efremi (sidamoniZe); 13. dekanozi ambrosi fofxaZe; 14. Tamar janeliZe; VI. margveTis eparqia: (mitropoliti efremi (sidamoniZe)); 15. dekanozi varlam gabadaZe; 16. monazoni elene (kiknaZe); VII. Wyondidis eparqia: (mitropoliti efremi (sidamoniZe)); 17. dekanozi kozman kircxalia; 18. vasili motorni; VIII. baTum-Semoqmedis eparqia: (mitropoliti efremi (sidamoniZe)); 19. dekanozi aleqsi sobCuki; 20. Tamar nakaSiZe; IX. urbnisis eparqia: 21. mitropoliti melqisedeki (fxalaZe); 22. mRvdeli grigol zambaxiZe; 23. konstantine gogiCaiSvili; X. agarak-walkis eparqia: (miwerili mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiaze); 24. mRvdel-monazoni ina; 25. aleqsandre cixiTaTriSvili; XI. mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqia: (kaTolikos-patriarqi (am SemTxevevaSi – mosaydre, urbneli mitropoliti melqisedeki (fxalaZe)); 26. arqimandriti gobroni (wkrialaSvili) (sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZari); 27. monazoni anusia (koWlamazaSvili) (olRas monasteri);

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28. dekanozi aleqsandre gabunia (sionis sapatriarqo taZari); 29. mRvdeli ioane sayvareliZe; 30. mRvdeli romanoz petriaSvili; 31. dekanozi nikoloz maRaldaZe (didubis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis taZari); 32. sofio xaxanaSvili; 33. dekanozi melqisedek xeliZe (yovladwmida samebis taZari); 34. nikoloz aivazaSvili; 35. arqimandriti zinobi (maJuga) (wm. aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis taZari); 36. leon kaliuJni; 37. dekanozi konstatine emCinovi (wm. miqael tverelis saxelobis taZari); 38. vasili kiseliovi; 39. dekanozi boris farafanovi (wm. ioane RmrTismetyvelis saxelobis taZari); 40. vasili avilovi; 41. dekanozi xariton devdariani (q(v)aSveTis wm. giorgis saxelobis taZari); 42. daviT makariZe; 43. dekanozi daviT iaSvili (wm. petresa da pavles saxelobis taZari); 44. natalia evseeva; 45. dekanozi ioane lukaSvili (kukiis wm. ninos taZari); 46. SuSana abaSiZe; 47. dekanozi andria tyemalaZe (navTluRis wm. barbares saxelobis taZari); 48. dimitri CijavaZe 49. dekanozi xarlampi xuciSvili (mTawmindis wm. daviT garejelis saxelobis taZari); 50. nino Savdia; XII. kooptaciis wesiT (saTaTbiro xma): 1. mRvdeli grigol grabovo (Caanacvla dekanozi vasil naTiZe); 2. arqimandriti luka (nadareiSvili); 3. giorgi tatiSvili;

mitropolit melqisedeks miaCnda, rom saWიro iyo krebisTvis micemuliyo

adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa warmomadgenlebis Sekrebis saxe, iseTi rogorsac, magaliTad, aZlevda adgilobriv krebebs ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia (gansakuTrebiT 1945 da 1948 wlis krebebze da Semdgomac). amitomac man sagangebod mimarTa moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqs, uwmides aleqsi I-s (1877-1970)34:

Его Святейшеству, Святейшему Алексию, Патриарху Московскому и всея Руси. Ваше Святейшество, Святейший Владыко: Долгом приятным почитаю уведомить Вас, что 5-го апреля с/г состоятся выборы

Католикоса-Патриарха всея Грузии, а 7-го того же апреля интронизация. Было бы весьма и весьма лестно для нас, если бы Вы Ваше Святейшество, украсили своим присутствием Собор Грузинской церкви и ее скормня т(оржество).

23 marts patriarqma aleqsi I-ma telegramiT35 upasuxa mitropolit melqisedeks:

Тбилиси, Сионский Собор. Митрополиту Мелхиседеку. Дела препятствуют мне лично быть на соборе Грузинской Церкви и интронизации

будушего Католикоса Патриарха. Назначаю Нашими представителями Экзарха Украины

34saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 91. 35saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 96.

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Митрополита Киевского Иоанна, Архиепископа Харьковского Стефана и Ректора Московской Духовной Академии протоиерея Ружицкого.

Патриарх Алексий

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis IX adgilobrivi kreba

metad Sromatevad dros daemTxva patriarq aleqsisTvis. komunisturi mTavroba amzadebda ssrk-is yvela eklesiis da religiuri organizaciis mSvidobis dacvisadmi miZRvnil konferencias, romelic unda gamarTuliyo 1952 wlis maiss, yovladwmida samebis sergis lavraSi ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis egidiT, amitomac patriarq aleqsisTvis metad mZime iqneboda am saorganizacio mzadebis dros TbilisSi ramdenimedRiani viziti36.

mitropolitma melqisedekma depeSiT37 aseve mimarTa krutickisa da kolomnis mitropolit nikolozs (iaruSeviCi) (1891-1961)38, romelic xelmZRvanelobda moskovis sapatriarqos sagareo saeklesio urTierTobaTa ganyofilebas (1946-60 ww.) da warmoadgenda imdroindel marTlmadideblur samyaroSi erT-erT gavlenian mRvdelmTavars. misi viziti patriarq aleqsisTan erTad, an mis gareSec, saqarTvelos eklesiis krebas did avtoritets moupovebda.

Митрополиту Николаю Долгом считаю уведомить В.В (Ваше Высокопреосвяшенство) про(что) выборы

Патр(иарха). состоятся 5 с(его). апр(еля). а интронизация 7го. Ваше присутствие Владыко на этом церковном соборе придало бы ему красивый колорит, свидетельствуюший и(в) взаимной дружеской любви между двумя православными церквами. mitropoliti nikolozi, aseve erT-erT wamyvan rols asrulebda aRniSnuli konferenciis momzadebaSi, amitomac man aseve uari SeuTvala39 daswrebaze mitropolit melqisedeks:

Тбилиси Сионский Собор Митрополиту Мелхиседеку Очень сожалею невозможности быть на Вашем празднике. Необходимо готовить

доклад,40 горячо желаю Вашего избрания. Примите мою любовь, Митрополит Николай.

mitropolitma melqisedekma aseve mimarTa moskovSi antioqiisa da sruliad

aRmosavleTis patriarqis warmomadgenels, arqimandrit basilis (samaxa), raTa mas gamoeTxova nebarTva antioqiis da sruliad aRmosavleTis patriarqis, unetares aleqsandre III-gan nebarTva krebaze da axali kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydrebaze dasaswrebad41. 31 marts arqimandritma basilim sapasuxo depeSa gaugzavna mitropolit melqisedeks, romliTac auwyebda, rom janmrTelobis problemebis gamo ver axerxebda Tbiliss Casvlas42, Tumca 3 aprils kidev erTi depeSa gaugzavna mitropolit melqisedeks, sadac axarebda mas, rom unetares aleqsandre III

36am konferenciaSi kaTolikos-patriarqma melqisedek III-m miiRo monawileoba. masalebi konferenciis Sesaxeb, ix. Конференция всех Церквей и религиозных объеденений в СССР, посвященная вопросу защиты мира, Материалы. Москва, 1952; kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedekis sityva, ix. iqve, gv. 106-109. konferenciis masalebis didi nawili aseve gamoqveynebulia 1952 wlis ЖМП-is nomrebSi. 37saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 90, stili daculia. 38mitropolit nikolozis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli naSromebidan gansakuTrebiT gamovyofT s. surkovis 700 gverdian monografias, ix. Сергей Сурков. Митрополит Николай (Ярушевич), Материалы по истории Церкви. Москва, 2012. 39saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 101. 40es vrceli moxseneba saTauriT Церковь вместе с народом в борьбе за мир mitropolitma nikolozma waikiTxa 1952 wlis 9 maiss, ix. Конференция… стр. 30-95. 41saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 95. 42saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 99.

100

antioqielis nebarTviT da eqimebis daSvebiT SeeZlo Tbiliss gamgzavreba da moskovidan gamofrindeboda 4 aprils43.

patriarqma aleqsim IX adgilobriv krebaze TbilisSi ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis delegatebad gamogzavna: kievisa da galiCinis mitropoliti da sruliad ukrainis sapatriarqos egzarqosi ioane (sokolovi), xarkovisa da bogoduxovskis mTavarepiskoposi stefane (procenko) da moskovis sasuliero akademiis reqtori, dekanozi konstantine ruJicki. 1 aprils mitropoliti ioane da dekanozi konstantine ruJicki matarebliT gamoemgzavrnen Tbiliss moskovidan, razec sagangebo depeSiT44 atyobinebda mitropolit melqisedeks moskovis sapatriarqos saqmeTa mmarTveli _ protopresviteri nikoloz kolCicki. mitropolit ioanes Tan hqonda patriarq aleqsi I-is mier misTvis gacemuli sagangebo mowmoba45, romelic nebas rTavda mas delegaciis sxva wevrebTan erTad daswreboda IX adgilobriv krebas. mTavarepiskoposi stefane 2 aprils #13 matarebliT gamoemgzavra xarkovidan Tbiliss, razec sagangebod atyobinebda depeSiT46 mitropolitMmelqisedeks.

faqtobrivi mzadeba krebis Catarebisa da axali mamamTavris aRsaydrebisTvis dasrulda 4 aprilisTvis. 31 marts mitropolitma melqisedekma eparqiaTa mmarTvel mRvdelmTavrebsa da yvela eparqiis delegatebs Camouriga mosaydris xelmoweriTa da beWdiT dadasturebuli sagangebo mcire zomis mandatebi, romelTa nawilmac Cvenamde moaRwia47. naklebad mniSvnelovani, magram IX krebis praqtikuli mxaris gasaSuqeblad aRsaniSnavia, rom 1 aprils platon cqitiSvilma kaTolikos-patriarqis samdivnos saxeliT `pasaJiris atk-s~ daukveTa 7 aprilisTvis ori avtobusi mcxeTis mimarTulebiT, raTa axali kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydrebaze uzrunvelyofili yofiliyo krebis delegatebisa da stumrebis transportireba48. ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis delegacia TbilisSi Camovida 4 aprils, rkinizis centralur sadgurze (e. w. `vagzalze~) maT daxvda mitropoliti efremi da mimarTa gulTbili sityviT (ar aris SemorCenili). winaswar iqna Sedgenili e. w. `ganrigeba krebis moqmedebisa~49, romlis Sedgenis TariRi ucnobia magram araugvianesia 4-5 aprilisa.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis IX adgilobrivi kreba gaimarTa 1952 wlis 5 aprils sionis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis sapatriarqo taZarSi. kreba daiwyo mcire savedrebeli paraklisiT, romelic aRasrula episkoposma gabrielma. paraklisis Semdeg krebis Tavmjdomarem (Tavmjdomareoba mas ekuTvnoda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebis mixedviT (§.4)) _ urbnelma mitropolitma melqisedekma daiWira misTvis kuTvnili adgili sionis sapatriarqo taZris dasavleT mklavSi dadgmuli prezidiumis magidis centrSi da brZana Sesavali sityva (ar aris SemorCenili), Tumca misi Sinaarsi garkveulwilad cnobilia, saxeldobr mitropoliti melqisedeki xazs usvamda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis Zmur urTierTobas sxva adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan50. amis Semdeg man kreba gamoacxada gaxsnilad. `ganrigebis~ Sesabamisad mitropolitma efremma waikiTxa mTavrobisadmi misalmebis gzavnili:

sssr ministrTa sabWos Tavjdomares sruliad saqarTvelos me 9-e saeklesio kreba, romelic Seikriba sabWoTa

saqarTvelos deda qalaq TbilisSi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikoz patriarqis

43saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 116. 44saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 103. 45saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 61. 46saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 109. 47saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 26-57, 58 (dekanoz andria tyemalaZis mandati dimitri CijavaZisadmi krebaze dasaswrebad (1. IV. 1952 w.)). 48 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 59. 49saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 77. 50Архиепископ Стефан, Новый Католикос-Патриарх всея Грузии Святейший Мелхиседек, ЖМП, # 5, Москва, 1952, стр.

34.

101

asarCevad, gulsavse madlobiT mogesalmebaT saqarTvelos eklesiis mfarvelobisTvis.

saqarTvelos eklesia, morwmune eris saxiT, yovelTvis icavda ra mSvidobas, aRSfoTebulia amerikel agresorTa araadamianuri moqmedebiT da mouwodebs morwmuneT _ kvlav ufro meti energiiT ibrZolon mTel msoflioSi mSvidobis SenarCunebisTvis.

prezidiumis Tavjdomaris moadgile mitrop. efremi mdivani _ pl. cqitiSvili51.

mTavrobisadmi misalmebis gagzavnis Semdeg kreba Seudga saproceduro

sakiTxebs. mitropolit melqisedekis winadadebiT arqimandriti gobroni gamovida winadadebiT arCeuliyo saqmiani da sapatio prezidiumi. saqmiani prezidiumis wevrebad airCies: mitropoliti efremi (krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgiled), episkoposi gabrieli, episkoposi antoni da aleqsandre cixiTaTraSvili, xolo sapatiosi _ moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqis warmomadgenlebi: mitropoliti ioane, mTavarepiskoposi stefane, dekanozi konstantine ruJicki da antioqiisa da sruliad aRmosavleTis patriarqis warmomadgeneli moskovSi _ arqimandriti basili. dekanoz varlam gabadaZis winadadebiT airCies samandato komisia dekanoz aleqsandre gabunias TavmjdomareobiT, dekanoz xariton devdarianisa da dekanoz konstantine emCinovis wevrobiT, xolo dekanoz daviT iaSvilis winadadebiT airCies e. w. `seqretariati~ _ anu krebis samdivno. aRniSnuli procedurebis52 Sejamebis (isini winaswar iyvnen gawerili e. w. ̀ ganrigebis~ Sesabamisad) Semdgom prezidiumis sapatio wevrebs rusul enaze sityviT53 mimarTa episkoposma antonma: Ваше Высокопреосвященства, Высокопреосвященнейший Экзарх Всея Украины, Митрополит Киевский и Галицкий Иоанн, Высокопреосвященнеиший Стефан, Архиепископ Харьковский и Богодуховский, Достичтимый Ректор Московской Духовной Академии, Протоирей О.Констатин Ружицкий и достичтимий, боголюбезнейший Архимандрит о. Василий! По поручению Всегрузинского девятого Церковного Собора, приветствую Вас и в лице Вашем всезнатного дорогого отца, Святейшего Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Алексея, по случаю Вашего приезда в древнюю столицу Грузии - в Тбилиси для украшения и духовного, молитвенного обшения с ним. Русская Православная Церьковь на протяжении существования многих веков, как родная сестра, всегда была внимательна, отзивчива, Грузинской Церкви, разделяя всякий раз горе и радость с нею. За последние годы, обе эти церкви идут рука об руку в авангарде в деле зашиты мира, во всем мире, разоблачая поджигателей войны, которые хотят залить кровью весь земной шар и на этой человеческой крови нажиться и обезнечить свое благосостояние. Мощное, властное слово двух ангелов Русской и Грузинской Православных Церквей облетели весь земной шар и нет уголка на земле, что бы не знать этих двух имен. Имена этих двух ангелов мира - Алексей и Каллистрат. Несколько недель тому назад Грузинская Православная Церьковь была глубоко опечалена по случаю успения дорогого, высокочтимого нами Отца Нашего, Святейшего и Блаженнейшего Католикоса Патриарха Всея Грузии Каллистрата, но по неложному Слову Божию "плач Ваша претворится в радость", сегодня но милости Всешедраго Бого Отца, на горизонте Грузинской Церкви снова поднимается сияющее солнце, освещающее и согревающее своих чад. Сегодня Грузинскя Православная Церьковь и вместе с нею все верующие Грузии, празднует великое, историческое собрание и торжестувет по случаю избрания глави своея Католикоса Патриарха.

51saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 82. 52saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 78-80. 53saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 68-69.

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Сегодня по милости Пресвятыя Богородицы - потроницы Нашей родины и молитвами посланицы ея Святой равноапостольной Нины и пред свяшенни из виноградной лози креста, приступает к избранию будушего кормчего духовного корабля - главы Грузинской Православной Церкви. Верим и глубоко верим, досточтимые дорогие гости - Ваше Высокопреосвященства, Ректор О.протоиерей и архимандрит о.Василий, что Вы , как посланики от имени Русской Православной Церкви и глубокочтимого Святейшего Патриарха Московского и Всея Руси Алексея и Антиохийского Патриарха Александра, изволили прибыть сюда, чтобы разделить вместе с нами эту свяшенную радость и своим присуствием украсит наше скромное торжество. Ваше присутствие в этом свяшенном и древнейшем Соборе есть свидетельство искренней любви чад Русской Православной Церкви и Святейшего Патриарха Московского и Всея Руси Алексея и Антиохии к древнейшей Грузинской Православой Церкви и народу. Примите от нас, Боголюбезнейшие архипастыри, святители Русской Православной Церкви и Боголюбезнейшие о.Ректор и архимандрит о.Василий, нашу искренюю благодарность за понесенные Вами труды и просим передать всему Православному Русскому народу и Святейшему Патриарху Московскому и Всея Руси Алексею и Антиохийскому Патриарху блубочаишую благодарность за братскую любовь, за столь высокое внимание и благопожелания к нам.

Пусть наше сегодняшнее церковное торжество еще сильнее укрепит человеколюбец Бог дружбу и любовь между Грузинским и Руским народами и их Церквами и Антиохии на благо и процветание родины и на славу Православных Церквей и одним усты и сердцем восхвалеть Господа Бога Нашего и ему же подобает честь и Слава и во веки веков. Аминь.

Антоний, Епископ Сухумский и Абхазский. 5 Апреля 1952 г.

samadlobeli sityviT gamovida mitropoliti ioane, amave dros man waikiTxa

krebisadmi moskovisa da sruliad patriarqis, uwmides aleqsi I-is mimarTva54: Патриарх Московский и всея Руси

† Священному Собору Грузинской Православной Церкви

Православня Русская Церковь, пережившая вместе с возлюбленной о Господе сестрой, Православной Церковью Грузии, Ее скорбь о лишении Ее Отца Святейшего Католикоса-Патриарха КАЛЛИСТРАТА в течение более двух десятилетий с великою честью Ее возглавлявшего, ныне, купно с Нею, утешается тем, что приблизилось время прекрашения Ее вдовства избранием на Ее священном Соборе преемника почившего в Бозе Католикоса-Патриарха. Мы лимся вместе с вами, всечестные отцы и братие Грузинской Церкви, чтобы на священном Соборе вашем совершилось "еже изволися Духу Святому" и вам, и чтобы ибранныи вами новый Глава святой Церкви вашей стал достойным преемником почившего брата нашего, возлюбленного и приснопоминаемого нами Святейшего Католикоса-Патриарха КАЛЛИСТРАТРА. Русская Правослвная Церковь с братскою любовью привествует Церковь Грузинскую в лице досточтимых членов Ее свяшенного Собора.

Алексий, Патриарх Московской и всея Руси. 1 Апреля 1952 г., в Москве.

ucxouri delegaciebisadmi sityvis dasrulebis Semdeg samandato komisiis

Tavmjdomarem, dekanozma aleqsandre gabuniam mimarTa krebas moxsenebiT55, romliTac auwyebda damswre 46 (4 maTgani rogorc irkveva ar gamocxadda) delegatis sruluflebianobas, 2 delegatis saTaTbiro xmis kanonierebas (1 maTgani – daviT tatiSvili ar gamocxadda krebaze) da sapatio wevrebis nusxas. amis Semdeg mitropolitma melqisedekma waikiTxa moxseneba saqarTvelos eklesiis saqmianobis Sesaxeb mSvidobis dacvis moZraobaSi (sabWoTa xelisufleba 40-iani wlebis bolodan aiZulebda ssrk-Si moqmed religiur organizaciebs sxvadasxva saxiT

54saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 60. 55saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 81.

103

(konferenciebiT, saeklesio krebebiT Tu sxv.) mieRo monawileoba e. w. `mSvidobis dacvis moZraobaSi~), moxsenebis safuZvelze qarTul da rusul enaze momzadda specialuri mimarTva56:

sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio me-9-e kreba mouwodebs saqarTvelos eklesiis samRvdeloebas da qarTvel morwmune ers gaaZlieron locva msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebisTvis da agreTve TviTeulma maTganma am saqmisTvis iSromos Tavisi SeZlebisamebr.

amasTanave me-9-e saeklesio kreba guliswyromas gamosTqvams mSvidobianobis mtrebis – amerikel aggressor-imperialistebis winaamRdeg, romlebic uSenen koreilebisa57 da Cinelebis sofel-qalaqebs saSinel avadmyofobaTa baqteriebiT gatenil bombebs. saqarTvelos eklesia gamosTqvams protests amerikelTa am saSinel borotmoqmedTa winaamRdeg da uerTdeba msoflioSi mSvidobianobisTvis mebrZol patiosan adamianTa aRSfoTebas.

Tavjdomare mitrop. melqisedeki mdivani pl. cqitiSvili.

sapatriarqo kenWisyris dawyebamde mitropolit melqisedekis winadadebiT krebam samgzis `saukuno xseneba~ ugaloba sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetares kalistrates58. amis Semdeg, IX adgilobrivi kreba Seudga sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevnebs. kenWisyra warmoebda xmis Riad micemis wesiT, romelic aseve miRebuli iyo ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi (2000 wlamde). kreba amiT arRvevda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo elesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebas (§6)59, rogorc Cans, mitropolit melqisedeks surda am arCevnebis forma yofiliyo msgavsi ruseTis patriarq aleqsi I-is arCevisa (1945 w.), romelic xmis Riad micemis gziT, erTxmad iyo arCeuli moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqad. IX adgilobriv krebaze wamoyenebul iqna erTaderTi kandidatura _ urbneli mitropolitis melqisedekis saxiT, Tumca krebis delegatebs SeeZloT daesaxelebinaT nebismieri maTTvis sasurveli kandidati. krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgilem _ mitropolitma efremma saTiTaod, sajarod hkiTxa krebis damswre yvela sruluflebian delegats, Tu vis irCevdnen sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad da mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposad. kenWisyris Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom 50 xmiT 2-is winaaRmdeg (sakiTxi odnav bundovania, radgan krebis Canawerebidan viciT, rom krebas eswreboda 46 sruluflebiani delegati 50 dasaxelebulidan, xmis micemisgan didi albaTobiT Seikavebda Tavs mitropoliti melqisedeki (imgvarad, rogorc, magaliTad, moxda moskovis 1971 wlis adgilobriv krebaze, rodesac mitropolit nikodimes (rotovi) winadadebiT krebam aSkara sapatriarqo kandidati – mitropoliti pimeni (izvekovi) gaaTavisufla xmis micemisgan)) urbneli mitropoliti melqisedeki arCeul iqna sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposad da ewoda saxelad melqisedek III60. axladarCeuli mamamTavari iyo saqarTvelos

56saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 72 (ukana mxares amave mimarTvis Targmani rusul enaze). 57igulisxmeba koreis omi (1950-53 ww). 58Архиепископ Стефан, Новый Католикос-Патриарх всея Грузии Святейший Мелхиседек, ЖМП, # 5, Москва, 1952, стр.

34. 59mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos VIII saeklesio krebis (1937 w.) saxeliT gamocemuli `debuleba~. saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi. I. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 383-384. 60ukanasknelad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias mamamTavari melqisedekis saxeliT saWeTmpyroblobda 1528-29, 1540-45, 1548-52 wlebSi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (zemo iveriis) kaTolikos-patriarqi melqisedek II (bagrationi), mefe giorgi IX-isa da luarsab I-is Zma. misi biografia metad bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivia, mis Sesaxeb ix. eka kaWarava. melqisedek II (bagrationi). saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 89-90; ix. agreTve mRvdeli polieqvtos karbelaSvili. ierarqia saqarTvelos ekklesiisa: kaTalikosni da mRvdelT-mTavarni. gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali, komentarebi da SeniSvnebi daurTo bondo arvelaZem. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 86-87.

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samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis rigiT 146-e61 saWeTmpyrobeli, xolo avtokefaliis aRdgenidan me-6. Aamis Semdgom mitropolitma efremma ganacxada qaRaldis did gragnilze Sedgenili krebis umTavresi ganCineba62:

ganCineba sruliad saqarTvelos me-9-e saeklesio krebisa

19 IV/5 52 srulid saqarTvelos eklesiis samRvdeloman dasman wmidaTa

mRvdelmTavarTa da gankrZalulTa krebulTaman da yovelTa morwmuneTa saqarTveloisaTa erTiTa nebiTa, erTiTa guliTa da erTiTa piriTa aRirCies

STagonebiTa RmrTisaTa mTavarepiskoposad mcxeTisa da Tbilisisa da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikoz-patriarqad maRalyovladusamRvdeloesi

m e l q i s e d e k i mitropoliti urbnisisa.

sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi Sekrebilma sazogadoebam, krebis delegatebma, morwmune erma axladarCeul patriarqs samgzis ugaloba `aqsios!~ da `mravalJamieri~, amis Semdeg moskovis sapatriarqos Jurnalis mixedviT, unda yofiliyo miRebuli mTavrobisadmi misasalmebeli sityvis proeqti da mimarTva mSvidobis dacvis saqmisTvis, Tumca, Cven migvaCnia, rom es procedurebi unda Catarebuliyo kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevnebamde, amasve adasturebs `ganrigeba krebis moqmedebisa~. amis Semdgom krebis damswreebma igalobes `Rirs arsi~ da kreba gamocxadda daxurulad.

krebis dasasruls Sedga sagangebo oqmi63, erTgvari komunike, romelic ajamebda IX krebis mimdinareobas: oqmi

1952 wlis 5 aprils Sesdga saqarTvelos eklesiis mecxre kreba. krebas Seadgenda: saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebi, eklesiaTa winamZRvrebi da samrevlo sabWoebidan TiTo warmomadgeneli erisTagani.

kreba gaxsna maRalyovladusamRvdeloesma urbnisis mitropolitma melqisedekma, igive Tavjdomare krebisa. Tavjdomares amxanagad arCeul iqna maRalyovladusamRvdeloesi quTaTel-genaTeli da Wyondideli mitropoliti efremi. krebas daeswren (“saTaTbiro xmiT” – Semdgom waSlilia – i.T.) ruseTis eklesiis warmomadgenlebi: kievis da galiciis mitropoliti da sruliad ukrainis eqsarxosi ioane, xarkovisa da bogoduxovis mTavarepiskoposi stefane, moskovis sasuliero akademiis reqtori dekanozi konstantne ruJicki da antioqiis eklesiis warmomadgeneli vasili samaxa.

wamoyenebul iqna urbnisis mitropoliti melqisedekis (`kandidatura~ gamorCenilia – i.T) sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikoz-patriarqobaze. arCevnebis Catarebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom delegatebis gadamwyveti 50 xmis umetesobiT oris winaamRdeg sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikoz-patriarqad arCeul iqna maRalyovladusamRvdeloesi urbnisis mitropoliti melqisedeki.

kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeuli urbneli mitropoliti melqisedeki,64 erSi _

mixeil giorgis Ze fxalaZe daibada 1872 wlis 2 (14) noembers siRnaRis mazris sofel zemo yandauraSi, medaviTne giorgi dimitris Ze fxalaZisa da misi meuRle barbare abraamis asul fxalaZis ojaxSi. mixeili monaTla 1872 wlis 10 (22) noembers, sofel yandauras wm. giorgis eklesiaSi, mRvdelma spiridon fxalaZem, medaviTneebis: levan elizbaraSvilisa da andria varazaSvilis `TanadaswrebiT~, mixeilis naTlia

61rigiTobis dadgenisas veyrdnobiT Semdeg gamocemas _ sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi. Tbilisi, 2000. moskovis sapatriarqos JurnalSi aRniSnulia, rom igi gaxldaT 143-e mamamTavari, ix. Архиепископ Стефан, Новый Католикос-Патриарх всея Грузии Святейший Мелхиседек, ЖМП, # 5, Москва, 1952, стр. 34. 62saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furceli 75. 63saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 70-71 (qarTul da rusul enaze). 64biografiis aRdgenisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT Semdeg wyaroebs: giorgi maCuriSvili. kaTolikos-patriarqi melqisedek III (fxalaZe) 1872-1960._ sapatriarqos uwyebani, #3 (703). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 17-20; sergo vardosaniZe. patriarqi kalistrate, patriarqi melqisedek III, patriarqebi. I. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 173-186.

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gaxldaT sof. yandauras mamasaxlisis ivane javaxiSvilis meuRle ekaterine65. 1880 wels man pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis misaRebad swavla ganagrZo Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi66, 1882 wels daeRupa mSoblebi. Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi masTan erTad swavlobda daviT iaSvili, SemdgomSi _ mitropoliti dimitri (iaSvili)67. misi mogonebiT: `mixeil fxalaZe kargaT cnobili iyo jer kidev isev Telavis saswavlebelSi, ara marto, rogorc pirveli mowafe Tavis klasSi, aramed rogorc uniWieresi moswavle mTel saswavlebelSi. mas, dawyebuli pirvel ganyofilebidan, xuTze naklebi niSnebi ara yolia. arc erT saganSi, ara marto Tviurad da wliurad, aramed dRiurSiac da rac SesaniSnavia, yvela samoswavlo saganSi iCenda niWs, gaTavebuli galobiT~68. mixeil fxalaZe 1890 wels Cairicxa Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi metad daZabuli mdgomareoba iyo aRniSnul saswavlebelSi, xSirad xdeboda studentTa gaficva, studentebs Soris iyo mravali momavali social-demokratiuli frTis warmomadgeneli (silibistro jiblaZe, lado kecxoveli da sxv.)69, iyo dapirispirebebi studentebsa da seminariis administracias Soris70. rogorc Cans, mixeil fxalaZe gulgrili rCeba am moZraobisadmi. misi uSualo Tanaklaselis, mitropolit dimitris mogonebiT: `m. fxalaZem seminariis kursi daamTavra 1896 wels umagaliTo warCinebiT... seminariis 70 wlis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, arc erT mowafes ar daumTavrebia seminariis kursi iseTi maRali SefasebiT, rogorc m. fxalaZes. mis atestatSi, niSnebis aRsaniSnav grafaSi, sagnebis pirdapir Cveulebrivad cal-calke ki ar ewera niSnebi, aramed am grafaSi ijda marto erTi didi niSani `5~ Tavidan bolomdis Camotanili~71. Tbilisis sasuliero saswavleblis dasrulebis Semdeg man swavla yazanis sasuliero akademiaSi ganagrZo (romelic gaxldaT ruseTis imperiaSi arsebuli oTxi sasuliero akademiidan erT-erTi). misi iq yofnisas yazanSi aseve swavlobdnen: ipolite varTagava, daviT kaWaxiZe (SemdgomSi mitropoliti daviTi), sergi gorgaZe, mRvdeli besarion xelaia (SemdgomSi wm. ambrosi aRmsarebeli († 1927) da sxvani72. akademia man daamTavra 1900 wels RmrTismetyvelebis kandidatis xarisxiT, misi sakandidato disertacia gaxldaT `Антоний I, Католикос Церкви Иверской, и его сочинение `Мза-Метквелеба~73. is 1900 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi, imave wlis 27 ivliss quTaisis sasuliero saswavleblis rusuli enis maswavleblad dainiSna, xolo 1902 wlis 26 ianvars, quTaisis sasuliero seminariis fizika-maTematikis maswavleblad gadaiyvanes. mixeil fxalaZe 1904 wlis 8 aprilidan smolenskis guberniis q. belis

65niko javaxiSvili. vin monaTla saqarTvelos momavali kaTolikos-patriarqi?_ istoriani, #7 (31). Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 48-52. 66giorgi maCuriSvili. kaTolikos-patriarqi melqisedek III (fxalaZe) 1872-1960._ sapatriarqos uwyebani, #3 (703), Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 17. 67manve dagvitova metad saintereso mogonebebi kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedek III-is Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelsa da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi swavlis periodze, ix. dokumenti mogonebani mis[i] uwmindesobis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-patriarqis melqisedek me-III-ze mis[i] mowafeobis cxovrebidan, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 2, saqme 923, furclebi 6-10. 68saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 2, saqme 923, furceli 6. 69sergo vardosaniZe. patriarqi kalistrate, patriarqi melqisedek III, patriarqebi. I. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 173. 70XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis Sesaxeb, ix. ipolite varTagava. mogonebebi. I. Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 90-218. 71saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 2, saqme 923, furceli 7. 72yazanis sasuliero akademiaSi saswavlo procesisa da qarTveli studentebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb, ix. ipolite varTagava. mogonebebi. II. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 9-86. maT Soris, kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedek III-ze, gv. 56-57, 59 (Cans metad subieqturi midgoma avtorisagan). yazanis akademiaSi aRzrdili qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebis Sesaxeb, ix. Игумен Евфимий (Моисеев). Казанская духовная академия и ее выпускники – иерархи Грузинской Православной Церкви. Казань, 2014 (internet-publikacia: http://kazpds.ru/rektor-kazpds-predstavil-

doklad-o-kazanskoy-duhovnoy-akademii-i-ee-vyipusknikah-arhipastyirey-gruzinskoy-tserkvi/ (ukanasknelad Semowmda, 29. X. 2016)). 73SesaZloa, am gadawyvetilebaze imanac imoqmeba, rom antoniseuli mzametyvelebis teqsti axali gamocemuli da xelmisawvdomi iyo farTo sazogadoebisTvis, teqstisTvis melqisedek III mimarTavda Semdeg gamocemas, ix. mza-metyveleba, qmnili antoni I saqarTvelos kaTolikozisgan, mR. p. karbelovis redaqtorobiT. tfilisi, 1892.

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sasuliero saswavlebelSi ariTmetika-geografiis, xolo 1909 wlis 2 noembridan kamenec-podolskis sasuliero seminariaSi fizika-maTematikis maswavebelia. 1915 wlis 15 maiss is q. tivrovis sasuliero saswavleblis zedamxedvelad dainiSna, 1915 wlis 31 maiss xeldasxmulia mRvdlad. 1917 wlis seqtemberSi mixeil fxalaZe brundeba saqarTveloSi da iniSneba goris sasuliero saswavleblis zedamxedvelad. 1918 wels gardaecvala meuRle, xolo imave wlis 21 noembers daajildoves dekanozobis pativiT. 1921 wlis ivnisSi gardaicvala misi Zma _ dekanozi svimeon fxalaZe. 1921 (1920-?)-1922 wlebSi ganmosilia da muSaobda kaxeTis rkinigzis matareblis revizorad, 1922 wlis 5 aprils dainiSna sionis sapatriarqo taZris kandelakad (manamde moRvaweobda bodbisxevSi, ganixileboda rogorc alaverdeli episkoposis kandidati)74. 1925 wlis TebervalSi anCisxatis taZris winamZRvrad daadgines, imave wlis aprilSi gadaiyvanes alaverdis eparqiis yandauras olqis mTavarxucesad. 1925 wlis oqtomberSi aRikveca berad da ewoda saxelad melqisedeki, xolo imave wlis 14 oqtombers, sveticxovlobas, xeldasxmulia alaverdelad75. 1927 wlis 17 oqtombers dadginda cxumel episkoposad, 1928 wlis 24 martidan _ wiklnelad, xolo imave wlis maisSi _ Tbilisis feriscvalebis monastris winamZRvrad. 1935 wlis 2 ianvars eboZa mitropolitoba da kvlav cxumelad dainiSna. 1938 wlis 9 ivliss gaTavisuflda samsaxuridan da meorejer ganimosa76. 1943 wlis 1 aprils kukiis wm. ninos saxelobis taZris mRvdelmsaxurad ganamweses, xolo 1944 wlis 30 aprils urbnel mitropolitad dadginda77 da didubis RvTismSoblis eklesiis winamZRvrad dainiSna. maleve, kaTolikos-patriarqma kalistratem gamoarCia igi sapatriarqo taxtis mosaydred. igi 1948 wlis ivlisSi eswreboda moskovSi, moskovis sapatriarqos daarsebidan 500 wlisTavis saiubileo RonisZiebebs78.

1952 wlis 6 aprils, kviras, sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi aResrula saRmrTo liturgia, xolo mis Semdeg kaTolikos-patriarqKkalistrates sulis mosaxsenebeli panaSvidi, romelic aRasrules79 mTavarepiskoposma stefanem da episkoposma gabrielma. panaSvidis dawyebamde meufe stefanem warmoTqva mcire sityva micvalebulTaTvis locvis aucileblobasa da mniSvnelobaze.

axladarCeuli kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydreba Sedga 1952 wlis 7 aprils mcxeTis wmidaTa didebulTa da yovladqebulTa aTormetTa mociqulTa saxelobis sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi, yovladwmida RmrTismSoblis xarebis dResaswaulze. wina dRiT, sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi Sesrulda mwuxri da ciskari. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis aRsaydrebas gansakuTrebuli saxe aqvs80. saRmrTo liturgiis dawyebamde, mantiamosxulma mRvdelmTavrebma taZris stoaSi olariT, mcire omoforiTa da mantiiT Semoses sveticxovelSi sazeimod mibrZanebuli mitropoliti melisedeki da anTebuli

74dekanoz mixeilis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb metad saintereso informacias Seicavs misi Tanamoazris, dekanoz nikita TalaqvaZis dRiurebi, ix. dekanozi nikitas malaqias-Ze TalaqvaZe. moqalaqe-mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 165-594 (naxsenebia metad xSirad). 75alaverdelis saydarze misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, ix. giorgi maCuriSvili. alaverdis eparqia 1917-2007 wlebSi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 107. alaverdelobisas, 1926 wels Seadgina pasqaliis gamosaTvleli originaluri cxrilebi, romelic Semdgom XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi ibeWdeboda oTxi farTo formatiani cxrilis saxiT saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendrebSi. 76mitropolit gaiozis (keratiSvili) mogonebiT, romelic man mogviTxro 2015 wlis 16 ianvars, ganmosili mitropoliti melqisedeki wvrilmanebiT vaWrobiT, saxeldobr asanTis kolofebis gayidviT irCenda Tavs. igi aseve eswreboda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis sesias (SemorCenilia v. beriZis Canaxati). 77misi urbnelad moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, ix. giorgi maCuriSvili. urbnisis eparqia (nawili V)._ sapatriarqos uwyebani, #44, Tbilisi, 2014. gv. 19-20. 78А. Ш. Церковные делегации на юбилейных торжествах Русской Православной Церкви. ЖМП, Специальный номер, Москва,

1948. стр. 5. 79Архиепископ Стефан, Новый Католикос-Патриарх всея Грузии Святейший Мелхиседек. ЖМП, #5, Москва, 1952, стр. 35. 80aRsaydrebis qronika dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili moskovis sapatriarqos JurnalSi _ Архиепископ Стефан,

Новый Католикос-Патриарх всея Грузии Святейший Мелхиседек, ЖМП, #5, Москва, 1952, стр. 37-38. am cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRvadgineT aRsaydrebis msvleloba. saqarTvelos eklesiis mamamTavarTa kurTxevisa da aRsaydrebis Semcveli teqstebis xelnawerebze uaxloes momavalSi gamoqveyndeba istoriis doqtorant, i. lorTqifaniZis statia, aseve Cveni publikaciac.

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sanTlebiT aiyvanes (ukverTxod) ambionze, sadac protodiakonma ambrosi axobaZem xmamaRla waikiTxa IX krebis ganCineba. locvebis, xatebsa da wmida trapezze mTxvevis Semdeg mitropolitma melqisedekma mgalobelTa TanxlebiT waikiTxa specialuri kvereqsi81: mitropoliti melqisedeki (mm): Segviwyalen Cuen RmerTo didiTa wyalobiTa SeniTa, gevedrebiT ismine da Segviwyalen. gundi (g):Uufalo Segviwyalen. mm: mermeca gevedrebiT uwmidesTa da unetaresTa patriarqTa, yovladsamRvdeloTa episkopozTa, patiosanTa mRudelTa, qristes mier diakonTa da yovelTa marTlmadidebelTa qristianeTaTvis. g: ufalo Segviwyalen (3-gzis) mm (asamaRlebeli): rameTu mowyale da kacTmoyuare RmerTi xar da Senda didebasa aRuavlenT mamisa da Zisa da wmidisa sulisa, aw da maradis da ukuniTi ukunisamde. g:Aamin! mm: sibrZniT, moxeden! mm: (Camolocva sulTmofenebis kviris liturgiisa):

romelman saxisa cecxlisa enaTaჲTa zeciT gardamouvlina yovladwmidaჲ suli wmidaTa mowafeTa da mociqulTa TvisTa, qristeman WeSmaritman RmerTman Cuenman...

mitropoliti melqisedeki darCa aRsavlis karTan, ris Semdegac protodiakonma ambrosim mimarTa maRali xmiT:

samRvdeloman dasman wmidaTa mRudelmTavarTa da gankrZalulTa krebulTaman

da yovelTa morwmuneTa saqarTveloჲsaTa erTiTa nebiTa erTiTa guliTa da erTiTa piriTa aRirCies Rirsebaჲ Seni, STagonebiTa RmrTisaჲTa, mTavarepiskoposad mcxeTisa da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-patriarqad da mogiwveven Sen wmidasa amas kaTolike saydarsa (xeliT uCvena kaTedraze), aRved uwmideso meufeo, xarisxTa zeda misTa da amkobde mas vidre ukanaisknel aRmofSvinvadmde Sensa, ganadide igi, viTarca netarTa kirion, arsen, melqisedek, ioane, nikolaoz, domenti, antoni da sxuaTa, uwinares Sensa myofTa, didebulTa kaTalikozTa; damwyse zegardmo Senda rwmunebuli eri gzasa zeda saukunoჲsa cxovrebisasa da saZovarTa saxarebisa madlisaTa. iyavn, iyavn!

samRvdeloebam da mgaloblebma igalobes samgzisi `aqsios~, xolo

kaTolikos-patriarqad gamorCeulma mitropolitma melqisedekma upasuxa: WeSmaritad saRmrTo, did da aRmatebul ars wmidaჲ ese msaxurebaჲ,

romlisaTvis Tqmulebisaebr wmidisa oqropirisa, saWiro ars Zali da bunebaჲ angelozTaჲ; garna madliTa da sasoebiTa kacTmoyuarisa meufisaჲTa, miviReb aRrCevas qristჱs morwmunisa erisasa da, mosruli winaSe RmTiv aRmaRlebulisa amis suetisa-cxovelisa, aRTqumasa vhyof saRmrToTa wesTa da sarwmunoebisa dacvisasTvis, erTgulebisaTvis ama kaTolike eklesiisa da Tavisa da sulisa dadebisaTvis vidre sisxlTa daTxevamde erisa Cemisa keTildReobisaTvis.

mitropolit melqisedekis Semdeg upiratesi mRvdelmTavari, mitropoliti efremi mivida masTan, emTxvia marjvenaze da gadasca mas sapatriarqo Rirsebis simbolo _ kverTxi mandilis gareSe, sityvebiT:

miiRe kuerTxi ese, saxe mosჱs kuerTxisaჲ, raTa, viTarca man ganapo zRuaჲ mewamuli da aRiyvana Zueli israჱli queynad aRTqumisa, egreTve Senca, ganZlierebulman da maszeda dayrdnobilman, ganapo zRuaჲ msoflio Relva-guemisaჲ

81aqac da SemdgomSic aRsaydrebis RmrTismsaxurebisTvis citatebis moyvanisas veyrdnobiT Semdeg

naSroms _ kurTxevaჲ da saydrad aRyvanebaჲ kaTalikozisaჲ, saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1976 wlisaTvis, redaqtor-Semdgeneli episkoposi gaiozi (keratiSvili). Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 88-94.

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da Zlo Seyvanad axlisa israჱlisa queyanasa saukunoჲsa aRTqumisasa. ganmxndi da ganZlierdi, vinaiTgan sityua giZs micemad RmerTsa Cuensa da mwyemsTmTavarsa iesu qristessa.

mitropolitma melqisedekma samgzisi ̀ aqsios~ fonze miiRo kverTxi, dabrunda kaTedraze, marjveniT gadasaxa jvari mrevls, ris Semdegac `Τόν Δεσπότην~ igalobes mgaloblebma, mwirveli samRvdeloeba emTxvia mas marjvenaze da dabrunda sakurTxevelSi SemosvisTvis. Tavad mitropoliti melqisedeki Seimosa kaTedraze sapatriarqo wesiT, garda sapatriarqo mitris, gamSvenebuli jvrisa da enkolpionebisa, ris drosac daiwyo Jamnoba (?), xolo Semdeg _ saRmrTo liturgia. mcire Sesvlaze man muxli moiyara kaTedraze Tavdauburvelad, xolo fexze mdgomma saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebma waukiTxes aRsaydrebis locvebi. I locva: `RmerTo romelman, yovelive Sehqmen ZaliTa da daamyare sofeli zraxviTa...~ _ mitropolitma efremma, protodiakonma waikiTxa samociqulo (ebr. IV, 14-V,10). wmida saxareba (mT. XVI, 13-19, X, 37-42, XIX, 29-30) waikiTxa episkoposma gabrielma.

II locva: `RmerTo, romel did xar da saukune da araraჲ ars dafarul Sengan...~ _ episkoposma antonma. Mmoskovis sapatriarqos Jurnalis qronika gvauwyebs, rom III locva waikiTxa Tavad mitropolitma melqisedekma: `romelman mRudelTmTavrobisa niWi mihmadle israelsa xorcielebisa msaxurebisaჲ da sulierebri mRudelobaჲ Cuen ganmiwese, ismine Cueni ufalo...~. ris Semdegac mowiwebiT wamoayenes fexze da àqsios~ galobis TanxlebiT miarTves sapatriarqo gamSvenebuli jvari da enkolpionebi, xolo Tavze daadges XVII saukunis sapatriarqo mitra.

samwmidaobis galobisas kaTolikos-patriarqi melqisedeki miuaxlovda sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZris maRaldasajdomels. mitropolitma efremma, episkoposma gabrielma da episkoposma antonma àqsios~ galobiT samgzis daabrZanes masze. Aamgvarad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mamamTavarTa uZveles kaTedraze aRsaydrda axali saWeTmpyrobeli _ mTavarepiskoposi mcxeTa-

Tbilisisa da kaTalikoz-patriarqi yovlisa saqarTueloჲsa uwmidesi da unetaresi melqisedek III. liturgiis bolos mRvdelmTavrebi gamobrZandnen ambionze, sadac aRasrules samadlobeli paraklisi. uwmidesma da unetaresma melqisedekma brZana pirveli sapatriarqo sityva, samwuxarod misi sruli teqsti ar aris SemorCenili, magram CvenTvis cnobilia misi daaxloebiTi Sinaarsi82. kaTolikos-patriarqi melqisedeki brZanebda, rom RmrTis Seucnobelma gangebam, romelic Tan sdevda mas mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, daayena igi maRal sapatriarqo msaxurebaze, romelsac iRebda simdabliT da sasoebiT iveriis mfarvel yovladwmida RmrTismSoblisa da wmida mociqulTaswor ninosadmi. amis Semdeg gacxadda milocvebi, pirvelad sityva eboZa mitropolit ioanes, romelmac uwmides aleqsi I-is saxeliT miuloca kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedeks sapatriarqo taxtze aRsaydreba da usurva mravalJamieri cxovreba, keTilganwyobili urTerTobis gagrZeleba or das – saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebs Soris. Semdeg uwmidessa da unetaress melqisedeks miuloca patriarq aleqsandre III antioqielis saxeliT arqimandritma basilim da gadasca mas wmidaTa TavTa mociqulTa petresa da pavles I xarisxis ordeni. RmrTismsaxurebis dasrulebis Semdeg, mRvdelmTavrebma sakurTxevelSi mantiiT Semoses kaTolikos-patriarqi melqisedeki da ambionze àqsios~ galobiT miarTves sapatriarqo kunkul-bartyula. aRsaydrebis Semdeg Sedga sagangebo oqmi83 (erTgvari komunike), romelmac mTlianad Seajama 7 prilis zeimi:

oqmi 1952 wlis 7 aprils saqarTvelos uZveles yofil qalaqSi dRes ki istoriul

sofel mcxeTaSi arsebul sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi moxda sakaTalikozo

82Архиепископ Стефан. Новый Католикос-Патриарх всея Грузии Святейший Мелхиседек. ЖМП, #5, Москва, 1952, стр. 37. 83saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 1, saqme 2595, furclebi 73-74 (qarTul da rusul enebze).

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taxtze ayvana da kurTxeva axlad arCeuli kaTalikoz-patriarqis melqisedekisa. saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavarTa da eklesiaTa moRvarTa garda am dRis saRmrTo wirvaSi monawileoba miiRes (ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis delegaciis mRvdelmTavrebis: mitropolit ioanesa da mTavarepiskopos stefanes aRniSvna daaviwydaT – i.T) moskovis sasuliero akademiis reqtorma dek. k. ruJickim da antioqiis patriarqis warmomadgenelma arqimandritma vasil samaxam. saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebma akurTxes am wirvaze da sruliad saqarTvelos sakaTalikozo taxtze aiyvanes axlad arCeuli kaTolikoz-patriarqi melqisedeki.

saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdel-mTavrebi: 1. mitrop. efremi – quTaTeli

2. (ep. gabriel alaverdel-bodbeli) 3. (antoni episkoposi cxum-afxazeTisa) mdivani – p. cqitiSvili /p. cqitiSvili/

imave saRamos saqarTvelos sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi gaimarTa sazeimo sadili, romelsac eswreboda krebis delegatebTan da sapatio wevrebTan erTad mravali sasuliero Tu saero piri, maT Soris ssrk ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli ruseTis marTmadidebeli eklesiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis moadgile a. ivanovi. 8 aprils, mas Semdeg, rac mitropolitma ioanem litia aRasrula kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates saflavze, ruseTisa da antioqiis marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa delegaciebma datoves saqarTvelo84.

davasruleT ra saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenidan (1917 w.) IX adgilobrivi krebisa da kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedek III-is aRsaydrebis oficialuri qronika da formaluri mxare, ganvixiloT es movlenebi kanoniuri, istoriuli da politikuri konteqstebiT. pirveli, rac iwvevs yuradRebas esaa Tavad krebis TariRis dadgena. igi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebis Sesabamisad kanonierad SeirCa (ar arRvevda marTva-gamgeobis debulebiT (§2, b), SeniSvna 2), gaTvaliswinebul samTvian periods krebis mosawvevad, magram ver moxerxda Tavidanve erTiani TariRis SerCeva. mitropolit efremis 9 marts gacemul mandatebSi yvelgan aRniSnulia, rom kreba Catardeboda 19 marts, magram Semdeg igi gadaswies 5 aprilamde. garkveul saorganizacio problemebTan erTad (delegatTa transportireba, dabinaveba da sxv.) uTuoa TariRis dadgenaSi adgilobrivi mTavrobis xelic, romelic yovelmxric cdilobda daebrkolebina krebis Catareba, mis daniSvnaze nebarTvis gacema. amiT igi cdilobda daqvrivebul eklesia mmarTvelis gareSe ufro met xans daetovebina (ra Tqma unda, eklesias mwyemsTavrobda mitropoliti melqisedeki, magram mas es Tanamdeboba ar aZlevda mudmiv, myar statuss).

yuradReba unda mieqces aseve cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis sakiTxsac. 1938 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac mTavrobis saSineli wnexiT mitropolit melqisedeks mouwia misi datoveba, kaTedra daqvrivda da aseTad rCeboda 1952 wlamde. mxolod 1951 wlis bolos moaxerxa gadawyvetilebis miReba uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem daedgina episkoposi. kandidatad man SearCia dekanozi svimeon gigineiSvili, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi winamZRvrobda soxumis sakaTedro taZars da kargad icnobda am rTuli eparqiis mdgomareobas. episkoposi antoni (berobaSi, dekanozi svimeoni saxeldebul iqna antonad, wm. antoni didis sapativsacemod) kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedek III-is kargi TanaSemwe aRmoCnda85. samwuxarod, episkoposma antonma mxolod 5 weli imoRvawa cxum-afxazeTis eparqiaSi, igi 1956 wlis 24 noembers mZime avadmyofobis Semdeg gardaicvala. misi memkvidre cxumis kaTedraze saero asparezze sakmaod warmatebuli iuristi, episkoposi leonide (Jvania) gaxldaT86.

84Архиепископ Стефан. Новый Католикос-Патриарх всея Грузии Святейший Мелхиседек. ЖМП, #5, Москва, 1952, стр. 38. 85monazon irines (gagarina) piradi mogonebebidan, Cawerili 2009 wlis 30 oqtobers. 86episkopos leonides Sesaxeb, ix. sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebi). Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 206-208.

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krebis msvlelobisas xSiri iyo gadaxvevebi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebis miTiTebebidan. amis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom Tavad es debuleba SedarebiT axali SemuSavebuli iyo (sabolood damtkicda mxolod 1945 wels) da eklesiaSi ar arsebobda misi gamoyenebis myari da xangrZlivi praqtika, xolo misi avtori _ kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate, romlis xelmZRvanelobiTac SeiZleboda marTva-gamgeobis debulebis mixedviT praqtikuli saqmianoba, gardaicvala. amitomac 1952 wlis IX adgilobrivi krebis Catarebisas Tavi iCina garkveulma saorganizacio problemebma. am procesebis meTauri da Cveni naSromis centraluri figura _ mitropoliti melqisedeki namdvilad Camouvardeboda organizebulobaSi Tavis winamorbeds, rasac arc TviTon uaryofda, radgan kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates mowesrigebulobasa da akademiurobaze mis cxovrebaSive legendebi dadioda. albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani da politikurad datvirTuli am krebaze iyo episkopos antonis misasalmebeli sityva ruseTisa da antioqiis marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis delegaciebisadmi. pirvel rigSi, ar unda gagvikvirdes rom igi mTlianad rusul enaze iqna wakiTxuli Tanmdevi qarTuli Targmanis gareSe. erTis mxriv, Tavad episkopos antonisTvis ufro advili iyo rusulad metyveleba, cxovrobda ra Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTSi, sadac mefis ruseTis droidanve ukve nawilobriv Seqmnili iyo rusulenovani garemo, meores mxriv, es aravis ukvirda krebaze, radgan umetesoba swored mefis ruseTis periodSi nacxovrebi da ganaTlebamiRebuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTaTvis rusuli enis zedmiwevniTi codna srulebiT bunebrivi iyo. misasalmebel sityvaSi yuradRebas iqcevs mkveTri xazgasma moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqis, uwmides aleqsi I-is pirovnebis, ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da rusi eris mniSvnelobaze. xazgasma patriarqi aleqsi I-is pirovnebaze ar aris SemTxveviTi. nebismieri mkvlevari dagveTanxmeba, rom am periodSi patriarqi aleqsi I da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia (1948 wlamde da inerciulad SemdgomSic, 60-iani wlebis I naxevramde, sanam mkveTrad gamoikveTeba konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqos poziciebi) igi marTlmadidebeli samyaros udavo lideria (swored ssrk-is mTavrobis mier misi pirovnebis aseTi win wamowevis sawinaamRdegod aSS-ma da sxva dasavlurma Zalebma gadawyvites mis sapirwoned daewinaurebinaT konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqo. 1948 wels pro-moskovuri ganwyobilebis patriarq maqsime V-is gadayenebis Semdeg, konstantipolis mTavarepiskoposis saydari daikava amerikis mTavarepiskoposma aTinagoram, romelmac moskovisTvis pirvelobis CamorTmeva dasavluri Zalebisa da sakuTari piradi Tvisebebis wyalobiTac, ukve 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSive SeZlo). iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aRniSnuli misasalmebeli sityva mxolod ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da misi saWeTmpyroblis saxelzea Sedgenili, xolo antioqiis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlis da misi patriarqis moxseneba movaleobis moxdis mizniT gadadgmul taqtikur nabijs waagavs. episkoposi antoni aseve xazs usvams patriarq aleqsi I-sa da kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates monawileobas mSvidobis dacvis saqmeSi, romelTac metaforulad `mSvidobis or angelozs~ uwodebs. atomuri erisa da civi omis dawyebisas ssrk mivida azramde, rom Seqmniliyo mSvidobis dacvis saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic aSS-is atomur da SeiaraRebul politikas gauwevda mZlavr ideologiur winaamRdegobas (Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom es mxolod garegnuli saxe iyo. ssrk amerikaze ufro gaSmagebiT amzadebda da agrovebda atomuri iaraRis uzarmazar maragebs da atomuri omis mudmiv mzadyofnaSi imyofeboda). ssrk-is mTavroba aiZulebda 15 respublikis (da ara marto maTi sxva `wiTeli banakis~ da pro-sabWourad ganwyobili wevri qveynebis) yvela religiur organizacias, gansakuTrebiT ki, wamyvan religiur mimdinareobebs, mieRoT monawileoba am procesSi sxvadasxva sajaro gamosvlebiT, peticiebiT, konferenciebiT, humanitaruli tvirTis SegrovebiT da sxv. am mxriv metad `aqtiurobda~ (an ufro swori iqneba vTqvaT: iZulebuli iyo eaqtiura) xelisuflebis daJinebiT mitropoliti nikolozi (iaruSeviCi). mSvidobis dacvis mimdinareobaSi marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa monawileobis xazgasma mTavrobis politikuri

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dakveTisadmi iZulebiTi xarkis gadaxdis nimuSia (aRsaniSnavia, rom IX krebaze aseTive xarkis gadaxdis nimuSad SegviZlia miviCnioT krebis Tavmjdomaris – urbnel mitropolit melqisedekis moxseneba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mSvidobis dacvis saqmeSi monawileobis Sesaxeb, da am moxsenebis safuZvelze Sedgenili mimarTva).

sainteresoa, ratom ar gamocxadda krebaze patriarqi aleqsi I mitropolit melqisedekis gulTbili da sapativsacemo miwvevis miuxedavaT. Aam SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors: ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis hegemonur mdgomareobas XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis II naxevarsa da 50-ian wlebSi da Tavad patriarq aleqsi I-is pirovnul Tvisebebs. patriarqi aleqsi I yovelTvis Tavs aridebda sxva adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa krebebze daswrebas (Tavisi xangrZlivi mamamTavrobis ganmavlobaSi igi sul 3-4 adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesias estumra), Tumca, igi moskovSi sakuTar krebebze sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa delegaciebis daswrebas (gansakuTrebiT konstantinopolis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis delegaciisa) mamamTavarTa warmomadgenlobiT did yuradRebas aniWebda. arc 1952, arc 1960 wels igi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis adgilobriv krebebs ar daeswro87, ar iRebda monawileobas misi iubileebis aRniSvnaSi da mxolod werilobiTi milocvebiT an delegaciebis gamogzavniT ifargleboda. SesaZloa, aq iyo ssrk-is ministrTa sabWosTan arsebul religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis aparatis politika – maT surdaT sxva adgilobriv eklesiebs moskovi aReqvaT, rogorc didi imperiis centri, romlis patriarqi iyo mTeli marTlmadidebeli samyaros winamZRoli stambul-konstantinopolis sapirwoned. aqve gadamwyveti iqneboda aseve patriarq aleqsi I-is pirovnuli Tvisebebi. warmoSobiT simanskiTa aristokratiuli gvaridan, romlisTvisac yvelaze pirveli da upiratesi iyo ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da rusi eri, namdvilad ar iwuxebda Tavs sxvaTa krebebsa Tu iubileebze dasaswrebad. sinamdvile rom iTqvas, mas didad gulze ar exatebodnen sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi melqisedek III da efrem II (gansakuTrebiT ukanaskneli), amis daskvnis safuZvels iZlevian misi piradi werilebi ssrk-is ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli religiis saqmeTa rwmunebul g. karpovisadmi.88 IX adgilobriv krebaze man delegaciaSi ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT-erTi upiratesi mRvdelmTavari – kievis mitropoliti ioane gamogzavna sxva gavlenian pirebTan erTad, magram igi Tavad ar CamobrZanda. Mmsgavs `braldebas” ver wavuyenebT mitropolit nikolozs (iaruSeviCi) es namdvilad metad dakavebuli pirovneba iyo, romelsac uwevda faqtobrivad moskovis sapatriarqos mTeli administraciul-finansur-politikuri da saerTaSoriso problemebis gadaWra da amisi SeTavseba samRvdelmTavro-samrevlo moRvaweobasTan, rac mas patriarq aleqsisTan SedarebiT, saerTod ar utovebda Tavisufal dros. CvenSi eWvs iwvevs aseve, moskovSi antioqiisa da sruliad aRmosavleTis patriarqis warmomadgenlis, arqimandrit basilis (samaxa) (SemdgomSi episkoposi) jer uari, Semdeg ki Tanxmoba TbilisSi Camosvlaze. aq uTuoa moskovis sapatriarqosa da religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis gavlena, erTis mxriv maT ar surdaT saqarTvelos eklesias hqonoda aqtiuri kontaqtebi sxva eklesiasTan, garda moskovisa, meores mxriv, arqimandrit basilis uari imdenad arabunebrivi iyo, rom dauSves aseve misi gamomgzavreba TbilisSi.

mniSvnelovania sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis kandidaturis wamoyenebis sakiTxi. albaT yvela dagveTanxmeba, rom 1952 wlisTvis gamokveTili iyo ori upiratesi mRvdelmTavari _ urbneli mitropoliti melqisedeki (fxalaZe), 80 wels mitanebuli mkacri moxuci da quTaTel-genaTeli da Wyondideli mitropoliti efremi (sidamoniZe), SedarebiT axalgazrda, 56 wlisa. mTavroba uTuod Caereoda (amas ver vuaryofT, gansakuTrebiT rwmunebulis aparatis Seqmnis Semdeg)

87samagierod, sakmaod xSirad ixilavdiT moskovis patriarqs saguramosa Tu wyaltuboSi, sadac igi Tavis Svebulebebs atarebda. 88Письма патриарха Алексия I в Совет по делам Русской православной церкви при Совете народных комиссаров - Совете

министров СССР, I (1945-1953), II (1954-1970). Москва, 2009 (qarTvel sasuliero pirebze miTiTebani ix. am ortomeulis pirTa saZiebelSi).

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kandidatTa SerCevaSi, magram aSkaraa, rom jer kidev kaTolikos-patriarq

kalistrate `kaTalikosis Tanaჲ~ sinodis wevrebs Soris, yvelaze gamocdilad da Sesaferisad sapatriarqos kaTedrisTvis miiCnevda urbnel mitropolit melqisedeks, romelsac gaaCnda umaRlesi sasuliero ganaTleba, ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi simkacriTa da ganswavlulobiT. erTaderTi nakli mis SemTxvevaSi iyo asaki. marTva-gamgeobis debuleba am mxriv ar awesebda SezRudvas (ramac problema Seqmna 1977 wels, 90 wels mitanebul mitropolit romanozis (petriaSvili) saxiT). asakSi mitropoliti melqisedeks gamouCnda garkveuli uaryofiTi Tvisebebi, iqneboda es zedmeti simkacre, Tu sificxe. meore SesaZlo kandidati gaxldaT mitropoliti efremi (kaTolikos-patriarqad airCies melqisedek III-is Semdeg), mas ar hqonda mitropolit melqisedekisnairi ganswavluloba (Tumca, dasrulebuli hqonda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulteti) da yvelaze didi dabrkoleba misTvis iyo represirebuloba, igi 1937 wels gadaasaxles. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rogori eWvis TvaliT uyurebda stalinis gardacvalebamde da inerciulad mis Semdgomac, ssrk-is mTavroba represirebulebs, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom mitropolit efrems TavisTavad ar hqonda im SemTxvevaSi Sansi kaTolikos-patriarqobisa, amas isic erTvoda, rom kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate ufro meti simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili mitropolit melqisedekisadmi89, vidre efremisadmi (kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates mamamTavrobis dasawyisSi garkveuli dapirispireba hqonda episkopos efremTan)90. ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias mitropolit melqisedekis, rogorc principuli adamianis kandidatura ar awyobda, radgan misi kontroli Zalian Zneli iqneboda. magram im realobaSi sxva gamosavali ar arsebobda (episkoposebis gabrielisa da antonis kandidatura (gansakuTrebiT, am ukanasaknelis arc ganixileboda). Tumca mTavrobam momavalSi mainc moaxerxa ramdenjerme kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedekis gadayenebis provokacia, 1954-55 (arqimandrit giorgis (dadiani) saqme),91 1955-56 wlebSi (dekanoz melqisedek xeliZisa92, protodiakon ambrosi axobaZis, dekanoz ioane sayvareliZis saqme) da 1957 wels (dekanoz xariton devdarianisa da mitropolit efremis saqme).

yuradsaRebia krebaze xmis micemis procesic. marTva-gamgeobis debuleba moiTxovda mis Catarebas farulad, magram mitropolitma melqisedekma gansazRvra kenWisyris Catareba Riad. Eamgvari saxiT xmis micema aCvenebda mas savaraudo oponentebs. samwuxarod, saarqivo masalebma Cvenamde ar Semoinaxa im ori pirovnebis saxeli, romlebmac ar misces xma mitropolit melqisedekis kaTolikos-patriarqad arCevas.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis IX adgilobriv krebas ar ganuxilavs sxva sakiTxebi garda kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevnebisa, Sesabamisad, am krebas ar gaaCnda sakanonmdeblo xasiaTi. krebis gamarTvis am specifikaze _ mxolod sakaTalikoso arCevnebis Sesaxeb, miTiTebuli iyo aseve saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendrebis krebaTa CamonaTvalSic. IX krebis msvlelobisas aSkarad Cans 40-50-iani wlebis ssrk-is politikuri tendencebi, rogorc saeklesio, ise saerTaSoriso politikaSi (moskovis patriarqis pirveloba, e. w. mSvidobis dacvisaTvis politizirebuli saqmianoba), aseve saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ukiduresi dasusteba (krebisTvis episkoposis xeldasxmac ki gaxda saWiro) da sabWoTa marwuxebSi misi moqceva, magram amave dros Cans, rom mTavrobam arCevani gaakeTa kandidaturaze, romelsac alternativa ar hyavda samRvdelo dasSi, Sesabamisad, ar momxdara vinmes xelovnuri dawinaureba da `gapatriarqeba~ (!) eklesiaSi. krebam savsebiT bunebrivad airCia sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

89amisi dadastureba iyo misi mosaydred gamorCevac. 90am dapirispirebis Sesaxeb ix. sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-1972 w.w.). Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 16-18; aseve: dekanozi nikita malaqias Ze TalaqvaZe. moqalaqe-mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 786-788. 91am saqmis Sesaxeb, ix. ssa, aRwera 1, saqme # 2824, # 2695, # 2658 (metadre es ukanaskneli), aseve giorgi maCuriSvili. mRvdel-monazoni giorgi (dadiani) 1909-1964._ sapatriarqos uwyebani, #23 (812), Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 18-20. aseve, mis ojaxSi daculi masalebi. 92misi saqmis Sesaxeb, ix. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRwera 2, saqme 755, aseve, mis ojaxSi daculi saarqivo masalebi.

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patriarqad mitropoliti melqisedeki da unda aRiniSnos, rom axlandeli gadasaxedidan es swori arCevani iyo. IX adgilobriv krebaze arCeuli kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedekis mamamTavrobis arasruli rvawliani xana metad saintereso movlenebiT iyo datvirTuli, maT samomavlo publikaciebSi SevexebiT.

Irakli Tezelashvili

Materials for the 9th Local Council of the Georgian Orthodox Apostolic Church

Summary

The article presents materials for the 9th Local Council of the Georgian Orthodox Apostolic Church,

which was held on April 5th in the Sioni Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Dormition, to elect the new

Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, after the death of Catholicos-

Patriarch Callistratus (Tsintsadze) († 3. II. 1952). The Council elected with the absolute majority the locum

tenens of the Patriarchal throne, His Eminenence Metropolitan of Urbnissi Melchsiedek (Pkhaladze). The

article shows the entire process of the Council, with firstly published documents from the Patriarchal Archives

and periodicals and also the process of enthronement, which was held on the Feast of the Annunciation of

Theotokos, on 7th of April in the Patriarchal Cathedral of Svetitskhoveli in the city of Mtskheta. Firstly, there

is discussed the organizing problems of the Council (managing the mandates, the regulations of the Council

process, visits of the official delegations from the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and the Russian

Orthodox Church), then, there is given also short, but detailed biography of the new Catholicos-Patriarch

Melchisedek III (Pkhaladze). The article also contains the rarely published group photo of the Council

Presidium and some never published archive photos of the participants of the Council. The work will be

interesting for the researchers of the newest history of the Georgian Orthodox Apostolic Church.

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f i l o l o g i a

115

tariel futkaraZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi

da qarTvelur idiomTa kvalifikaciis

politizebis retrospeqtiva

ena aris sxvadasxva ierarqiis enobriv (bgeriT) niSanTa mowesrigebuli sistema, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia emociebis, STabeWdilebebis, warmosaxvis... azrebad Camoyalibeba da gadmocema; aseve, codnis Senaxva, gacema, miReba. warmodgenili ganmarteba ver mijnavs enasa da kilos/dialeqts, ramdenadac kilokaviTac ki SesaZlebelia dasaxelebuli aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba. ufro logikuri gveCveneba aseTi midgoma: erad, eTnosad Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi erTobis mravalsaukunovani saerTo metyveleba aris ena, xolo am erTobis erTi nawilis saSinao metyveleba aris dialeqti; sxva sityvebiT: ena aqvs ers, eTnoss, kilo ki - eris/eTnosis nawils1.

kilo qarTuli sityvaa; saerTaSoriso velSi mas Seesabameba berZnuli warmomavlobis `dialeqti~ - διάλεκτος; dialeqtis pirveli nawili - dia - unda ukavSirdebodes berZnul `di-~ (ori) morfemas; leqt- ki momdinareobs λέγω legō `metyveleba~ zmnisagan; Sesabamisad, `dialeqti~ unda gavigoT rogorc `gansxvavebuli metyveleba~ - mocemuli enis varianti (Sdr.: διαλέγομαι, dialegomai

`dialogi~ - `oris laparaki~). Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi termini `dialeqti~ gamoiyeneba rogorc

mocemuli enis kuTxuri saxesxvaobebis - kuTxuri metyvelebis, aseve, qalaqisa Tu sazogadoebis romelime socialuri jgufis metyvelebis - aRsaniSnavad. enis kuTxur saxesxvaobas teritoriuli dialeqti (anu geografiuli dialeqti, geoleqti) ewodeba, xolo socialuri jgufis metyvelebas - socialuri dialeqti (socioleqti).

teritoriuli dialeqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc samwignobro (standartuli) enis meoreuli varianti, aseve, samwignobro (standartuli) enis paraleluri saxesxvaoba, romelic imave fuZeenidan momdinareobs, romlisganac mocemuli standartuli ena; mag., italiur dialeqtTa nawili italiis amJamindeli saxelmwifo enisagan ganviTarebuli meoreuli variantebia, nawili ki - italiuri samwignobro enis msgavsad, ubralod, xalxuri laTinuridan momdinareobs. florenciulisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva kuTxuri metyvelebebi samwignobro tradiciis miuxedavadac ki ver iqcnen standartul enebad; Sdr.: dante aligieris (1265-1321), franCesko petrarkasa (1304-1374) da jovani bokaCos (1313-1375) popularobam gansazRvra florenciuli dialeqtis gadaqceva italiis samwignobro enad. istoriulad sul sxva viTarebaa qarTvelur enobriv samyaroSi:

qarTvelTa samwignobro ena dafuZnebulia saerToqarTvelur fuZeenaze (da ara dRes arsebul romelime qarTvelur kiloze).

mokled sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg samecniero wreebSic gabatonda

dausabuTebeli azri, rom qarTuli samwignobro ena daefuZna aRmosavlur qarTul dialeqts - qarTlurs (an qarTl-kaxurs), Semdeg ki qarTlelebma (qarTebma) es samwignobro kultura gabatones yvela qarTvelur tomzec. es antimecnieruli debuleba iqca e.w. qarTizaciis Teoriis saZirkvlad, rom TiTqosda, saqarTvelo mcire imperiaa, romelic Seqmnes qarTlelebma. am ideologemis mizani iyo qarTveli eris erTiani enobriv-eTnikuri TviTaqmis moSla da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

1msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe. qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi. Tbilisi, 2008.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89

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aRdgenis perspeqtivis ganuleba2. ruseTma es ver SeZlo, magram dRemde cdilobs, nawilobiv okupirebuli saqarTvelo srulad daabrunos Tavis geopolitikur velSi. de iure saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg (1991) qarTuli mecnierebis erT-erTi umTavresi mizania qarTvelologiis mimarTulebiT msoflioSi dRemde farTod gavrcelebuli rusulimperiuli ideologemebis dabalanseba, gansakuTrebiT ki e.w. qarTizaciis antiqarTuli Teoriis usafuZvlobis dasabuTeba.

2000 wels qalaq zugdidSi Catarebul XX respublikur dialeqtologiur samecniero sesiaze gamotanili moxsenebis vrcel TezisebSi vwerdiT: qarTvelTa samwignobro ena daefuZna ara romelime CvenTvis cnobil dialeqts, aramed saerToqarTvelur enas; Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo (normirebuli) ena ki inarCunebs saerToqarTveluri enis struqturas. Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebi metnaklebad gansxvavdebian saerToqarTvelurisagan, ramdenadac saSinao sametyvelo kodebi ufro Tavisuflad viTardebian (miT umetes, is ganapira kiloebi, romlebzec Zlieria sxva enebis gavlena). sul mcire 30 saukunea, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro moicavs erTaderT enasa da aTeulobiT dialeqts. es erTaderTi enaa saerToqarTveluri ena, romlis uSualo gagrZelebaa qarTvelTa samwignobro ena. qarTvelTa samwignobro ena Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enas da dRemde arsebobs, rogorc qarTveli eris makonsolidirebeli fenomeni. istoriuli mimarTeba aseTi sqemiT SeiZleba gamovsaxoT: - saerToqarTveluri ena >> zogadqarTuli (qarTveluri) saliteraturo ena; - saerToqarTveluri ena >> qarTvelTa saSinao sametyvelo kodebi - qarTveluri dialeqtebi3.

2003 wels odnav msgavsi mosazreba gamoaqveyna merab Cuxuam; kerZod, is wers: "saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo ena Seiqmna winareqarTveluri (iberiuli), dialeqturad jer kidev gaudiferencirebuli, enis bazaze, roca samwerlo ena da cocxali metyveleba met-naklebad erTmaneTis identur-igiveobrivi iyo. mxolod momdevno etapze sametyvelo enis bazaze ikidebs fexs qarTul-zanur-svanuri dialeqturi sxvaoba anu kilourad diferencirebuli saero (xalxuri) zepirmetyveleba. swored xalxuri iberiuli metyvelebisagan iRebs saTaves Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebi (xazi Cemia - t.f.), magram, imavdroulad, gansxvavebulad mometyvele kilour jgufebs yovelTvis aerTianebda samwerlo ibeiuli (saerToqarTveluri) ena, rogorc kulturis, ganaTlebis, religiisa da, saerTod, saxelmwifo ena. amgvari mimarTeba grZeldeboda qarTvelTa cxovrebis istoriul periodSic. axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan moyolebuli, Zveli qarTuli samwerlo ena uSualod agrZelebda saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo enis uwyvet tradicias transformaciis umniSvnelod neli tempiT maSin, rodesac qarTveluri dialeqtebis enebad Camoyalibebis procesi ukve dasrulebuli iyo (xazi Cemi - t. f.)4. TviT qarTuli saero metyveleba arasodes ar iyo identuri Zveli

2sakiTxis istoriisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, dedaena, dialeqtebi). Tbilisi, 2005. The Georgians The Kartvels (Historical Home, Mother Tongue Dialects); English version. pg.

395-492; t. futkaraZe. saTave da perspeqriva qarTuli samwignobro enisa. 2006; The Origin of the Georgian

Literary Language and its Prospects. Tbilisi, 2006; http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-Literary-

Language-and-its-Prospects. 3t. futkaraZe. saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da `saSinao~ sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis mixedviT (sametyvelo kodebis ierarqiisaTvis). XX dialeqtologiuri respublikuri samecniero sesiis masalebi. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 102-106. aq kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT dausabuTebelia, zogadad ki, Seuracxmyofelia qarTvelTa didi nawilis `saSinao sametyvelo kodebis~ - qarTveluri dialeqtebis erTi nawilis - gamocxadeba e. w. umwerlobo enebad~ (kritikuli msjelobisaTvis ix. qvemoT). 4aqve ènebad~ wodebul erTeulebs m. Cuxua `qarTvelur dialeqtebsac~ uwodebs. Sdr.: m. Cuxuasagan gansxvavebiT, me Tanamedrove diskursSi ki paralelurad ar viyeneb terminebs: `qarTveluri dialeqtebi~, `qarTveluri enebi~; kerZod, sakiTxis siRrmiseulad Seswavlis Semdeg vfiqrob, termini èna~ eTnosTan mimarTebiTaa gamosayenebeli (Tuki ar igulisxmeba, mag., Sesityvebebi: `mwerlis ena~, `Jestebis ena~, ̀ bavSvis ena~...). mkacri mecnieruli midgomiT istoriuli qarTveluri dialeqtebi dResac dialeqtebia da eTnosebis ènebad~ ar Camoyalibebula; arc Camoyalibdeba manam, sanam qarTveli

http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-Literary-Language-and-its-Prospects

http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-Literary-Language-and-its-Prospects

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qarTuli samwerlo enisa im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom sxadasxva istoriuli epoqebis monacemebia. qarTluri, mesxuri, kaxuri, imeruli... iseve sxvaobda Zvel qarTul samwerlo enasTan, rogorc megruli an romelime sxva qarTveluri dialeqti... istoriulad arsebuli saerTo suraTi metnaklebi gansxvavebiT dResac, Cvens sinamdvileSic, analogiuria"5.

m. Cuxuas dasaxelebuli saintereso gamokvleva daiwera avtoris devnilobis periodSi6; Sesabamisad, albaT, misTvis ucnobi iyo zugdidSi 2000 wels Catarebuli samecniero konferenciis masalebi, sadac daibeWda zemoT warmodgenili Cemi Tvalsazrisi. msgavsi problema ar hqonda g. cocaniZes, romelmac 2016 wels faqtobrivad gaimeora zemoT warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi; kerZod, Tanamedrove qarTveluri qvesistemebis saerToqarTveluri xalxuri enidan warmomavlobis konteqstSi man ratomRac ar daimowma arc Cemi da arc m. Cuxuas mier 2003 wels gamoqveynebuli mosazreba; Sdr.: g. cocaniZec fiqrobs, rom saerToqarTuli saxalxo enidan warmoqmnilia rogorc "saliteraturo ena", aseve, "saxalxo metyveleba". g. cocaniZe aseve daumowmoblad imeorebs m. Cuxuas Tvalsazrisis meore nawilsac da acxadebs, rom "saerTosaxalxo qarTuli enis" "saxalxo metyveleba" transformida "zanuri enad", svanuri enad" da qarTuli enad"7. me-13 gverdze warmodgenil sqemaSi ("saerToqarTuli saxalxo enis socialur dialeqtebad diferencirebis sqema") ki g. cocaniZe saerToqarTuli saxalxo enidan - "xalxuri metyvelebidan" miRebul: svanur, lazur, megrul, tao-klarjul, qarTlur, kaxur, xevsurul, fSaur, gurul, aWarul, fereidnul da sxva qarTvelur qvesistebebs ratomRac socialur dialeqtebad Tvlis... g. gogolaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT warmodgenili wignis am nawilSi aSkarad aRreulia terminebi: "socialuri dialeqti" da "teritoriuli dialeqti"8. Sdr.: danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sul mcire 15-saukunea uwyvetad funqcionirebs saerToqarTveluridan momdinare qarTuli saliteraturo ena, romelTan mimarTebiT qarTvelTa kuTxuri metyvelebebi (xevsuruli, qarTluri... megruli, lazuri...) met-naklebad Secvlili teritoriuli dialeqtebia.

zogadad, dialeqtebis warmoqmna xangrZlivi divergenciuli da konvergenciuli procesebis Sedegia: dialeqtTa warmoqmnas (diferenciacias, divergencias) bevri faqtori gansazRvravs; kerZod, Tuki ar arsebobs dedaenis aqtiuri da mudmivi gavlena (mag., eklesiis enis, saxelmwifo enis, televiziis enis... gavlena), mocemul teritoriaze mcxovrebi eTnosis enis potencia sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, didi albaTobiT, sxvadasxva gziT ganviTardeba: mocemuli kuTxis metyvelebis ganviTarebis kalapots, Sinagani potenciis garda, garkveulwilad gansazRvravs: aq mcxovrebTa cxovrebis wesi, gansxvavebuli meurneoba (Sesabamisi terminologia), geografiuli landSafti, mezoblebis enis/dialeqtis gavlena da, rac mTavaria, oficialur, samwignobro enasTan siaxlove-siSore. rogorc wesi, samwignobro enis dialeqtebis ganviTarebis dinamika regulirdeba samwignobro enis gavlenis xarisxis Sesabamisad: dedaqalaqTan, kulturul centrTan axlos myofi kiloebi naklebad Sordebian samwignobro variants, Sors myofi kiloebi ki metad Sordebian.

eTnosi/eri enobriv-eTnikurad erTiania; maSasadame: qarTvel eris aqvs erTi mravalsaukunovani dedaena da aTeulobiT kuTxuri metyveleba - dialeqti (saSinao sametyvelo kodi). 5m. Cuxua. qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 8. 6m. Cuxua saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cxovrobda 1991-92 wlebis mijnaze saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli samxedro-kriminaluri saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg vidre 2004 wlamde. 7ix.: g. gogolaSvili, n. SaraSeniZe, g. cocaniZe, n. WumburiZe. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia. II. dialeqtebi (g. gogolaSvilis redaqciiT). Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 14: `saerTo-saxalxo qarTuli enis lingvistur erTeulebad diferencirebis sqema~. 8Sdr. `socialuri dialeqtis~ sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmarteba: socialuri dialeqti - garkveuli socialuri jgufis/fenis metyveleba, sazogadoebis socialuri momsaxurebis ena; ena, romelzec laparakoben konkretul socialur klasSi. teritoriuli dialeqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, socialuri dialeqti erovnuli enisagan mxolod leqsikiT gansxvavdeba (da ara - fonetikuri, morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri TaviseburebebiT).

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samwignobro enis gavlenis gaaqtiurebis periodSi sxvadasxva dialeqtSi SeiZleba nivelirdes (gaqres) dialeqturi Taviseburebebi da dialeqtebi erTmaneTs daemsgavsos (daiwyos konvergenciuli procesebi) - samwignobro enis gavleniT moxdes garkveul gramatikul Tu sintaqsur movlenaTa unifikacia; Sdr.:

zog eTnoss (xalxs) Tavis dedaenaze ara aqvs damwerloba; Sesabamisad, es xalxi umwignobro sazogadoebaa. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, umwignobro eTnosi sxva, ufro civilizebuli eris eniT iRebs ganaTlebasa da kulturas. umwignobro enis mqone sazogadoebis metyvelebis (ena, dialeqti) unifikaciis procesi ufro nela mimdinareobs, vidre dialeqtze mSobliuri samwignobro enis gavlenis SemTxvevaSi. samwignobro enis gavlenis procesi aseve umniSvneloa im dialeqtzec, romelic administraciul Tu kulturul centrs metadaa daSorebuli, anda izolirebulia geografiuli mdebareobis gamo (mag., Tuki dialeqti gavrcelebulia kunZulze, an mTebiT SemosazRvrul teritoriaze).

umwerlobo xalxis konsolidaciis SemTxvevaSi umwignobro enis dialeqtebis safuZvelze SeiZleba Seiqmnas zedialeqturi metyveleba - koine. araiSviaTad, swored koine xdeba samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi erTeuli. mocemuli ena SeiZleba aerTianebdes dialeqtebs, aseve: dialeqti SeiZleba nawevrdebodes kilokavebad, kilokavebi - Tqmebad, Tqma ki - idioleqtebad - erTi piris metyvelebad.

erTi mxriv, umwerlobo enasa da dialeqts (kilos), meore mxriv - dialeqtsa (kilosa) da kilokavs, mesame mxriv ki - kilokavsa da Tqmas Soris sazRvari garkveulwilad pirobiTia: gansakuTrebiT Wirs kilosa da kilokavis, kilokavisa da Tqmis gamijvna. dialeqtebis, kilokavebisa da Tqmebis rogorc gamijvna, aseve, dajgufeba SesaZlebelia rogorc enobrivi monacemebis (mag., palatalizebuli xmovnebis qonis, TanxmovanTkompleqsis transformaciis, ergatiuli brunvis morfemebis, e.w. meoTxe seriis qonis mixedviT da sxv.), aseve, mocemuli Temis sacxovrisis mixedviT - am Temis saSinao salaparako enis (/dialeqtis/ gavrcelebis velis mixedviT... rogorc wesi, enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufeba-kvalifikacia ufro aRqmadia gavrcelebis mixedviT; kerZod, mag., qarTvelTa dedaena - qarTuli ena - moicavs aTeulobiT dialeqts; erT-erTia dasavleT saqarTvelos centralur nawilSi, imereTSi - samtrediis, vanis, baRdaTis, xonis, wyaltubos, Terjolis, zestafonis, saCxeris, WiaTuris, xaragaulis raionebsa da quTaisSi - gavrcelebuli dialeqti - imeruli kilo; imeruli kilos erT-erTi kilokavia zemoimeruli, romelic zemo imereTSia gavrcelebuli; zemo imerulis erT-erTi Tqmaa xaragauluri, romelic moicavs xaragaulis raions da sxv..

xSirad problemuria enisa da kilos, kilosa da kilokavis gamijvna, arada, zogjer Zalian arsebiTia; Sdr.:

msoflios enaTa raodenoba meryeobs 2000-dan 7000-mde; mizezi martivia: samecniero sivrceSi ar arsebobs enisa da kilos/dialeqtis, gansakuTrebiT ki umwignobro enisa da kilos/dialeqtis gammijnavi sando kriteriumebi; enad Tu kilod kvalifikacia xSirad subieqturi faqtorebis safuZvelze xdeba; mag., moldovur metyvelebas ruminelebi ruminuli enis dialeqtad miiCneven, rusebi ki - damoukidebel enad; Sdr., aseve, araiSviaTad, religiiT gansxvavebuli da enobrivad axlo mdgomi Temebi damoukidebel eTnosebad miiCneven Tavs, Sesabamisad, maTi metyvelebebic damoukidebel enebadaa kvalificirebuli; mag.: musliman slavTa metyvelebaa bosniuri; marTlmadidebel slavTa metyvelebaa serbiuli da montenegruli; kaTolike slavTa metyvelebaa xorvatiuli. dasaxelebuli enobrivi erTeulebi erTmaneTisagan mcirediT gansxvavdeba; Sdr., iugoslaviis daSlamde gabatonebuli iyo azri, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi ena - serbul-xorvatuli ena; dResac zogi specialisti Tvlis, rom sinamdvileSi gvaqvs erTi enis mcirediT gansxvavebuli variantebi, romelTac sam Tu oTx sxvadasxva enad warmoadgenen religiiT gansxvavebuli zemoT dasaxelebuli Temebis warmomadgenlebi.

dasawyisSive aRvniSneT: sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmartebis mixedviT ena aris istoriulad

Camoyalibebul bgeriT niSanTa sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, Semoqmedebis, ganaTlebis, komunikaciisa (informaciis gacvlisa) da

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codnis Senaxvis saSualebad; ena aris konkretuli sazogadoebis (eTnosis, eris) erTianobis ganmsazRvreli mTavari faqtori. dialeqturi metyvelebac bgeriT niSanTa sistemaa; enis yvela funqcia dialeqtur metyvelebasac SeiZleba hqondes; amitomac, samecniero literaturaSi aris mcdeloba, daiZebnos enisa da kilos statusis damdgeni damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva mecnieris mier SemoTavazebuli iyo sxvadasxva kriteriumi; maT Soris zogi iyo lingvisturi, zogi - eqstralingvisturi. ganvixiloT TiToeuli sandoobis xarisxis mixedviT.

gagebineba. zogi fiqrobs, rom enisa da kilos gamijvna SesaZlebelia gagebinebis mixedviT.

zogi mecnieri gagebinebas lingvistur kriteriumadac ki Tvlis; mag., "enaTmecnierebis Teoriul kursSi" vkiTxulobT: erTi enis is variantebi, romelTa mflobelebs erTmaneTis ar esmiT, SesaZlebelia, damoukidebel enebad miviCnioT9.

pirvel rigSi aRvniSnavT, rom gagebineba logikuri (eqstralingvisturi) kriteriumia da ara - lingvisturi10; rac mTavaria, arc erTi kulturuli enis statusi ar dadgenila gagebinebis safuZvelze. arsebiTia isic, rom enad wodebul bevr metyvelebas Soris aris gagebineba da piriqiT: msoflios bevr enas aqvs iseTi dialeqtebi, romelTa Soris gagebineba rTulia an SeuZlebelia.

Cveni azriT, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi gagebinebis faqtors mniSvneloba SeiZleba mi-eniWos arakonsolidirebuli tomebis metyvelebis statusis gansazRvrisas: Tu mo-naTesave sazogadoebebs ar gaaCniaT winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwignobroba da arc koine, aseT SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs erovnuli meobis CamomZerwavi, gama-erTianebeli enobriv-kulturuli sistema da tomebs aqvT mkafiod Camoyalibebuli tomobrivi identoba, maTi umwerlobo kontinuumebi damoukidebel enebad SeiZleba iqnen miCneulni; Sdr., sabWoTa imperiis interesebis Sesabamisad (`gaTiSe da ibatones~ principi), komunistebma adiReebi anu Cerqezebi (saerTo avtoeTnonimi adᴤRa) daanawevres sam `erovnebad~: adiReelebad, yabardoelebad da `Cerqezebad~11. pirveli saxelwodebiT gaerTianebulni arian dasavluri jgufis dia-leqtebze metyveli adiReebi, meoreTi _ yabardoul dialeqtze metyvelni, mesame ki gulisxmobs besleneur da yubanur-ienjugur dialeqtebze metyvelT. samwignobro ena oria: qvemo adiReuri anu `adiReuri ena~ (rus. Адыгейский язык) adiReelTaTvis da zemo adiReuri anu ̀ yabardoul-Cerqezuli ena~ (rus. Кабардино-черкесский язык) yabardoelTa da `CerqezTaTvis~. ruseTis imperiis mesveurebma, aseve, xeli SeuSales lekebis (erT-erT iberiul-kavkasiur enaze molaparake kavkasielebis) enobriv-eTnikur konsolidacias.

werilobiTi tradiciis mqone sazogadoebas Tuki aqvs sakuTari mwignobruli enis monaTesave zepiri saSinao sametyvelo variantic - meore sametyvelo kodic,

9ix., mag., T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelia. Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi. 2003, gv. 615. 10vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe. saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da `saSinao~ sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis mixedviT (sametyvelo kodebis ierarqiisaTvis). XX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi. zugdidi. 2000, 20-21 oqtomberi; `qarTuli ena~; The issues of relation of Common national literary Language and the speech

codes in vernacular according to Georgian literary language and Georgian dialects (for the hierarchy of speech codes); XX

Republican Dialectology Scientific Session; Zugdidi, 2000; t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, zogadqarTuli samwignobro ena da qarTvelTa dialeqtebi (istoriuli mimoxilva). qarTveluri memkvidreoba. VI. quTaisi, 2002, gv. 187-200. wakiTxulia moxsenebad 2001 wlis 4-5 maiss saerTaSoriso simpoziumze: `quTaisuri saubrebi~. VIII. simpoziumis Tema: saqarTvelo istoriul evraziul sivrceSi (dialeqtologiuri da kulturologiuri aspeqtebi; masalebi daibeWda `quTaisis universitetis gamomcemlobaSi~; The

Georgians, common Georgian literary language and dialects of Georgians (historical Aspects); Kutaisi Discussions proceeding of the

symposium, VIII, 2001; Theme of symposium: `Georgia in historical Euro-Asian space (Dialectological and Cultural Aspects)~;

Kutaisi University Press; T. gvancelaZe. aris Tu ara gagebineba enis dialeqtisagan gamijvnis kriteriumi?_ enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi. #2, 2003; T. gvancelaZe. ena da kilo qarTvelologiaSi. Tbilisi, 2006. 11Cerqezebi yvela adiRurenovani lokaluri jgufis (tomis) aRmniSvneli saerTo egzoeTnonimi iyo da ara _ mxolod beslenelTa da yuban-ienjugelTa saxeli, rogorc es amJamad oficialurad miRebulia ruseTis federaciaSi.

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zepiri (umwerlobo) varianti dialeqtad miiCneva; aseTi ori sametyvelo kodis st-atusis gansazRvrisas gagebinebis kriteriums ver daveyrdnobiT, vinaidan gagebineba konteqstze damokidebuli da Sesabamisad, metad pirobiTi cnebaa; rac mTavaria, amgvari e. w. xalxuri (araprofesionaluri) midgomiT iZulebulni gavxdebiT, wer-ilobiTi tradiciis mqone TiTqmis yvela ena ramdenime ̀ enad~ davSaloT, ramdenadac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi arsebul TiTqmis yvela enas moepoveba lokaluri gavrcelebis iseTi zepiri saxesxvaoba, romlis gageba gauWirdeba am enis sxva mflobelebs; araTu kiloebs Soris, aramed kilokavebs Sorisac ki xSirad ara gvaqvs gagebineba; Sdr., mag.:

sayovelTaodaa cnobili (ix., mag., h. paulis, h. hirtis, v. Jirmunskis, g. t. Sarb-atovis, n. v. iuSmanovis, v. a. Jukovskis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi), rom gagebinebis ararsebobis Tu sakuTriv lingvistur maxasiaTeblebSi didi gansxvavebis miuxeda-vad, arabTa, germanelTa, sparselTa, CinelTa, espanelTa, italielTa, frangTa, ia-ponelTa da mraval sxva xalxTa saSinao metyvelebani saerToerovnuli samwignobro enis dialeqtebad iTvleba; metic, araiSviaTad, adamianebi ver floben samwignobro enas, magram maT dedaenad mainc zogaderovnuli ena miiCneva. sanimuSod moviyvanT n. i. konradis daskvnas:

`iaponiasa da CineTSi ara mxolod sofelSi, aramed qalaqSic mosaxleobis na-wili saerTod ver flobs saerTo saliteraturo enas da zepiri urTierTobebis dros iyenebs Tavis dialeqts~12 (n. i. konradi, 1960)... bunebrivia, veravin ityvis, rom iaponels, romelic ver flobs iaponur samwignobro enas da mxolod dialeqtze metyvelebs, dedaena ara aqvs, an misi dedaenaa misive dialeqti: saerTo-samwignobro enis armcodne iaponelisTvisac dedaena aris saliteraturo iaponuri.

aqve gansaxilvelia e. w. `jaWvuri gardamavlobis~ kriteriumi: zogi fiqrobs, rom Tuki mocemul enas axasiaTebs gagebinebis uwyvetoba - mocemuli eris mosazRvre Temebs erTmaneTis esmiT, am enis aramomijnave metyvelebebic dialeqtebad iTvleba gagebinebis miuxedavad... landSaftis gamo msoflios bevri enis dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba ar arsebobs; mag., qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris cxeniswylis zonaSi arsebuli gardamavali metyveleba SemaerTebel xids warmoadgens megrulsa da ime-ruls Soris, magram svanuri kiloebi izolirebulia sxva qarTveluri metyvelebebisagan da gardamavali zona ar arsebobs, mag., svanursa da megruls, svanursa da leCxumurs Soris... sxva enebis momijnave dialeqtebs Sorisac problemuria gagebineba mTagoriani landSaftisa da kunZulis izolirebis gamo: bunebrivi barierebi xels uSlis intensiur komunikacias... am da sxva mizezTa gamo gagebinebas arasando kriteriumad Tvlian: v. Jirmunski, e. koseriu, i. qloupeki, j. hergeni da mravali sxva13.

bgeraTSesatyvisoba. xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze erTi enis dialeqtebis sametyvelo bgerebi

garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis; mag., fuZeenis a bgera erTi kilos sityvebSi SeiZleba darCes a-d, meoreSi ki - transformirdes o-d. erTi amosavali enidan momdinare istoriul sametyvelo bgerebs (fonemebs) Tanamedrove or an met dialeqtSi (/enaSi) Tuki aqvs regulari da kanonzomieri saxesxvaobebi, aseT SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom gvaqvs bgeraTSesatyvisoba.

zogi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom bgeraTSesatyvisoba enisa da kilos gasamijn kriteriumad unda miviCnioT ,anu: Tuki enobriv erTeulebs Soris arsebobs istoriulad Camoyalibebuli bgeraTSesatyvisoba, es enobrivi erTeulebi ukve damoukidebel enebadaa Camoyalibebuli; mag., m. qurdianis azriT, ramdenadac

12Н. И. Корнад. О литературном языке в Китае и Японий. 1960; D. Crystal. The Cambridge encyclopedial of Language. New

York, 1994; https://www.scribd.com/doc/77462665/The-Cambridge-Encyclopedia-of-the-English-Language. 13mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, samwignobro ena, dialeqtebi). 2005, gv. 624; ingl. 395-394 gv.; Turq. 395-492gv.; The Georgians The Kartvels (Historical Home, Mother Tongue Dialects);

English version pg. 395-492; Turkish version pg. 331-394; გამომცემლობა `ქუთაისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი~; Publishing house `Akaki Tsereteli State University~; http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158690/The-Georgians-the-Kartvels;

http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158759/Kartveller-Gurculer.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158690/The-Georgians-the-Kartvels

http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158759/Kartveller-Gurculer

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germanelTa saSinao sametyvelo erTeulebs Soris arsebobs `bgeraTSesatyvisoba~, isini monaTesave enebia, Tu arada - dialeqtebi, xolo, ramdenadac rusulsa da ukrainuls Soris ar arsebobs bgeraTSesatyvisoba, rusuli da ukrainuli erTi enis dialeqtebia da ara - damoukidebeli enebi... m. qurdiani aseve uargumentod wers, rom `wminda enaTmecnieruli~ gansazRvriT, svanuri da zanuri `damoukidebeli enebia~, xolo sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT - qarTuli enis dialeqtebi. daskvnas ki ase ayalibebs: `svanuri svanebis dedaenaa, xolo qarTuli - erovnuli ena~14.

pirvel rigSi aRvniSnavT, rom ̀ wminda enaTmecnieruli~ gansazRvriT enac bgeriT niSanTa sistemaa da dialeqtic (ix. qvemoT). metyvelebis statusis ormagi `standartiT~ gansazRvra ki istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisa da sociolingvistikis miznebis aRrevis Sedegia; Sdr.:

istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecniereba ori saxisaa: prospeqtuli (enis istoriis kvleva istoriis siRrmidan Tanamedroveobisken) da retrospeqtuli. swored retrospeqtuli enaTmecnierebis mizania, istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT (rekonstruqciebis gziT!) aRadginos damwerlobis mqone enaTa preistoria da umwerlobo enaTa istoria, raTa daadginos amJamad mkveTrad daSorebuli enebis naTesaoba. naTesaoba ueWvel faqtad cxaddeba regularuli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis dadgenis Semdeg.

SedarebiTi anu komparativistuli meTodika aRadgens sivrcesa da droSi odesRac arsebuli fuZe-enis sistemas da mis wiaRSi navaraudevi dialeqtebis daSoriSorebis process. komparativistika ver adgens (da arc adgens!) im kriteriumebs, romliTac mocemuli sazogadoeba enis statuss aniWebs ama Tu im istoriul Tu Tanamedrove dialeqts. aqve kidev erTxel SevniSnavT, rom arsebobs bevri axlomonaTesave ena (mag., rusuli, belorusuli, Cexuri, slovakuri...) romelTa Soris bgeraTSesatyvisoba ar aris Camoyalibebuli. regularuli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobis dadgenis saWiroeba Cndeba maSin, roca rTulia mocemul enaTa naTesaobis danaxva; Sesabamisad, bgeraTSesatyvisobas araviTari roli ar akisria axlomonaTesave sametyvelo erTeulebis statusis (enis, kilos, kilokavis) dadgenis TvalsazrisiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom msoflios ZiriTadi enebis/kiloebis statusi gairkva istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis meTodologiis Camoyalibebamde didi xniT adre da, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, aravin cdilobs am statusTa gadasinjvas15.

terminebi: erovnuli ena da dedaena sinonimebia16; garda amisa, erTi metyvelebis

14m. qurdiani. ena da dialeqti sakuTriv lingvisturi da sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT; b. jorbe-naZis sazogadoebis III samecniero konferencia. Tbilisi, 4-7 ivnisi, 1996; m. qurdiani, svanTa da megrelTa qarTuli metyvelebis sakuTriv-lingvisturi statusis Sesaxeb. XIX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesia. axalcixe. 1999; qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi. 2007, gv. 6-9; ix. agreTve: g. gogolaSvili, n. SaraSeniZe, g. cocaniZe, n. WumburiZe, 2016, gv. 6-10; Sdr.: t. futkaraZe. saqarTvelos geopolitikuri strategiis ramdenime aspeqti: qarTvelologiis politizebis sakiTxisaTvis._ krebuli `saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqti da mSvidobis perspeqtivebi~. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. konrad adenaueris fondi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 221-234; Some Aspects of the Geopolitical Strategy of Georgia (on Politicization of

the Kartvelological Studies), Causes of War Prospects for Peace, Georgian Orthodox Church Konrad-Adenauer-Foundation, Tb. 2009,

p. 173-183; On December 2-3, 2008 the Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Konrad-Adenauer-Foundation held

a scientific conference on the theme: Causes of War - Prospects for Peace. http://www.scribd.com/doc/9100139/Tariel-Putkaradze-

Some-Aspects-of-the-Geopolitical-Strategy-of-Georgia. 15ix.: mag., arnold Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi. tfilisi, 1936, gv. 205. 16 g. ramiSvili, g. ramiSvili. dedaenis Teoria. 2000, gv. 7; qarTuli enis, rogorc qarTvelTa erTaderTi dedaenis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis ix.: iqve, gv. 6-9; araiSviaTad, Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi termini `erovnuli ena~ gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo enis sinonimadac; Tu davuSvebT, rom m. qurdianisTvis erovnuli ena saxelmwifo enis sinonimia, aseT SemTxvevaSi, sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, mag., saqarTvelos moqalaqe afxazTa Tu somexTa dedaenebi da qarTvelTa balszemouri (svanuri), megruli Tu guruli dialeqtebi qarTulTan mimarTebiT erT rigSi warmodgeba, rac, aseve, sruli gaugebrobaa; sinamdvileSi: saqarTveloSi afxazuri ena eTnikuri umciresobis enaa, romelsac afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze saxelmwifo enaa qarTulTan erTad, somxuri - migranti umciresobis ena, xolo mag., balszemouri svanuri metyveleba, megruli Tu guruli - qarTvelTa dialeqtebi. ̀ erovnuli ena~ zogjer gamoiyeneba ̀ saxelmwifo enis~ sinonimad; aseTi gagebis SemTxvevaSi qarTuli ena erovnuli enaa saqarTvelos moqalaqe eTnikuri somexisTvisac, azerbaiajanelisTvisac, rusisTvisac...

http://www.scribd.com/doc/9100139/Tariel-Putkaradze-Some-Aspects-of-the-Geopolitical-Strategy-of-Georgia

http://www.scribd.com/doc/9100139/Tariel-Putkaradze-Some-Aspects-of-the-Geopolitical-Strategy-of-Georgia

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statusis ori standartiT gansazRvra - enadac miCneva da dialeqtadac, magram argumentebis gareSe mainc enaTa rigSi warmodgena, ver Tavsdeba akademiuri msjelobis farglebSi; Sdr.; `lingvistikurad~ ena - `kulturulad~ dialeqtis Sesaxeb niko maris msjeloba (1905, gv. 7-10) jer kidev 1952 wels safuZvlianad gaakritika arnold Ciqobavam, romelmac daiwuna misi ormagi standarti lazuris mimarT17.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, zogi dResac cdilobs e. w. `ormagi standartiT~ gaabundovnos realoba; Sdr., mag., qarTul samecniero literaturaSi aris mcdeloba (a. oniani, m. qurdiani, g. cocaniZe...), qarTveluri enobriv erTeulTa statusi ganisazRvros rogorc ̀ lingvisturi~, aseve, ̀ sociolingvisturi~ ̀ standartiT~; mag., zogis azriT, svanuri lingvisturad qarTulis monaTesave damoukidebeli enaa, sociolingvisturad ki - qarTuli enis dialeqti; aq warmovadgenT msgavsi ̀ logikis~ mqone erT vrcel citatas:

`sayovelTaod aRiarebuli lingvisturi kriteriumebis mixedviT (sistemuri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis arseboba, gagebinebadoba da sxva arsebiTi parametrebi) svanuri da zanuri (anu megrul-lazuri) enebia da, bgeraTSesatyvisobebs rom Tavi davaneboT da aq ar ganvixiloT, mkiTxvelisaTvis is ubralo argumentic ki ikmarebs am adgilas, rom gagebinebadoba svanuri an megruli metyvelebis SemTxvevaSi svanurisa da megrulis armcodne qarTvelisaTvis nulovania: warmoidgineT, televiziam erTi dRe svanurad rom warmarTos mauwyebloba, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ramdeni procenti gaigebs mas? imeruli an guruli dialeqtis gamoCena ki sxvadasxva satelevizio arxebze (gansakuTrebiT SouebSi) gagebinebadobis TvalsazrisiT problemas ar qmnis, ubralod sixalise Seaqvs. kidev erT martiv magaliTs moviyvan Cveulebrivi mkiTxvelisaTvis da amiT davamTavreb. cnobilia, rom `vefxistyaosani~ megrulad aris Targmnili. megruli rom qarTulis dialeqti iyos, ra Targmna dasWirdeboda SoTa rusTavelis ukvdav qmnilebas? warmogidgeniaT, vinmem rom moindomos `vefxistyaosnis~ kaxurad an gurulad `Targmna~? rogori iqneboda netav? es aris sakiTxis lingvisturi aspeqti (rasakvirvelia, gamartivebulad warmodgenili). sociolingvisturad, anu funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT ki megrulic, lazuric da svanuric iseTsave funqcionirebad odenobebs warmoadgenen, rogorc qarTuli enis dialeqtebi (igive imeruli, guruli, xevsuruli da a. S.): maTi gamoyenebis konteqsti saliteraturo enasTan SedarebiT SezRudulia da garkveuli sferoebiT Semoifargleba, anu megrulic iseTsave mdgomareobaSia sociumis mxridan moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc xevsuruli - igi aris am enaze metyveli sociumis Sida sakomunikacio saSualeba~18.

msgavsi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT Seqmnil lingvistur rukebze gayalbebulia istoriuli Tu dRevandeli realoba da qarTuli enis gavrcelebis arealad CaTvlili ar aris samegrelo, svaneTi, cxinvalis mxare, mTeli afxazeTi da sxv. ix., mag., iost gipertis ruka /http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm/:

17arnold Ciqobava. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 358-366. 18citatა მoyvanilia m. TandaSvilis werilidan: `saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri integracia civilizebul samyaroSi~ (gazeTi `24 saaTi~, 2010 wlis 2 maisi). am paskvilis mizania Cven mimarT ciliswamebis gziT daicvas mosazreba, rom, TiTqosda, lazuri, svanuri, megruli `SezRuduli gamoyenebis~ umwerlobo damoukidebeli enebia... rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, carizmis drosac, sabWoTa periodSic da dResac qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis survili hqonda da aqvs ruseTis imperias; postsabWoTa periodSi ki qarTvelTa dialeqtebis umciresobebis enebad kvalifikacia gaaxSira ara mavanTa survilma moxdes `saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri integracia civilizebul samyaroSi~, aramed evropaSi umciresobebisaTvis gamoyofili grantebis iolad miRebis praqtikam. enisa da kilos ideologizebuli kvalifikaciebisa da araadekvaturi lingvisturi rukebis kritikisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2009; t. futkaraZe, 2014, gv. 290-292...

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ix., asve, i. koriakovis ruka /http://lingvarium.org/maps/caucas/14-kartv.gi/:

samwuxaro is ufroaa, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samecniero centrebic ver

aRweven Tavs sabWour inercias; mag., saerTaSoriso qselSi warmodgenili kvazimecnieruli rukebisgan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutSi axlaxan ganaxlebuli rukac, romlis mixedviT qarTuli ena ar Cans svaneTSi, zemo maWaxelSi, livanaSi, taoSi... /http://www.ice.ge/kartuliena/iber_cavk_map.html/:

http://www.ice.ge/kartuliena/iber_cavk_map.html

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m. TandaSvilis teqsti, romelic zemoT davimowmeT, CvenTvis sainteresoa "sociolingvistikisa" da "lingvistikis" opoziciur wyvilad warmoCenis mcdelobis gamo; sinamdvileSi sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom sociolingvistika lingvistikis nawilia da ar aris mecnierebis sxva dargi; gaumarTlebelia lingvistikisa da sociolingvistikis gamijvna; anu: sociolingvisturi kriteriumebic lingvisturia.

Sdr.: arsebobs enisa da kilos gammijnavi lingvisturi kriteriumebis ori jgufi:

- struqturuli kriteriumebi (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, enobrivi struqturebis msgavseba-gansxvaveba...), - funqciuri (sociolingvisturi) kriteriumebi (vrclad ix. qvemoT).

xazgasmiT vambobT: enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso velSi arsebul

praqtikas Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, sociolingvisturi kriteriumiT dialeqtad CaTvlili metyveleba enaTa rigSi aRar unda SevitanoT. es miT ufro iTqmis qarTveluri kuTxuri metyvelebebis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac, faqtia:

zepiri formiT arsebul yvela qarTvelur qvesistemas mravali saukunea saerTo `qudis~ saxiT aqvs saerToqarTvelur enaze dafuZnebuli erTiani qarTuli samwignobro ena; Sesabamisad, mravalsaukunovani samwignobro ena qarTveli erisaTvis (megrelebisaTvis, lazebisaTvis, svanebisaTvis, kaxelebisaTvis, qarTlelebisaTvis, mesxebisaTvis, TuSebisaTvis...) dedaenaa, xolo megrul-lazuri da svanuri, sxva qarTvelur qvesistemebTan erTad, qarTveli eris dedaenis - qarTuli enis -kuTxur saxesxvaobebs - dialeqtebs - warmoadgenen.

mecnierulad gaumarTlebeli da qarTveli eris erTianobisaTvis saSiSia 20-saukunovani damwerlobis mqone qarTvelTa TiTqmis naxevaris kuTxuri metyvelebebis (/kiloebis) gamocxadeba e.w. umwerlobo `dedaenebad~. qarTveluri dialeqtebis enebad gamocxadebiT mizanmimarTuli safuZveli eyreba qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas. garda amisa, zogi enaTmecnieris usafuZvlo subieqturi xedviT, mag., bgeraTSesatyvisobis kriteriumad `dawesebiT~, arc germanelebi gamoacxadeben TavianT dialeqtebs enebad da arc ukrainelebi CaTvlian ukrainuls rusulis dialeqtad: ukve istoriuli realobaa, rom ukrainuli damoukidebel enad miiCneva ukrainelebis mierac da mTeli msoflios mierac19, xolo, mag., bavariuli germanuli dialeqtebis jgufis saxelia da ara -

19ix.: mag., enaTa ojaxebis CamonaTvali: arnold Ciqobava. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 344; enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi. 1972, gv. 295; T. SaraZeniZe. enaTa klasifikaciis principebi. 1958, gv. 6.

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damoukidebeli enisa, da rac upirvelesadaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: bgeraTSesatyvisoba arsebobs dialeqtebs Sorisac da kilokavebs Sorisac ki! danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflios enaTa genealogiur klasifikaciebSi warmodgenili enebis statusi arc gagebinebiT da arc bgeraTSesatyvisobiT ar dadgenila: rogorc wesi, msoflios enebis statusi gansazRvrulia swored sociolingvisturi midgomebis safuZvelze (ix. qvemoT). aranakleb mTavari is aris, rom istoriulad Camoyalibebuli enobrivi situaciis xelovnurad Secvlis mcdeloba pozitiur Sedegs ar moitans; enaTmecnieris mizani unda iyos arsebuli istoriuli monacemebis analiziT Sesabamisi daskvnis gamotana da ara - realobis xelovnurad gadakeTebis mcdeloba20; miT umetes, arc istoriulad da arc Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturuli sazogadoebis enaTa Tu kiloTa statusi ar dadgenila arc `sakuTriv lingvisturi~ anu enis Sidastruqturuli kriteriumiT da arc gagebinebiT - logikuri /aralingvisturi/ kriteriumiT21.

enaTa sistemuri sxvaoba/msgavseba. samecniero literaturaSi aris mcdeloba, sxvadasxva enebad iqnen miCneulni

fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli metyvelebebi (enobrivi ganfenilobebi, kontinuumebi); mag., g. cocaniZis azriT, qarTuli, svanuri da zanuri enebis `damoukidebeli statusi ganisazRvreba imiT, rom TiToeul maTgans aqvs TavisTavadi originaluri leqsikuri fondi, urTierTgansxvavebuli fonologiuri da morfologiuri sistemebi da aseve, originaluri sintaqsuri konstruqciebi~22. `gansxvavebuloba~ metad fardobiTi cnebaa: realurad gansxvavebuli leqsikur-fonologiur-morfologiur-sintaqsuri sistemebi aqvT, mag., monaTesave afxazur da qarTul enebs; miT ufro, aramonaTesave qarTul da rusul enebs; qarTvelur qvesistemebs ki gacilebiT meti aqvT saerTo, vidre - gansxvavebuli; Tumca, sakuTriv qarTvelur qvesistemebs Sorisac ar gvaqvs erTgvarovani viTareba: samwignobro qarTulisgan yvelaze metad gansxvavdeba svanuri kiloebi, ufro naklebad - zanuri kiloebi (megruli-lazuri), ufro naklebad - ingilouri da taouri, ufro naklebad - TuSuri da xevsuruli; ufro naklebad - kaxuri, qarTluri da imeruli...

rac mTavaria, leqsikur-fonologiur-morfologiur-sintaqsuri sistemebis sxvaobis xarisxis mixedviT jer msoflioSi aravis daudgenia arc erTi metyvelebis statusi; arc aravis dausaxelebia is procentuli zRvari, romlis zemoT monaTesave metyvelebebi enebad unda CaiTvalos, am zRvramde ki - dialeqtebad. aseTi zRvaris dadgena SeuZlebelicaa, ramdenadac bevria SemTxveva, roca saukuneebis manZilze enad miCneuli erTi metyveleba `sistemurad~ Zalian mcirediT gansxvavdeba meore monaTesave enisgan (mag., polonuri ukrainulisagan) da piriqiT: saukuneebis manZilze kiloebad miCneul erTeulebs Soris STambeWdavi sistemuri sxvaobaa; magaliTad, fonematuri, morfologiur-sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mi-xedviT rusuli, belorusuli, ukrainuli, polonuri enebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT ufro axlomdgomi variantebi arian, vidre, magaliTad, germanuli enis dialeqtebi... Sesabamisad, romelime mecnieris mier dadgenili e. w. procentuli zRvaris mixedviT, arc erTi eri Tu Temi ar Secvlis Tavisi metyvelebis saukunovan statuss. monaTesave idiomebis (metyvelebebis) enobrivi struqturebis gansxvavebis xarisxis mixedviT enisa Tu kilos kvalifikaciis mcdeloba yovelTvis CixSi Seva.

aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT:

20t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi. 2005, gv. 65-70. 21Sdr., r. amirejibi-malenis dausabuTebeli `gancxadeba~ wignSi: kolxuri (megrul-lazuri) ena. Tbilisi, 2006: `enebisa da dialeqtebis gamijvnis wminda lingvistur kriteriumebs miekuTvneba urTierTgagebinebis faqtori. amitomac, megrul-lazuri da svanuri damoukidebeli enebia `wminda lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT~ (gv. 6-8). samwuxarod, arc am avtorma icis, rom `urTierTgagebinebis faqtori~ `lingvisturi kriteriumi~ ar aris! 22g. gogolaSvili, n. SaraSeniZe, g. cocaniZe, n. WumburiZe. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia. II. dialeqtebi (g. gogolaSvilis redaqciiT). Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 6-10.

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lingvistikis (fonologiis, morfologiis, sociolingvistikis...) cnebebis subieqturi gaazrebis mixedviT ar unda xdebodes saukuneebis manZilze ukve arse-buli tradiciuli kvalifikaciebis TviTmiznuri gadasinjva, mag., ukrainuli didi xania damoukidebel enadaa aRiarebuli da risi momtania misi rusuli enis dialeqtad gamocxadeba erTi Tu ori lingvistis mier?

anda: megruli (odiSuri) metyveleba mravali saukunis manZilze qarTvelTa erT-erT

dialeqtad iTvleba (qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis msgavsad) da ras moemsaxureba XXI saukuneSi misi statusis Secvla da e.w. regionul enad saxeldeba? miT umetes, ras moemsaxureba svanTa, megrelTa da lazTa ocsaukunovani samwignobro tradiciis ugulebelyofa da maTi zepiri metyvelebebisaTvis dRes axali damwerlobebis Seq-mna? Tundac, mag., `vefxistyaosanis~ Targmna megrulad Tu svanurad?

pasuxi erTia: am gziT dasaxelebul qarTvelT gauucxovdebaT da, faqtobrivad, daekargebaT

qarTveluri/qarTuli mwignobrobis saxiT arsebuli sakuTari didi kulturuli warsuli.

vfiqrob naTelia, rom monaTesave enebisa Tu dialeqtebis gamijvnis problema ver gadaiWreba mxolod fonetikur-morfologiur-sintaqsuri kriteriumebiT; rogorc ukve iTqva, kulturuli tradiciis mqone msoflios arc erTi ena ̀ sakuTriv lingvisturi niSnebis~ (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, morfologiuri da sintaqsur-semanti-kuri kategoriebi, leqsika) anu enis struqturuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze ar aris saxeldebuli enad. garda amisa, jer aravis daudgenia enobriv cvlilebaTa is zRvari, ris Semdegac monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxvavebani gadadis TvisobrivSi, Sesabamisad, sistemis varianti iqceva damouki-debel sistemad.

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: raodenobrivi sxvaoba met-naklebad yvela dialeqts Soris arsebobs; Tvisobrivi

cvlilebis sazRvrad romeli procentuli maCvenebeli unda aviRoT? is sxvaoba, romelic gvaqvs, mag., megrulsa da samwignobro qarTuls Soris, sakmarisia megrulis damoukidebel enad misaCnevad? Sdr., saliteraturo arabulsa da buxaruls Soris gacilebiT didi sxvaobaa; metic, buxaruls zogi tajikuri/sparsuli enis dialeqtad miiCnevs; Tumca, ramdenadac buxarelebi arabebi arian, Tavad arabistebis mier buxaruli arabulis dialeqtad ganixileba. sistemuri sxvaoba ki namdvilad aris, mag., qarTulsa da mis monaTesave afxazurs Soris, qarTulsa da aramonaTesave arabuls Soris, da ara samwignobro qarTulsa da megruls, an TuSurs Soris.

dasaxelebul wignSi23 g. cocaniZe aRniSnavs, rom mag., megrul da qarTul fonologiur sistemebs Soris gansxvavebaa, kerZod, qarTuli enis vokalur sistemaSi xmovan fonemaTa paradigmatul mimarTebebs qmnis xmovanTa lokaluri rigi da aweuloba, `zanur enaSi ki am or niSans emateba kidev erTi - palatalurobis niSani. ris Sedegadac xuTwevrianis magivrad viRebT eqvswevrian sistemas. svanur enaSi xmovan fonemaTa korelaciuri mimarTebebi rTuldeba imiT, rom emateba palatalizaciisa da sigrZis niSnebi, ris Sedegadac xmovan fonemaTa raodenoba 18-mde aRwevs~...

g. cocaniZis msjeloba ar emyareba realur faqtebs: Tanamedrove qarTulma saliteraturo enam ucvlelad Semoinaxa

saerToqarTveluri enis istoriuli-fonologiur-gramatikul-leqsikuri modelebi, xolo qarTvelTa yvela dialeqtma met-naklebad garkveuli cvlilebani ganicada, Tumca ZiriTadi struqtura SeinarCuna. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvelTa yvela dialeqtis fonematuri struqtura Tvisobrivad erTgvaria; aseve, ZiriTadad identuria morfologiuri, leqsikologiuri da sintaqsuri modelebi; Sdr.:

qarTvelTa TiToeul dialeqtSi (megrulSi, kaxurSi, imerulSi, balszemourSi...) arsebuli saleqsikono masala Tvisobrivad erTnairad miemarTeba qarTul

23g. gogolaSvili, n. SaraSeniZe, g. cocaniZe, n. WumburiZe. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia. II. dialeqtebi (g. gogolaSvilis redaqciiT). Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 8.

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samwignobro enaSi arsebul leqsikur marags (ra Tqma unda, aris raodenobrivi sxvaobebi), kerZod, dialeqtebSi ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi ucvlelad an mcireodeni fonetikuri cvlilebebiTaa Semonaxuli; araiSviaTad, mxolod calkeul dialeqtebSi dasturdeba is forma, romelic adre saliteraturo qarTulisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. gansxvaveba isaa, rom rac ufro ganapiraa dialeqti, miT metia masSi SemoWrili sxva enis leqsikuri erTeulebi. mag., megruls daculi aqvs iseTi sityva-formebi, romlebic Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi ar dasturdeba, magram gvqonda Zveli saeklesio mwerlobis enaSi. mag.: arqaul qarTulSi uwyvetlis III piris mr. ricxvs aRniSnavda - es formanti: igini wer-d-es `werdnen~; dRes analogiuri warmoeba gvaqvs mxolod megrul-Wanursa da xevsurulSi: War-un-d-es, Sdr. xevs. waiRebdes `waiRebdnen~. aseve, qarTvelur dialeqtebSi Semonaxulia Zvel qarTul teqstebSi dafiqsirebuli bevri sityva, romelic aRaraa Tanamedrove qarTulSi. mag., zan. wilua _ krefa (Sdr. Zv. qarT. mowilva), megr. winda _ WuWyi (Sdr. wida), megr. kurTa _ qveda sacvali (Sdr. kvarTi), Wan. cxodari _ logini (Sdr. cxedari)...

yvela qarTvelur qvesistemaSi erTgvarovania fonematuri struqtura; ganapira dialeqtebis palatalizebuli xmovnebi qarTveluri samyarosaTvis meoreulia - xmovanTa palataluroba (magarsasismieroba) sxva enebis gavleniTaa gaCenili; rac mTavaria, `palatalurobis niSani~ vlindeba rogorc dasavlur qarTul ramdenime kiloSi (balszemourSi, balsqvemourSi, lentexurSi; imerxeulSi, taourSi; zogi Tvlis, rom lazurSic...), aseve aRmosavlur qarTul ramdenime kiloSi, mag., moxeurSi, ingilourSi, samcxur-javaxurSi. xmovanTa sigrZe sakuTriv qarTveluri movlenaa: zepir metyvelebaSi realizdeba enis tendencia, ori xmovani aqcios erT marcvlad (erT xmovnad); zogjer xmovnis sigrZe dakarguli bgeris kompensaciacaa; Sesabamisad, xmovanTa sigrZe bevr qarTvelur qvesistemas axasiaTebs da ara - mxolod svanur kiloebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erT-erT svanur kilos - balsqvemours - ar axasiaTebs grZeli xmovnebi.

danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mag., fonologiuri sistemis mixedviT qarTuli saliteraturo enac da qarTul kiloTa umravlesobac arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba megrulisagan; Sdr.: arsebiTi sxvaoba gvaqvs qarTvelursa da mis monaTesave afxazur enobriv sistemas Soris. Sesabamisad, xelovnuria fonologiur safuZvelze qarTulisa da megrulis gamocxadeba damoukidebel enebad; igive iTqmis leqsikis, morfologiisa da sintaqsis Sesaxebac (Tvisobrivi sxvaobaa qarTulsa da afxazurs Soris);

Sdr., aseve: megruli saxeluri paradigmac ZiriTadad imeorebs ara mxolod adrindeli sa-

mwignobro enis brunvaTa sistemas, aramed axlosaa Tanamedrove qarTuli enis mTis kiloebis arqaul monacemebTan; aseve, mag., gansxvavebiT monaTesave afxazurisagan, Tvisobrivad erTgvaria megrulisa da imerulis zmnur formaTa sistema da sxv. ra Tqma unda, garkveuli sxvaobebic arsebobs, magram isini sakmarisi ar aris megrulisa da imerulis (qarTluris, kaxuris...) Tvisobrivi sxvaobis samtkiceblad; miT umetes, rogorc aRiniSna, ar arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli enobriv cvlilebaTa Tu Ta-viseburebaTa (sistemur sxvaobaTa!) iseTi zRvari, romlis Semdegac monaTesave enob-riv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxvavebani gadadis TvisobrivSi; aseTi zRvaris dadgena SeuZlebelia: dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom sxvadasxva enad sa-xeldebul sistemebs Soris arsebul lingvistur sxvaobaTa procentuli maCveneb-eli SeuzRudavad meryeobs.

sociolingvisturi (funqciuri) kriteriumebi: damwerlobis qona-arqona; standartuloba, rogorc kriteriumi. mecnierTa nawili enisa da dialeqtis gasamijnavad miiCnevs damwerlobisa da

sayovelTaod gaziarebuli normebis qonas; kerZod, zogi avtoris azriT, Tuki mocemul metyvelebas aqvs samwignobro tradicia da specialistTa mier dadgenili normebi, enaa, Tu metyveleba umwignobroa, bunebrivad viTardeba (misi ganviTareba ar

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brkoldeba mecnierTa mier dakanonebuli xelovnuri normebiT) da mxolod zepiri komunikaciis saSualebaa, maSin is dialeqtad unda kvalificirdes...

amgvari midgomiT metyvelebis statusi ver dadgindeba, ramdenadac, msoflioSi bevri enaa, romlis mflobel xalxs ara aqvs samwignobro tradicia da saqmiswarmoebisa Tu literaturuli SemoqmedebisaTvis maTTvis ucxo enas iyeneben; mag., amerikis avtoqToni mosaxleobis didi nawili dRes inglisurs, espanurs, franguls an portugaliurs iyenebs. damwerlobisa Tu normirebulobis (standartu-lobis) mixedviT SeuZlebelia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna24.

damwerlobis mqone kontinuumi, rogorc wesi, enadaa kvalificirebuli (Sdr., erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove moldavuri ena, meore mxriv ki - italiuri kiloebi); Sesa-bamisad, pirvel rigSi, erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT naTlad unda ganvsazRvroT umwer-lobo ena da dialeqti, vinaidan umwerlobo enobrivi erTeuli SeiZleba iyos werilobiTi tradiciis armqone enac da dialeqtic; Sdr.: dialeqti aris mocemuli eris/naciis saerTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis terito-riis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficia-luri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT:

konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli msgavsi struqturis mqone oficialuri, sa-mwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwig-nobro enis SeqmnaSi. Sesabamisad, umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilo-kavebis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs. damwerlobis qona/arqona namdvilad ver gansazRvravs enis statuss. Sdr., sabWoTa periodSi gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri umwerlobo (umwignobro) enebia.

Cveni azriT, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri metyvelebebi ver CaiTvleba umwerlobo enebad im martivi mizezis gamo, rom samwignobro qarTulis am saxesxvaobebis mflobelT sul mcire 15-saukunovani samwignobro tradicia aqvT sakuTar dedaenaze; Sesabamisad, termini: `umwerlobo dedaena~ /umwignobro ena/ Seuracxmyofelia 15-saukunovani samwignobro kulturis mqone qarTvelebis - iovane lazis, Wyondidlebis, martvileli iovane minCxisa Tu iovane afxazis (megrelis) mSobliuri kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa - mSobliuri dialeqtisaTvis, ramdenadac, maTi istoriuli samwignobro dedaena qarTulia. am istoriuli dedaenis kuTxuri saxesxvaobebia lazur-megruli Tu svanuri metyvelebis variantebi: xofuri, viwur-arqabuli, aTinuri... balszemouri, balsqvemouri, lentexuri, laSxuri, Coluruli.

zogi fiqrobs, rom qarTul saliteraturo enasTan mimarTebiT erTi da imave donis terminiT (dialeqti) ar unda movixsenioT, mag., imeruli da megruli. vinc gulwrfelad fiqrib ase, maTTvis gvaqvs martivi amocana:

samecniero velSi arsebobs ori donis cneba/termini: ena da kilo/dialeqti; am cnebebis Sesabamisad orad davajgufoT qvemoT CamoTvlili enobrivi erTeulebi: qarTuli, imeruli, aWaruli, megruli, afxazuri, CeCnuri, ukrainuli, rusuli, germanuli, bavariuli... ukamaToa, rom qarTulTan mimarTebiT kiloebia misi saxesxvaobebi: imeruli, aWaruli, xolo germanulis dialeqtia bavariuli; Sdr., yvela Tvlis, rom damoukidebeli enebia: qarTulis monaTesave: afxazuri, CeCnuri da aramonaTesave: rusuli, ukrainuli, germanuli. warmodgenili ganawilebis fonze romeli terminis (enis, kilos) jgufSi unda movaTavsoT qarTulis saxesxvaoba

24t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi. 2005, gv. 64; t. futkaraZe. Tanamedrove qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri aRwera `msoflios enaTa reestris~ (inguarium.iling-ran.ru) mixedviT da arsebuli sinamdvile._ krebuli `saqarTvelo da msoflio (warsuli da Tanamedroveoba)~. baTumi, 2009; http://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-Reestri-Da-Sakartvelo; t. futkaraZe. qarTvelologiis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 2014; t. futkaraZe. saqarTvelos safrTxeebi da perspeqtivebi. http://documents.tips/documents/-5572059f497959fc0b8b758a.html (damowmebulia 15. 06. 2016).

http://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-Reestri-Da-Sakartvelo

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megruli (romelic ufro metadaa Secvlili, vidre aWaruli): aWarul-imerulis Tu germanul-rusul-afxazuris?

enisa da kilos/dialeqtis garda mocemuli metyvelebis (kontinuumis, idiomis) statusis Sesafasebeli sxva termini ar arsebobs (da arc aris saWiro): saerToqarTveluri enis safuZvelze Seqmnil arqaul samwignobro enasTan mimarTebiT dRes arsebuli yvela zepiri qarTveluri metyveleba meoreuli warmonaqmnia; es kargad Cans rogorc fonologiuri, aseve, morfologiur-sintaqsuri da leqsikuri transformaciebis istoriidan25; garda amisa, mravali saukunea megrelebisaTvis, rogorc sxva qarTvelebisaTvis, Semoqmedebisa da saqmiswarmoebis enaa saerToqarTveluris uSualo memkvidre ena - qarTuli saliteraturo (samwignobro) ena; gamomdinare aqedan, nakleblogikuria megrulis ganxilva monaTesave afxazurisa Tu aramonaTesave rusulis rangSi.

prestiJuloba. zogi metyveleba ganfenis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da mocemuli

sazogadoebis didi nawilis salaparako enaa, zogs ki mxolod erTi sofeli moixmars... zogi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom metyvelebas, romelsac gamoyenebis maRali xarisxi aqvs, enaa, naklebad gamoyenebuli ki - dialeqti. prestiJulobis mixedviT metyvelebis statusis gansazRvra mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli /sxva faqtorebTan erTad/. aseTi midgomiT arasodes momxdara msoflioSi arsebuli enebis statusis gansazRvra. prestiJulobis mixedviT SeiZleba samwignobro enisa da dia-leqtis gamijvna, magram SeuZlebelia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna.

saxelmwifo enis statusi; reestruli kriteriumi. zogi Tvlis, rom Tuki mocemuli metyveleba saxelmwifo enaa an am enobriv

erTeuls aqvs romelime regionis/avtonomiis oficialuri enis statusi, damoukidebeli enaa, xolo metyveleba, romelsac ara aqvs saxelmwifo/regionuli statusi - dialeqtia, Tundac is iyos aramonaTesave ena; mag., m. qurdianis azriT, sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT qarTuli ena TurqeTSi Turquli enis dialeqtia26... kerZod, pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom saerTaSoriso standartebiT da, swored rom sociolingvisturi parametrebis mixedviT, qarTuli ena TurqeTSi aris ara Turquli enis dialeqti, aramed - avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis ena (amJamindeli TurqeTis arTvinis guberniaSi).

ufro sainteresoa sxva rigis magaliTi: xelisuflebis midgomis, anu e. w. reestruli kriteriumis SedegiT unda aixsnas

is faqti, rom karpatul-rusinuli metyveleba ukrainaSi ukrainul dialeqtad miiCneva, xolo serbiaSi _ damoukidebel enad, ramdenadac serbiis erT-erT mxareSi igi meore saxelmwifo enaa (rogorc afxazuria meore saxelmwifo ena - afxazeTSi).

aSkaraa, arc e. w. reestruli midgomaa gamarTlebuli, ramdenadac msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnTa raodenoba ki 300-s ar aRemateba; TurqeTSi qarTulis msgavsad, sxva saxelmwifoebSic bevri ena aris mocemuli saxelmwifos eTnikuri umciresobis ena da ar aqvs raime oficialuri enis statusi.

TviTSefasebiTi kriteriumi (TviTidentifikacia) - enisa da dialeqtis statusis

gansazRvra Tavad mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivis mier; am kriteriums plebiscitur kriteriumsac uwodeben. h. harmani, p. aueri da sxv. Tvlian, rom enobrivi erTeulis statusi misma mflobelma sazogadoebam unda gansazRvros. adamianebis enobrivi Tu eTnikuri TviTaRqma arsebiTad ganisazRvreba maTi ganaTlebis doniT. enisa da dia-leqtis statusis gansazRvra Tavad mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivis mier adekvatur Sedegebs mogvcems axalSeqmnili mwignobrobis mqone an werilobiTi kulturis ar-mqone enobrivi erTeulis SemTxvevaSi:

25am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa arnold Ciqobavas msjeloba (1936, gv. 205-206): `Wanurisa da megrulis fonetikur-morfologiur-sintaqsur movlenaTa analizisas cxadi da xelSesaxebi xdeba am movlenaTa istoriuli warsuli da geneturi urTierToba, roca amosavlad gamoyenebulia qarTuli ena.~ 26ix.: mag., m. qurdianis zemoT damowmebuli naSromebi.

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werilobiTi kulturis armqone xalxis TviTaRqma xdeba gagebinebis mixedviT gansazRvruli umwerlobo enis farglebSi (Sdr., Crdilokavkasiuri enebi). am kriteriums gadaulaxavi problemebi Seeqmneba xangrZlivi werilobiTi kulturis mqone sazogadoebis gamokiTxvisas, radganac sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli fenisTvis Tu gasagebi da mSobliuri iqneba arqauli ena da kultura, sazogadoebis gaunaT-lebeli fenisTvis is ucxo aRmoCndeba; mag., saliteraturo iaponuris armcodne gaunaTlebelma adamianma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom radgan ar esmis saliteraturo ena, misi dedaenaa bavSvobidan SeTvisebuli dialeqti; Tumca, ase ar ifiqrebs ganaTlebuli iaponeli. saqarTveloSi iSviaTia saliteraturo qarTulis armcodne svani, megreli Tu xevsuri, magram arian taoeli, imerxeveli, fereidneli qarTvelebi, romelTac ar esmiT istoriuli dedaena da mxolod TavianT qarTul dialeqtze metyveleben; aseTi piri Tuki CaTvlis, rom, ramdenadac mas ar esmis qarTuli saliteraturo ena, maTi dedaenaa mSobliuri kilo, es ar iqneba istoriuli realobis amsaxveli; realoba aseTia:

svanic, xevsuric, megrelic, taoeli qarTvelic, imerxevelic, fereidneli qarTvelic, ingiloc, saqarTvelos velSi darCenili lazebic mravali saukunea sxva qarTvelebTan erTad qmnian qarTul saliteraturo enas, am enaze qmnian Sedevrebs, am enas iyeneben skolaSi, saqmiswarmoebSi... Sesabamisad, maTi istoriuli dedaenaa qarTuli; kuTxuri metyveleba ki bavSvobidan SeTvisebuli mSobliuri kiloa. ase rom, ganaTlebis simwiris (erovnuli kulturisa da samwignobro enis verflobis) pirobebSi, adamianTa jgufi dedaenad Tuki CaTvlis mSobliur kilos, amgvari TviTidentifikacia ar iqneba realobis amsaxveli: TviTmikuTvnebulobis safuZveli argumentirebuli SeiZleba hqondes mxolod sakuTari istoriis mcodne ganaTlebul sazogadoebas; maSasadame, enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna SeuZlebelia e. w. plebisci-turi meTodiT; seriozulad arc aravin cdilobs am kriteriumis gamoyenebas. Sdr., rogorc wesi, enobrivi TviTmikuTvneba Sedegia erovnul-eTnikuri TviTmikuTvnebisa27.

g. belmanis, v. konigis da sxvaTa azriT, dialeqtsa da enas Soris zRvari Zneli gasavlebia; dialeqtidan enaSi gadasvla Tavisuflad xdeba.

enisa da kilos gasamijn kriteriumebze msjelobis dasasruls, kidev erTxel sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom Tu romelime specialisti kriteriumad aiRebs bgeraT-Sesatyvisobas, misTvis monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa ena-kiloebad kvalifikacia, bunebrivia, sxvagvarad moxdeba (mag., germanuli enis bavariuli da meklenburguli kiloebi sxvadasxva enebad CaiTvleba); Tu gagebinebas aiRebs kriteriumad, bevri enobrivi erTeulis statusi gaxdeba gadasasinji (mag., arabuli kiloebi: alJiruli da buxaruli, qarTveluri kiloebi: ingilouri da guruli sxvadasxva enebad misaC-nevi gaxdeba) da a. S. bunebrivia, yvela mkvlevars aqvs ufleba, airCios romelime kriteriumi, imsjelos, mis mixedviT gadaajgufos enebi Tu kiloebi (ix., mag., gage-binebis mixedviT, T. gamyreliZe slavuri enebis mxolod sam zonas gamoyofs; T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe.. 2003, gv. 616) da samsjelod gamoitanos, Tumca Cemi azriT, kriteriumis gansazRvra ufro logikuria enaTa/kiloTa statusis gansazRvris istoriis safuZvelze. msoflio enebis statusis istoriaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom arsebuli enebis statusi, rogorc wesi, gansazRvrulia eTnokulturuli da politikur-religiuri niSnis mixedviT.

eTnokulturuli midgoma: eTnoss/ers aqvs ena, eTnosis/eris nawils - dialeqti. mocemuli sazogadoebis monaTesave sametyvelo kodTa - enobriv variantTa -

ierarqia TavisTavad regulirdeba samwignobro enis istoriasTan mimarTebiT; ker-Zod, Tu mocemul ers/eTnoss aqvs tradiciuli samwignobro ena, am eris calkeul TemTa saSinao metyvelebebi dialeqtebia. mravalsaukunovani saliteraturo ena erad ayalibebs am samwignobro kulturis Semqmnel monaTesave sazogadoebebs.

msoflios enaTa genealogiur sqemebSic, Tanamedrove eTnologiur enciklopediebSic da evrosabWos dokumentebSic (mag., `regionuli an umciresobis

27t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi. 2005, gv. 68-70.

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enaTa evropul qartiaSi”) ena eris/eTnosis meobis ganmsazRvreladaa miCneuli. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa T. SaraZeniZis msjeloba:

`monaTesave kiloTagan an erTi enis diferenciaciiT axali enebi miiReba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki provinciebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdeba da am xalxebs Soris erTianoba gawydeba~... kiloebis enebad Camoyalibebis ̀ aucilebeli pirobaa erTi sazogadoebis nawilebis erTmaneTisgan mowyveta~: imisaTvis, rom enis diferenciacia ganxorcieldes, àucilebelia am enaze molaparake sazogadoeba daiSalos da Sewydes urTierToba gamoyofil nawilebs Soris~28.

msgavsia sxva mecnierTa msjelobanic; Sdr.: jorj abraham grirsoni, ìndoeTis enobrivi mimoxilva~29, I, kalkuta, 1927, gv. 24: `sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom mavan inglisel glexs sul ar gauWirdeba, gaagebinos holandielebs Tavisi naubari, an gaigos maTic, magram aravis SeuZlia uaryos, rom holandiuri da inglisuri damoukidebeli enebia; amasTan, es faqtori gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi xdeba maSin, rodesac TiToeuli eri damoukideblad qmnis mwignobrobas. amisi brwyinvale magaliTia asamuri _ es metyveleba dRes calke enad miiCneva. miuxedavad amisa, sanam misi gramatikul-leqsikuri Taviseburebani sabolood ar Camoyalibdeba, ver uarvyofT, rom [asamuri] bengaluris kiloa _ xsenebuli maCveneblebis mixedviT, is am ukanaskneli enis standartul formas uaxlovdeba iseve, rogorc q. Citagongis kilo; [meore mxriv], udavoa isic, rom [asamuri] damoukidebeli eris metyvelebaa, aqvs sakuTari istoria da SesaniSnavi mwignobroba, romelic gansxvavdeba bengalu-risgan rogorc standartiT, ise Tvisobrivadac. esaa magaliTi, roca momijnave enebi sxvaobs ara ormxrivi gagebinebis ararsebobis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebisa da mwignobrobis mixedviT~30;

karol deina, `ramdeni polonuri kilo arsebobs CvenSi~31, varSava, 1968, (gv. 39): `kilo ganisazRvreba ara marto dRevandel dialeqtologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT, aramed im araenaTmecnieruli faqtorebis (magaliTad, uwindeli an amJamindeli politikuri sazRvrebi, erovnul-Temobrivi dayofa, kulturuli anda geografiuli garemo...) gaTvaliswinebiTac, romlebmac imTaviTve gadamwyveti roli Seasrules masze metyveli jgufis CamoyalibebaSi~32;

miqele loporkaro, ìtaliur dialeqtTa lingvisturi profili~33, 2009 gv. 3: ìtaliaSi aravis dauyenebia eWvqveS is, rom enis statusi aqvs florenciuls (anda, SemdgomSi _ florenciulis bazaze SemuSavebul italiurs), romelic jer (umeteswilad) werilobiT iyo gavrcelebuli inteleqtualur wreebSi, mere ki maRali (oficialuri, formaluri, samwignobro) miznebiT gamoiyeneboda da bolos _ XX saukunis II naxevridan, gafarTovda, moicva ra yvela socialuri jgufi da iqca yoveldRiur sametyvelo erTeulad. [florenciulis] aseTma cvlilebam specifikuri [enobrivi] variantidan erovnuli enis rangamde _ rasac Tan sdevda muSaoba [florenciulis] normalizaciisa da standartizebisTvis _ avtomaturad

28T. SaraZeniZe, 1958, gv. 42-45. 29 `Linguistic Survey of India~. 30ìt is said that some English peasants would in Holland little dificulty in making themselves understood, or in understending what

people say. Yet no one would deny that Dutch and English are distinct languages; and this factor is all the stronger when each nationality

has developed an independent literature. There is an excelent illustration of this in Assamese. This form of speech is now admitted to

be an independent language, - yet if merely its grammatical form and its vocabulary are considered, it would not be denied that it is a

dialect of Bengali. It is certainly as closely realated in these respects to the standard form of that language as is the dialect of Bengali

spoken in Chittagong. Yet its claim to be considered as an independent language is incontestable. Not only is the speech of an

independent nation, with a history of its own, but it has a fine literature, differing from that of Bengal both in its standard of speech,

and its nature and content. Here, therefore, we have an example of a language differentiated from its neighbours not by mutual

unintelligibility but by nationality and literature.~ 31 Ile mamy dialektów polskich, Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN. 32`Jak najogólniej i umownie pojmowane linie odgraniczające poszczególne obszary formowania się dialektów muszą być wypadkową

z jednej strony dzisiejszych danych dialektograficznych, które trzeba dla tych celów czasem uogólniać, a nawet upraszczać, z drugiej

zaś strony szeregu pozajęzykowych czynników, które warunkowały wytwarzanie się odrębnych ugrupowań ludnościowych, jak np.

dawne plemienno-szczepowe podziały, późniejsze administracyjne i polityczne granice, migracje ludności oraz fizjograficzne

rozczłonkowanie kraju, odrębne warunki i powiązania gospodarcze, etnograficzne, kulturalne, cywilizacyjne itd.~ 33Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani, romi, editori laterza.

132

yvela sxva metyvelebani municipalur dialeqtebad gansazRvra~34 (xazgasma avtorisaa).

`enebisa da kiloebis statusis istoriis Seswavla cxadyofs: rogorc wesi, kon-kretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, samwig-nobro (standartuli) enis nairsaxeobad - dialeqtad - iTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi.

samwignobro ena aris oficialuri ena - elitaruli metyveleba (mag., samegreloSi ̀ Jinosquas~ ena iyo saliteraturo qarTuli), dialeqti ki saSinao enaa; Sesabamisad, umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri identobis (meobis, TviTobis) mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilo-kavebis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs; mag., megrul-Wanuri da svanuri metyvelebebi ver CaiTvleba umwerlobo enebad im martivi mizezis gamo, rom samwignobro qarTulis am saxesxvaobebis mflobelT sul mcire 20-saukunovani samwignobro tradicia aqvT sakuTar dedaenaze. am konteqstSi aqtualuria arnold Ciqobavas midgomac:

`gardauvali wesia: erTi Taoba midis, meore - modis... xalxi ki ukvdavia. ukvdavia misi enac, Tuki mas xalxma zurgi ar Seaqcia; ena Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da misi wyalobiT es Taobebi erT xalxad iTqmis: xalxis meobas misi ena gvaniSnebs~. termini `xalxi~ aq eris sinonimia: eris meobas dedaena gansazRvravs. dedaena enobrivi sociumis - eris - Tvisebaa (da ara – individisa!); ena erovnulobis damcveli da SemnarCunebelia... ena da eri erTmaneTs gansazRvravs…(g. ramiSvili. 2000, gv. 9, 70, 172).

faqtia: sul mcire 15 saukunea qarTvelur sinamdvileSi erTi samwignobro ena - qarTuli ena - funqcionirebs, romelic momdinareobs saerToqarTveluri enidan da yvela qarTvelis saerTo dedaenaa; mag., svaneTis mkvidri qarTvelobisaTvis qarTuli aris winaprebis mier Seqmnili dedaenac (/erovnuli enac), saeklesio enac, saliteraturo enac, saxelmwifo enac; xolo, mag., laSxuri laSxelisTvis mSobliuri kiloa.

sxva eqstralingvisturi kriteriumebi. zemoT ganvixileT gagebinebis kriteriumi. eqstralingvisturia, aseve,

religiuri da politikuri faqtorebi. enis statusis gansazRvra religiuri niSniT. iSviaTad, religiiT gansxvavebuli erTi eTnosis sxvadasxva Temi damoukidebel

eTnosad iazrebs Tavs da, Sesabamisad, Tavis kuTxur metyvelebasac damoukidebel enad acxadebs; mag., aseTi gziT damoukidebel enebad miiCneva: bosniuri - musliman slavTa metyveleba; serbiuli - marTlmadidebel slavTa metyveleba da xorvatiuli - kaTolike slavTa metyveleba (montenegroulis gamocalkevebas sxva faqtorebic ganapirobebs).

dasaxelebuli slavuri metyvelebebi erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdebian; Sdr., iugoslaviis socialisturi federaciuli respublikis daSlamde arsebobda mxolod erTi ena - serbul-xorvatuli ena. komunisturi ideologiis damarcxebis Semdeg wina planze wamovida religiuri identoba, ramac ganapiroba dialeqtebis enebad gamocxadeba TviT am dialeqtebis mflobelTa mier (Sdr., TviTidentifikacia); amas ki mohyva federaciis saboloo daSla da serb-xorvatTa axali saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna.

34`Nessuno in Italia ha dubitato dello status di lingua del fiorentino (o, da allora in poi, italiano su base fiorentina), divenuto dapprima

strumento di espressione (prevalentemente) scritta dei soli ceti intellettuali e per i soli usi alti (ufficiali, formali, letterari) ed infine

estesosi, in fase postunitaria nel secondo Novecento, a tutte le fasce sociali come varietà dell’uso (anche orale) quotidiano. Questa

ascesa di una specifica varietà al rango di lingua nazionale - ascesa acconmagnata da un’opera di normalizzazione e standardizzazione

- ha relegato automaticamente al rango di dialetti municipali tutte le altre parlate~.

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enis statusis gansazRvra politikuri safuZvliT. sabWoTa ruseTis imperias iolad rom moexdina rumineTis nawilis aneqsia,

ruminuli enis moldovur dialeqts enis statusi mianiWa, moldovis mosaxleoba ki damoukidebel naciad gamoacxada. dResac mecnierTa didi nawili moldovur metyvelebas ruminulis enis kilod miiCnevs, erTi nawili ki - sabWoTa inerciiT damoukidebel enad Tvlis... msgavsia azerbaijanuli enis Seqmnis ìstoriac~:

kavkasiis (baqos navTobis) kontrolis mosurne ruseTis imperia didi xania cdilobs, azerbaijanis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli Turquli enis dialeqti azerbaijanul enad gamoacxados. àzerbaijanuli enis~ Seqmnis aswlovani mcdelobis miuxedavad, dResac ki azerbaijanul enas bevri azerbaijanul Turquls uwodebs...

naTelia, rom amgvari midgomiT aralogikuria enisa da kilos statusis gansazRvra.

amrigad, kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semosvlis Semdeg (me-19 saukunis pirveli naxevari)

iwyeba qarTvelur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizeba, kerZod, ruseTis imperiis mesveurni cdiloben, enobriv-eTnikurad daanawevron qarTveli eri da am mizniT qarTvelTa nawils warmoadgenen umwignobro enebis mqone xalxebad - qarTvelur kiloTa erT nawils acxadeben ùmwerlobo enebad~.

samecniero literaturaSi umwignobro enisa da kilos gamijvna problemuradaa miCneuli; dRemde mimdinareobs sando kriteriumis Zieba. arasandoobis gamo Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi „enisa“ da „dialeqtis“ gasamijnav kriteriumad ar iTvleba:

- gagebineba /gagebineba SeiZleba ar iyos dialeqtebs Sorisac/; - bgeraTSesatyvisoba /aris dialeqtebs Sorisac/; - enobrivi sistemuri msgavseba-gansxvaveba /aravis daudgenia zRvari,

ramdenprocentiani sxvaoba SeiZleba iyos sakmarisi dialeqtebis monaTesave enebad kvalifikaciisaTvis/.

msoflioSi arsebuli enebisa Tu kiloebis statusis dadgena ufro xdeba sociolingvisturi kriteriumebiT; kerZod, kriteriumad gamoyenebulia: - eTnokulturul identobasTan mimarTeba: ena aqvs eTnoss, kilo - eTnosis nawils; - kodificirebuloba: damwerlobis qona/arqona; - standartuloba/normirebuloba; - prestiJuloba; - politikuri midgoma; - religiuri identoba; - saxelmwifo enis statusi...

amaTgan metyvelebis statusis gansasazRvravad yvelaze ufro sando Cans mocemuli sazogadoebis enis mimarTeba eTnokulturul identobasTan: ena aqvs ers, dialeqti ki - eris nawils; rac mTavaria, enebisa da kiloebis statusis istoriis Seswavla cxadyofs:

rogorc wesi, konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli msgavsi struqturis mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (/standartuli) enis nairsaxeobad - dialeqtad - iTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo erTeulis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro (/standartuli) enis SeqmnaSi. mravalsaukunovani saliteraturo ena umTavresi faqtoria am samwignobro kulturis Semqmneli monaTesave sazogadoebebis erTian erad Camoyalibebis procesSi.

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Tariel Putkaradze

Retrospect of Language and Dialect Distinction Criteria and

Politicizing Qualification of Kartvelian Idioms Summary

After the entry of Russia into Caucasus (first half of the 19th century) starts the politicizing process of

Kartvelian idioms, namely, Russian leaders try to separate Georgian nation linguistically and ethnically and

they represent part of Georgians as people who speak the language without a script. Declaring dialects as

languages without script give advantage to those who support the minority languages.

Distinguishing language from dialect is regarded as a problematic issue in the scientific literature; the

process of searching for reliable criteria is still actual. The following criteria are not considered to be reliable

in distinguishing ‘language’ from ‘dialect’:

- Understanding /it might be impossible to understand dialects/;

- Relevance of sounds /does not exist among dialects/;

- Linguistic and systematic Similarity and difference /no limit has been set so far to the percentage of

difference that enables the dialects to be qualified as related languages/.

Distinguishing world languages from the dialects is mainly possible by the so-called sociolinguistic criteria;

namely, there are the following criteria:

- Relevance to ethno-cultural identity: language has ethnos, dialect is a part of the ethnos;

- Codification; non/existence of script;

- Prestige;

- Political approach;

- Religious identity;

- Status of the state language…

The most reliable criterion of all is regarded to be defining the status of the speech in relevance to

ethnocultural identity: namely, studying the history of languages and dialects reveal the following: as a rule, a

specific speech unit is considered to be a variant – dialect – of the official, literary (standard) language if the

society who speaks this speech code has been historically involved in creation of the literary language.

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manana tabiZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

mSobliuri enis swavlebis problemebi Tanamedrove

ganaTlebis konteqstSi

ucxo enaTa da mSobliuri enis mimarTebis sakiTxi mravali kuTxiTaa

saintereso. erTi mxriv, ucilobeli WeSmaritebaa, rom Tanamedrove globalizebul

msoflioSi ucxo enis codnis (am etapze es ucxo ena inglisuria) gareSe adamiani

Tavs Znelad gaitans; meore mxriv, ucxo enis Seswavla, rogorc uaRresad

Sromatevadi da xangrZlivi saqme (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cvens realobaSi es asea)

mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs adamianis SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi da es adgili

xSirad pirovnebisTvis aranakleb sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sxva kompetenciebis

„vermiRebis“ xarjze ivseba. arsebobs mesame mxarec, romelic CvenTvis amjerad

ufro sainteresoa: cvlis Tu ara ucxo enis Seswavlis Tanmxlebi informaciebi

pirovnebis cnobierebasa da msoflmxedvelobas.

dasaxelebul mxareTa Sesafaseblad saWiroa ramdenime praqtikuli sakiTxis

gadawyveta:

ra dros da ra asakidan ajobebs ucxo enis Seswavla; ra intensiobiT unda

iswavlebodes ucxo ena; ra dro unda daeTmos am saqmes, ra enobriv-SemecnebiT

codnas unda flobdes adamiani ucxo enis Seswavlis dawyebamde; aqvs Tu ara

mniSvneloba motivacias, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba Sesaswavli enis arCeva da

Seswavlis stimulacia; ra saSualebebiT xdeba mSobliuri enis codnisa da

mSobliur enaze azrovnebis dacva-ganviTareba ucxo enis intensiuri Seswavlis

viTarebaSi. ra sociolingvisturi, fsiqikuri da identobiseuli cvlilebebi

SeiZleba axldes ucxo enis gadaWarbebul Sefasebas? am kiTxvebze pasuxebi

ZiriTadad araerTgvarovania da sxvadasxva eqstralingvisturi faqtoriTaa

ganpirobebuli. rac cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifos (saganmanaTleblo sistemis) mier

ucxo enaTa swavlebis politikis SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos am

sferoSi arsebuli istoriuli gamocdilebaca da Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebic.

erovnuli enebis mimarT Tanamedroveobis gamowvevaTa Sefasebisas unda

davazustoT ramdenime, uTuod gasaTvaliswinebeli, sakiTxi:

– ucxo enaTa Seswavla da warmatebiT floba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ayenebs

zians mSobliur enas, misi normebisa da leqsikur-gramatikuli potencialis

codnas;

– ucxo enaTa (enis) gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi aucilebelia

Tanamedrove globaluri msoflios politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul da

samecniero-teqnikur miRwevaTa sivrceSi daubrkolebeli moZraobisTvis.

mxolod am ori, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovani replikis Semdeg SeiZleba

gadavideT iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa Tanamedroveobis „gamowvevebi“ qarTuli enis

mimarT.

daviwyoT imiT, rom msoflios qarTuli ena ar „gamouwvevia“, Tanamedrove

saqarTvelos enobrivma politikam Caiyena Tavi „gamowveulis“ mdgomareobaSi,

rodesac ucxo enaTa Seswavlis gaaqtiurebis paralelurad qarTuli enis

damcrobisa da daucvelobis gzas daadga.

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kerZod:

1. swored maSin, rodesac sayovelTaod Sesaswavli rusulis nacvlad

sayovelTaod Sesaswavl inglisurze gadavediT, qarTuli enis gramatika, rogorc

sagani, gavida saSualo skolebidan; imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTuli ena

ukiduresad gansxvavdeba yvela im enisagan, romelTanac mas uwevs urTierToba, oden

ucxo enis gramatikuli sistemis aRwera-damaxsovreba qarTuli enis TaviseburebaTa

vergagebisa da sxvadasxva tipis gramatikuli Secdomis daSvebis mizezi xdeba.

rogorc maswavleblebi Civian, rom moswavlisaTvis imis asaxsnelad, Tu ra

SemTxvevaSi viyenebT, magaliTad, „waekiTxa“, aeSenebina“ formebs, iZulebuli xdebian

inglisuris gramatika (rogorc erTaderTi nacnobi gramatika) moiSvelion, radgan

qarTuli enis gramatikaSi moswavles codna ara aqvs;

2. rodesac ganaTlebis sistemam moswavlis mier dasazepirebeli

ucxoenovani leqsika-frazeologiis, wesier da arawesier zmnaTa formebis,

dargobrivi inglisuri leqsikis damaxsovrebis amocana daisaxa miznad, swored

maSin qarTuli literaturuli masalis saukeTeso nimuSTa zepirad damaxsovrebis

zedmetobaze alaparakdnen Cinovnikebi; TiTqos moswavlis mier zepirad

dasamaxsovrebeli uamravi masalidan (mendeleevis perioduli sistema, fizikis

kanonebi, maTematikuri formulebi, anatomia-fiziologiis Taviseburebebi,

geografiuli rukebi Tu istoriuli TariRebi (maT Soris, msoflios sxvadasxva

qveynis warsulidan da awmyodan)) mxolod „vefxistyaosnis“ an vaJas poeziis

strofebi tvirTavs fuWad bavSvis gonebas;

3. saxelmwifo enobrivi politikis gamoxatulebaa oficialuri da

sareklamo warwerebi mTel saqarTveloSi, romlebSic neonuri SuqiT ganaTebul

laTinur anbans Raribi naTesaviviT alag-alag emezobleba mbJutavi qarTuli anbani,

rogorc usiyvarulod mitovebuli oboli;

4. nebismier samsaxursa da uwyebaSi inglisuris codnis Semowmeba xdeba

testirebiT, gasaubrebiT, mkacri SerCeviT, xolo qarTuli enis codnis xarisxi

sazomad TviT pedagogebisa da Jurnalistebis samsaxurSi miRebisasac ki ar

mowmdeba;

5. kerZo skolebi da universitetebi aramcTu ar eswrafvian qarTuli enis

propagandirebas, aramed moswavleTa (studentTa) kontingentis misazidad xazgasmiT

acxadeben, ra sagnebi ikiTxeba maTTan oden ucxo enebze da ramdeni ucxoeli

TanamSromlobs maTTan;

6. cxadia, enis Seswavla am enis patroni eris (eTnosis) istoriisa da

kulturis Seswavlasac gulisxmobs; mogexsenebaT, yvela kulturas, miT ufro iseTs,

romelsac gavlenis sferoTa gafarToebaze aqvs pretenzia, Tavisi saukeTeso

mxareebis Cvenebis didi praqtika aqvs; am RirsebaTa Seswavla CvenTvisac Zalian

sasargebloa, magram amis paralelurad ar unda xdebodes sakuTari erisa da

kulturis mimarT nihilizmis damkvidreba (rac bolo xanebSi gaumarTlebel

normad iqca Cvens mediasa da saswavlo-SemecnebiT cxovrebaSi); rogorc ki vinmes

moWarbebul mamuliSvilobas an qarTuli faseulobebis mkafio siyvaruls

Seatyoben, umal „vaipatriotizmad“ da dRes esoden saZraxis „nacionalizmad“

gamoucxadeben; mere da vin? saxelisuflebo, samecniero-kulturuli da `uflebaTa

moyvaruli” sazogadoebebis warmomadgenlebi; iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Cvens

axalgazrdobas saqarTvelosTvis ki ar vamzadebT, aramed ucxo qveynebSi

samoRvaweod vawvdiT codnas da vaqezebT kidec, aq nu darCebiT, sxvagan yvelaferi

ukeTesiao; aqedan modis kidec qarTulis mimarT gulis acrueba; xolo Tu qarTvels

aRar eCveneba saWirod qarTuli enis codna da dacva, ras vTxovT Cvens

137

araqarTulenovan Tanamoqalaqeebs, romelTa qarTulis mimarT gulgrilobis

xarjzec Cvenma moqnil-moxerxebulma Tanamemamuleebma SeiZleba msuye grantebsac

gamohkran xeli;

7. qarTuli enis codnis xarisxi skolaSi Zalian dabalia; nu vityviT, rom

statistikis Tanaxmad, Cveni abiturientebi maRal qulebs iReben e. w. erovnul

gamocdebze; Tu gavixsenebT, raoden umniSvnelo codna moeTxovebaT axalgazrdebs

am gamocdebze (qarTul enasa da literaturaSi) da imas, rom literaturuli

msjeloba (iq, sadac literaturac bardeba, anu mTel rig specialobebSi qarTuli

literaturis codna saWiro isedac aRaraa) mxolod 500 sityvian eses moiTxovs,

gasakviri araa, rom studenti sagnobrivi gamocdis Cabarebis dros isev gvekiTxeba,

ramden sityviani unda iyos misi pasuxi.

ram gamoiwvia qarTuli enisa da literaturis mimarT aseTi erTsulovani

gagulgrileba da xazgasmuli antipaTia swored im wreebSi, romlebic formalurad

swored saqarTvelosTvis samsaxurSi iReben xelfass? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni

uaxloesi warsuli ganaTlebis sferoSi uamrav dawunebul ministrs moiTvlis, arc

erTi ar dauwuniaT erovnuli sagnebis mimarT daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo.

sazogadoebisTvis saidumlod darCa im reformatorTa saxelebi da argumentebi,

romelTac da riTac qarTuli ena, rogorc sagani, CamoSorda skolas, vin moifiqra,

rom qarTuli enisa da kulturis propagandireba ar aris aqtualuri dRevandeli

saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis; vin gadawyvita, rom Cveni axalgazrdobis usazRvro

survili saqarTvelodan wasvlisa da sxva qveynebSi swavla-muSaobisa ar iTxovs

aq, Sin, iseTi swavlebis donisa da samuSao pirobebis Seqmnas, Cvens axalgazrdebs

rom samSobloSi darCenas moandomebs?

rodesac am kiTxvebze pasuxis miRebas vcdilobT, gveubnebian, rom boloniis

procesis Tanaxmad awyobili (Tu mowyobli) saswavlo sistema dros ar tovebs

erovnuli sagnebisaTvis. amitomacaa, rom „qarTuli ena“ Caanacvla „akademiurma

weram“, romelsac zog universitetSi saerTod filologiuri ganaTlebis armqone

adamianebic ki aswavlian; xolo saleqcio sagnebis nominalizaciam swavlebis

sistemidan gaitana filologiuri fakultetis saswavlo-savaldebulo

disciplinebis mTeli semestrebi. Tu Cvens ganmanaTleblebs surT qarTuli

TviTobis (identobis) Canergva saSualo da umaRles skolebSi, magram mTavari

damnaSave boloniis procesia, maSin rad gvinda aseTi procesi, xolo Tu boloniis

procesi oden sababia sakuTari upasuxismgeblobis gasamarTleblad moxmobili,

maSin viRacam mainc agvixsnas, ratom ver moipoveba ganaTlebis marTvis sferoSi

saxelmwifoebrivad da erovnulad moazrovne adamianebi.

ramdenime sityviT unda SevexoT boloniis processac.

boloniis procesis Rirseba-naklovanebaTa Seswavla faqtobriv am procesis

praqtikaSi danergvis paralelurad mimdinareobda (da mimdinareobs dResac);

TiTqmis yvela specialisti aRniSnavs, rom procesi globalizaciis Seuqcevadobis

wiaRSi iSva, da globalizaciis erT-erT dadebiT aspeqts ganasaxierebs. Tumca

bolo xanebSi TandaTan imata kritikamac.

jerjerobiT Warbobs im mosazrebaTa ricxvi, romlis mixedviTac boloniis

procesi gardauvali Sedegia globalizaciisa da, rogorc faqti, Seicavs dadebiT

momentebsac; aqedan mTavari isaa, rom boloniis procesi im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic

mas SeuerTdnen, saerTaSoriso codnisa da saganmanaTleblo miRwevaTa

gaTvaliswinebis gzaa1. am Temas ukve uamravi kvleva da monitoringuli tipis

1 ИМПЕРАТИВЫ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ, МОСКВА • 2013 • ЛОГОС, Ответственные редакторы:

Проф., М.В. Ларионова, О. В. Перфильева, стр. 420.

138

angariSi mieZRvna. boloniis procesTan dakavSirebuli masalis samecniero

damuSaveba da mowesrigeba, udavod, Zalian saintereso iqneba ara mxolod boloniis

procesis Sefasebis, aramed samomavlod misi msgavsi da misi Camnacvlebeli

procesebis dagegmareba-ganxorcielebisas. amgvari samuSao, albaT, Casatarebelia

CvenSic, radgan ukve dagrovda sakuTari empiriuli masala dakvirvebisa da

analizisaTvis. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, ra specialobis warmomadgeneli unda iyos

mecnieri, romelic am Temis yovlismomcvel Seswavlas SeZlebs.

Tanamedrove ganaTlebis universaluri procesis Sesafaseblad specialistebi

msjelobas Tavad globalizacia-internacionalizaciis SefasebiT iwyeben.

vfiqrobT, am sakiTxisadmi ramdenime Tvalsazrisis ganxilvac sakmarisi iqneba

msjelobis stilisa da ZiriTadi midgomebis saCveneblad. am kuTxiT Zalian

sainteresoa krebuli – ИМПЕРАТИВЫ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ2, romelic

ganaTlebis globalizaciis problematikas exeba.

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs: wignis meore

Tavi uve brandenburgis3 avtorobiT „megobari Tu mteri? miTi „kargi“

internacionalizaciisa da „cudi“ globalizaciis Sesaxeb.“ da mesame Tavi – jein

naitis avtorobiT, „internacionalizmis ganviTareba da gauTvaliswinebeli

Sedegebi“. am statiebSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom Tuki Cven ase Tu ise vaxerxebT

internacionalizaciis kontrols, samagierod globalizacia Tavad gvakontrolebs.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis internacionalizacia, romelic dRevandeli

msoflios ganuyofeli nawili gaxda, mravali kuTxiT cvlis universitetebis

saukuneTa manZilze Camoyalibebul saqmianobas da aiZulebs maT, Seqmnan axali

wesrigi; es ki gamowvevaa universitetisa da saxelmwifosaTvis.

„umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis cneba“ warmoiSva gasuli

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, da Tumca e. w. saerTaSoriso ganaTlebis ideebi (klasikuri

ideebi) adrec arsebobda, isini Tvisobrivad sruliad gansxvavdebodnen dRevandeli

„internacionalizaciisagan); mag., is gulisxmobda mobilurobas (mobility), ucxoeTSi

swavlas (study abroad), saerTaSoriso gacvlebs (international exchanges), ucxoeli

studentebis (international student recruitement) an pedagogebis (faculty mobility) mozidvas,

samSvidobo ganaTlebas (peace education), saerTaSoriso kvlevebs (international studies),

multikulturul ganaTlebas (multicultural education), regionmcodneobas (area studies)...

wina saukunis saganmanaTleblo tendenciebi mraval monografiasa da periodul

gamocemaSi ganixileboda. am mxriv, sayuradReboa 1997 wels daarsebuli

saerTaSoriso-saganmanaTleblo Jurnali Journal of Studies in International Education,

romlis cvlilebis moulodneloba: rogor moxda furclebidanac aSkarad Cans

ganaTlebis sistemaSi radikaluri tradiciuli saerTaSoriso ganaTlebis

internacionalizebuli ganaTlebiT Canacvlebis faqti. am terminTa monacvleobam

meoce saukunis ukve 70-80-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi. jein naiti aRniSnavs, rom

internacionalizaciaSi igulisxmeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis procesis miznebSi,

funqciebsa da procesebSi saerTaSoriso, kulturaTaSorisi da globaluri

ganzomilebebis Canergva. Tumca ufro xSirad marto terminebi icvleboda da ara

praqtika. Cndeboda ucxouri universitetebis filialebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi,

gaizarda konkurencia, ganaTlebac mohyva msoflio ekonomikuri bazris sistemaSi

(mag. avstraliam daiwyo saganmanaTleblo servisis SeTavazeba msoflio

2ИМПЕРАТИВЫ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ, МОСКВА • 2013 • ЛОГОС, Ответственные редакторы:

Проф., М.В. Ларионова, О. В. Перфильева, стр. 420. 3 ukve brandenburgi TerTmeti weliwadis manZilze xelmZRvanelobda saerTaSoriso ganyofilebas, aqedan rva weli – berlinis humboltis saxelobis universitetSi.

139

bazrisaTvis. gaCndnen saerTaSoriso agentebi ucxoeli studentebis mosazidad. es

sakiTxebi dRes yvela forumis (saganmanaTleblo, politikuri, socialuri da

kulturuli) gansjis sagania. am diskusiaTa safuZvlis Cayra branderburgsa da de

vits ukavSirdeba, maT sayovelTaod cnobil naSromSi: „internacionalizaciis

dasasruli“ (The End of Internationalization, romelic pirobiTad ase iTargmna rusulad

`Закат интернационализации~) aRniSnulia, rom ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis

mizani iyo `ganaTlebis pirobebisa da Sedegebis politikidan Soreuli Sedegebisa

da ganpirobebulobis politikaze gadasvla (Outcomes and Impacts Approach),

globalizaciam ki moitana fsevdoSedegebi da Tavmomwoneoba imiT, rom: sul ufro

izrdeba sazRvargareT mimavali, an ucxoeTidan Semosuli studentebis raodenoba;

sul ufro mravldeba inglisurad wakiTxuli kursebis ricxvi da sul ufro xSirad

keTdeba abstraqtuli gancxadebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebi gardaiqmnebian

msoflio moqalaqeebad.“ (ИМПЕРАТИВЫ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ, 55-56).

britaneTis sabWos iniciativiT, 2012 wlis martis konferencia „umaRlesi

ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisaken“ da universitetTa saerTaSoriso

asociaciis generaluri konferencia, romelic puertorikoSi gaimarTa 2012 wlis

noemberSi, principulad alaparakda ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis adre

aRebuli gezis gamrudebaze; de vitma sadiskusiod gamoitana 8 mizezi, romlis

safuZvelzec aucilebelia gadaisinjos ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis

Tanamedrove modeli, aqedan davasaxelebT ramdenimes:

1. ganaTlebis interacionalizaciis Temaze diskusiebSi ZiriTadad ar aisaxeba

umaRlesi saswavleblebis realuri viTareba; maT umravlesobaSi

internacionalizacia fragmentuli xasiaTisaa;

2. globalizaciiT gamowveuli umaRlesi saswavleblebis komercializacia

iwvevs axali formebis warmoSobas mommarageblebisa da produqciis miwodebis

sferoSi (sadac produqtic adamiania (studenti));

3. saerTaSoriso umaRlesi ganaTlebis konteqsti uswrafesad icvleba; adre

ganaTlebis internacionalizacia marto evropas faravda, axla yvela Caeba, da aman

arsebiTad Secvala dasavluri modeli.

jein naitis analiziT, umaRlesi saswavleblisaTvis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis

mopoveba xdeba warmatebuli marketinguli kampaniiT (rac gulisxmobs am

universitetis Cabmas saerTaSoriso programebsa da aqtivobebSi (miuxedavad am

aqtivobaTa xarisxisa da saWiroebisa) da ara saganmanaTleblo damsaxurebebiT; anu

moxda ara ganaTlebis internacionalizacia, aramed ganaTlebis komercializacia.

akreditaciis internacionalizacia da komercializaciac sabazro ekonomikis

Sedegia, radgan saswavleblebi Zalian did Tanxebs deben im kriteriumebis

dakmayofilebaSi, rac akreditaciis normebSia Setanili; amis gamo ki ekonomias

ewevian Tavad saganmanaTleblo donis uzrunvelyofaSi; akreditacia am sabazro

urTierTobaTa nawilia, misi meSveobiT momaval studentebs arwmuneben

saswavleblis mniSvnelobasa da iq mosaxvedrad xarjebis gaRebis aucileblobaSi;

am SemTxvevaSi xSirad muSaobs e. w. Crdilovani akreditaciis samsaxuri, romelic

yalb dokumentebs gascems da, Tuki saswavlebeli sxva qveyanaSia, abiturientma,

SesaZloa, verc gamoicnos es siyalbe. komerciis wyarod iqca e. w. ormagi

diplomebic; naitis statiaSi moxmobilia mniSvnelovani statistikac: 95 qveynis

gamokiTxuli universitetebis 96% ganaTlebis internacionalizacias dadebiT

Sefasebas aZlevs, magram maTi 70% miiCnevs, rom am process mniSvnelovani riskebi

axlavs.

140

• afrikis, aziis wynari okeanispireTis, evropisa da Crd. amerikis

universitetebi komercializacias ganaTlebis xarisxisaTvis umTavres riskad

miiCneven;

• laTinuri amerikis umaRlesi saswavleblebi mTavar risks „inteleqtis

gadinebaSi“ xedaven;

• axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebisTvis riski kulturuli identobis

dakargvaSia.

„momsaxurebiT“ vaWrobis sferos generaluri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze

umaRlesi ganaTleba, romelic tradiciuli gagebiT iyo ̀ sazogadoebrivi sikeTe“ da

„socialuri pasuxismgebloba“, amieridan gadaiqca vaWrobis sagnad, da am

xelSekrulebis terminologiiT, „gayidvad momsaxureobad“. adre umaRlesi

saswavlebeli aerTianebda swavlebasa da kvlevas, rogorc erTmaneTis

ganmapirobebel faqtorebs, axla es ori aspeqti sxvadasxva savaWro seqtorSi

moxvda.

rogorc vxedavT, boloniis procesis saxeliT mimdinare ganaTlebis

internacionalizaciis Tanamedrove, globalizaciiT gamowveuli etapi ukve mravali

specialistis mier Sefasda kritikulad, Cvenc am kritikul nawils vuerTdebiT,

gansakuTrebiT ki im msjelobaSi, rom swavlis bazarze studentTa, rogorc

myidvelTa, mosazidad skolebi da universitetebi swavlis donis dawevis gziT Tavis

produqts ufro misawvdoms da amiT mimzidvels xdian; cxadia, am procesSi maRali

kvalifikaciis pedagogebi da mkvlevrebi aucileblobas aRar warmoadgenen;

„kvlevis SemZeni“ sxva bazris warmomadgenelia, codnis SemZens ki saakreditacio

efeqtebi axvevs Tavbrus. boloniis procesis kritikaSi erovnuli enebis interesTa

ugulebelyofazec saubroben, radgan saswavlo transferis komercializacia

(mgzavrobebi, enis kursebi, enobrivi sertifikacia, fulis moZraoba, dabinavebisa da

adaptaciis xarjebi, studenturi muSaxelis marTva, sxvadasxva umaRles

saswavlebelSi gaTqvefili codna-unarebi da kvalifikacia samuSao adgilis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe) bevrisTvisaa sarfiani saqme da xelsayreli ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT. es logika CvenTvis uTuod sagulisxmoa, radgan boloniis procesis

av-kargze msjelobisas, Cven sakuTari problemebi gvaqvs Sesafasebeli, da am

problemaTagan qarTuli enisa da qarTuli identobis SenarCunebisaTvis

savaldebulo disciplinaTa swavleba saxelmwifo doneze unda iqnes ayvanili... rac

Seexeba bazars, bazaric saxelmwifos nawilia, sul erTia, sasoflo-sameurneo

produti iyideba iq, Tu codna. Tu Cveni ganaTlebis sistema vaWrobis gareSe ver

gaZlebs, maSin saukeTeso marketings mainc mimarTos4.

ucxo enis idealizaciasa da gaucxoebul swavlebas saqarTvelo dRes

pirvelad ar xvdeba; iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiur naazrevSi udidesi yuradReba

eqceva enobrivi politikis problemebs da Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi

mosazrebebi orenovnebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, meore enis swavlebisaTvis

Sesaferis asakze, ucxo enaze Sesaswavl saganTa xasiaTze da sxv., uaRresad

Tanamedroved JRers dResac.

upirveles yovlisa, gogebaSvili ar uSindeboda saqarTveloSi rusuli

skolebisa da rusuli Zaladobis politikuri arsis mxilebas. amis Sesaxeb is bevrs

da mkacrad wers5. movitanT Tundac erT citatas:

4Тим Керби. Русский язык против английского - как Apple против Windows. http://ruskline.ru/monitoring_smi/2015/06/17/russkij_yazyk_protiv_anglijskogo_kak_apple_protiv_windows/ 5iakob gogebaSvili. Txzulebebi. t. I. Tbilisi, 1989.

http://ruskline.ru/author/k/tim_kerbi/

141

`amJamad... qarTuli ena an sul ar iswavleba da an Zalian naklebad, isic

rogorc maCanCala sagani; direktorebma da inspektorebma sruliad ar ician

qarTuli ena: TviT rusuli ena iswavleba deda enis Seuwevnelad. erTi sityviT,

amJamad CvenSi skola saswavlebeli ki ar aris, politikur inkvizicias warmoadgens

da es sikeTe SegZRvna Cven ara romelime uvicma retrogradma, aramed ianovskim,

romelsac mTeli ruseTi sTvlida da sTvlis progresul, saukeTeso Tavis

pedagogad. cxadia, Tu ra Zlieria is ukuRmarTi qari, romelic qSutunebs amJamad

ruseTis ganaTlebis sferoSi. da saukeTeso rusis pedagogebsac ki inkvizitorebad

hqmnis.”

diax, ase iyo warsulSi, magram zogi maSindeli satkivari Tanamedroveobas

dResac ara aqvs gadaWrili.

iakob gogebaSvili SeSfoTebiT wers enis meSveobiT socialuri diferenciaciis

gaRrmavebaze, rac, cxadia, ar SeiZleba sasikeTo iyos erovnuli

konsolidaciisaTvis, da TavisTavad, arc saerTod adamianur urTierTobebs uwyobs

xels.

`sxva enis farfaSobam yovel sferoSi amarTa gardauvali kedeli xalxsa da

inteligencias Soris, mospo maT Sua orive mxares gamacxovlebeli zegavlena da

daayena xalxi gavelurebisa da inteligencia gafuqsavatebis gzazed~. aq,

rasakvirvelia, i. gogebaSvili ar gulisxmobs imas, rom qarTvelma inteligenciam

qarTulad laparaki ar icis, magram enobrivi barieri, romelic cnobierebis

Secvlasac iwvevs, mainc iqmneba, ai, ras miuTiTebs gogebaSvili: ̀ Cveni glexobis enis

siwmindes hqonda sxva ufro didi mizezi: exlandeli glexi gamohyofs Tu ara

soflidgan Tavs, TiTqos ucxoeTSi grZnobs Tavis-Tavs. misi deda-ena, misi

metyveleba aRaraferSia gamosadegi. maRal sazogadoebas misi an sruliad araferi

esmis, an Tu esmis, ar hkadrulobs mis enas, abuCad iWers mas,... amitomac Cveni glexi

Tu saSinlad ar gauWirda, Tavisi soflidgan ar gamodis. es garemoeba metad

aviwroebs gonebasa da uRaribebs enas....~

enis socialur dayofasa da am movlenis uaryofiT mxareebze bevrs weren

dasavleTSi. davasaxelebT Tundac ramdenime maTgans: u. braitis naSromi `ena,

socialuri stratifikacia da SemecnebiTi orientacia~, C. fergiusonis Sromebi,

uiliam labovis gamokvlevebi niu-iorkis inglisuris socialuri stratifikaciis

problemaze da sxv. swored enis socialuri determinaciis sakiTxebs exeba; kidev

ufro Tanamedrove uamravi naSromis dasaxelebac SeiZleba.

i. gogebaSvilis interesi enis socialuri aspeqtisadmi praqtikuli

garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. magram man kargad icis, rom yovel praqtikul

sakiTxs Teoriuli damuSaveba sWirdeba. i. gogebaSvili aRniSnavs:

`...marto samSoblos wera-kiTxvis swavleba metaT rTuli saqmea da bavSvs am

saqmis daZleva maSinac ki uZneldeba, rodesac misi yuradReba damyarebulia marto

am saganzed. sazogadoT bavSvis Cvil da sust gonebas erTsa da imave dros mxolod

erTi siZnelis atana SeuZlia. Tu mas erTad daawyebineben ors an sams saqmes,

advilad SeiZleba mas goneba Cawydes da daumaxinjdes. amitom pedagogiaSi arsebobs

erTi kanoni, romelic amgvarad gamoixateba: erTbaSad bavSvs mieces marto erTi

siZnele.~

gogebaSvilis mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebic ymawvilTaTvis mSobliur enaze

swavlebis aucileblobis Taobaze upirveles yovlisa, STagonebulia swored

142

dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone enisaTvis qarTulis mxridan winaaRmdegobis

gawevis surviliT, rac deeTnizacias agvaridebda Tavidan6.

problemebi, romelic eqmneba erovnuli enebis srulfasovan funqcionirebas,

dRes mravladaa. enis dacvisa da ganviTarebis bunebriv kalapotSi SenarCunebis

sakiTxi dRes afiqrebs yvelas, TviT iseT dalxenil qveynebsac ki, rogorebic arian

skandinaviis warmatebuli saxelmwifoebi, safrangeTi da inglisi, germania da

italia, ruseTi... SesaZlebelia, maT CvensaviT gadaSenebis safrTxe ar awuxebdeT,

magram TavianT enebSi mniSvnelovan arasasurvel Zvrebs isinic afiqsireben; ai,

magaliTad profesori m. sidorova wers, rom ruseTSi SeimCneva kulturis saerTo

daqveiTeba da is, rom ruseTis msxvili qalaqebis axalgazrdobisaTvis „rusuli

gadaiqca ara originaluri kulturis enad, aramed Targmanis enad, ara

damoukidebeli, erovnuli da internacionaluri mniSvnelobis kulturul

faseulobaTa Seqmnis saSualebad, aramed sxva kulturebis faseulobaTa

translaciis saSualebad, rusuli ena bevri axalgazrdisTvis iqca ena-Suamavlad,

romelzedac kiTxuloben dasavlur literaturas, naxuloben dasavlur filmebs da

a. S.“7 sazRvargareTis qveynebi specialurad swavloben erovnuli identobisa da

mSobliuri enis siwmindis dacvis sakiTxebs, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, am kuTxiT

maTi daculoba da resursebi bevrad aRemateba Cvensas.

Cvenc nu SegveSindeba da nu davimorcxvebT sakuTar enaze zrunvas. yvela ersa

da enas Tavisi problema aqvs da mis gadaWraze muSaobs; Cveni problema dRes

saxelmwifosa da misi ganaTlebis sistemis enobrivi politikaa; vikiTxoT, ra xdeba

saqarTvelos e. w. britanul, britanul-qarTul. qarTul-amerikul, qarTul-evropul,

Turqul, baqsvudisa Tu maastrixtis skolebSi, sadac mSoblebs, Cveni parametrebiT

uzarmazari gadasaxadebis miuxedavad, pirveli klasidanve mihyavT Svilebi, raTa

siWabukeSi samSoblodan gadasaxvewad moamzadon... es mSoblebic xom dRevandeli

saganmanaTleblo sistemis gamozrdilia? SevecadoT davadginoT, ras ar vakeTebT

Cvens skolebSi, ras ar veubnebiT Cvens moqalaqeebs... Tu es yvelaferi ase daigegma

kidec?

Manana Tabidze

Problems of Teaching Native Language within the Context

of Contemporary Education

Summary

In the process of evaluating contemporary challenges that national languages face, the following issues

should be specified:

– Learning foreign languages has no negative effect on the native language, its norms and lexical

and grammatical potential;

6iakob gogebaSvili. istoriuli cnobani Sesaxeb samoswavlo gegmisa qarTuli saxalxo skolebisaTvis. rCeuli Txzulebebi. t. III. Tbilisi, 1990. 7Профессор Марина Сидорова: Угрожают ли заимствования русскому языку? http://www.pravmir.ru/zaimstvovaniya-ne-

glavnaya-opasnost-dlya-russkogo-yazyika ნახვა:17.11.2016.

http://www.pravmir.ru/zaimstvovaniya-ne-glavnaya-opasnost-dlya-russkogo-yazyika

http://www.pravmir.ru/zaimstvovaniya-ne-glavnaya-opasnost-dlya-russkogo-yazyika

143

– Applying foreign languages (language) in the international relations is essential for

unhindered movement of the contemporary global world in the space of political, economic, cultural and

scientific-technical achievements.

Language policy of contemporary Georgia and its educational system should try not to focus on

discrediting Georgian in parallel with making the process of foreign language learning more active. The

following issues should be taken into consideration:

1. When teaching Russian was replaced with English, Georgian grammar as a subject was removed

from the schedule of secondary schools;

2. When one of the most important aims of the Georgian educational system became teaching foreign

phrases, rules and irregular verb forms as well as teaching English phrases for specific purposes, Georgian

officials started discussions about the problem of excessive amount of quotations from Georgian literary works.

3. Official and advertising phrases in foreign languages all around Georgia clearly demonstrate

language policy of the state;

4. Assessment of the level of English in any kind of offices is conducted with special language tests,

interviews, strict selection, while the level of Georgian is not checked even in case of employing teachers and

journalists;

5. Schools and universities (especially, private ones) do not strive to propagate Georgian language; on

the contrary, in order to attract students they announce what subjects are taught in foreign languages and how

many foreigners cooperate with them;

6. There should be no nihilism towards one’s own nation and culture;

7. Level of the Georgian grammar awareness is very low at schools.

144

irine tabataZe, Tbilisis 180-e sajaro skolis qarTuli enisa da

literaturis pedagogi

mSobliuri literatura da zneobrivi aRzrda

pedagogikis erT-erTi urTulesi problema mozardTa zneobriv aRzrdaSi

mdgomareobs, romelic yvela drosa da epoqaSi did Tavsatexs uCenda sazogadoebas.

skolisa da maswavleblis daniSnulebis sakiTxs rom exeboda, ilia WavWavaZe werda:

`mogveciT marTali skola, qarTuli sulis da gonebis amamaRlebeli, gonebis

gamxsneli!~ am sityvebs didi analizi da Cakvirveba arc sWirdeba, isec naTelia:

ilias moTxovna pedagogikisadmi bavSvisaTvis ara mxolod ganaTlebis micemaa,

aramed, amasTan erTad, sulierebasa da gonierebaSi Tanabrad winsvla, am sferoebis

Tanabrad ganviTareba. sxvaTa Soris, ilia Tavisi Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis

mTavar naklad codnisa da zneobis gaTiSvas, mozardTa mxolod gonebis

`gamdidrebiT~ dainteresebas da sulierebis ugulebelyofas miiCnevda. dRevandeli

saskolo cxovrebis odnav mcnobi adamiani dameTanxmeba, rom am mxriv ilias epoqas

erTi dRec ki ar gvaSorebs, metic, interesTa absoluturi Tanxvedra gvaqvs.

ra miswrafebaa dRevandel skolaSi, rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove skola,

rogori pirovneba unda aRzardos man? _ amJamad mimdinare mTel saganmanaTleblo

reformas swored am kiTxvebis gadaWris ambicia amoZravebs. simarTle Tu gindaT,

dasaxul miznebs reforma Znelad, magram nabij-nabij marTlac uaxlovdeba. Tumca

is, Tu ra zneobriv kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT unda warimarTos saganmanaTleblo

procesi da rogori zneobrivi Rirebulebebi unda gaaCndes dRevandel axalgazrdas,

reformis interesis sferos nakleb warmoadgens...

amTaviTve minda aRvniSno, Tu ram momca stimuli am sakiTxze dasafiqreblad:

sayovelTao globalizaciis daCqarebuli tempiT mimdinareobis pirobebSi

gansakuTrebul fass iZens erovnuli identobis, TavisTavadobis ganmsazRvreli

Tvisebebis gacnobiereba, maTi xazgasmis aucilebloba, Semecneba. eswrafian ra

urTierTkulturuli, socialuri siaxlovisaken, didi erebic ki sifrTxiliT

ekidebian sakuTar erovnul Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs…da ganaTlebis miRebis

erT-erT arsebiT kriteriumad swored imis SenarCunebas miiCneven, rac maTi siamayisa

da TviTmyofadobis sagans warmoadgens. Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac ki Cans, rom

Cvens sinamdvileSi mdgomareoba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, arasaxarbieloa: qarTuli

erovnuli goni am mxriv seriozuli gamocdis winaSe damdgara da sul ufro

mogvagonebs eleqtronis brdRviala SuqiT gaognebul soflel gogonas,

patriarqaluri samyarodan uecrad rom aRmoCenila teqnikis saocrebaTa samyaroSi.

Cvenc xom verafriT mogviSorebia konkias roli, xarbi dedinacvlisa da misi

qaliSvilebis garemocvaSi sruliad rom ugulebeluyvia sakuTari Rirseba da fasi

da mxolod imas cdilobs, rogorme asiamovnos maT. (am uxerxuli paralelis

obieqturobas Cveni cxovrebis yvela sfero wamdauwum gvidasturebs, magram amjerad

Cveni interesis sagans momavali Taobis aRzrda da saswavlo procesi warmoadgens).

gamZafrebuli interesi yovelgvari ucxosa da sakuTari Rirsebebis sruli

ugulebelyofa, samwuxarod, dRevandeli pedagogikisaTvis mkveTrad

damaxasiaTebeli gaxlavT. Cveni muSaobis mimarTulebis momcemi da strategiis

ganmsazRvreli erovnuli saswavlo gegmaa, romelic qarTuli enisa da literaturis

swavlebis miznebsa da amocanebs ase gansazRvravs:

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_ pirovnebis saerTo kultura, sakomunikacio da profesiuli unar-Cvevebi

swored mSobliuri enis safuZvelze yalibdeba. is qmnis im ZiriTad baziss,

romelsac efuZneba adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebis mTeli Semdgomi procesi.

swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT ganisazRvreba qarTuli enisa da literaturis

swavlebis ZiriTadi miznebi: ganuviTaros mozards ZiriTadi sametyvelo unarebi

(wera, kiTxva, mosmena, saubari);

_ gamoumuSaos weriTi da zepiri metyvelebis kultura;

_ ganuviTaros sakuTari azris logikuri TanamimdevrobiT gamoTqmisa da

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis werilobiTi teqstis Seqmnis unari;

_ Camouyalibos damoukidebeli, SemoqmedebiTi da refleqsuri azrovnebis

unari;

_ Seayvaros kiTxva; gamoumuSaos literaturis, rogorc sityvis xelovnebisa

da kulturis faqtis, aRqmisa da gacnobierebis unari;

_ gaacnobierebinos erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio kultura, rogorc

cvlilebisa da ganviTarebis mudmivmoqmedi procesi.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli literaturis swavlebis miznebi garkveviT da

naTlad ayalibebs momavlis qarTvelis ZiriTad miswrafebebs, interesTa sferos,

mis sulier-inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis gezs, magram mas Zalian Znelad Tu

davukavSirebT Cvens erovnul, specifiur-qarTul mentalobas, genetikur

Taviseburebebs. mimarTulebaTa am CamonaTvalSi mxolod bolos, isic

zogadsakacobrio kulturis aspeqtSi, aris danaxuli erovnuli kultura da

literatura, rogorc am kulturis Semadgeneli nawili, romelic mozardis

cnobierebis Camoyalibebis procesSi friad mokrZalebul pozicias ikavebs. ase rom,

qarTveli bavSvis erovnul sawyisebTan ziarebis, mSobliuri kulturis gaTaviseba-

SeTvisebis procesis sworad, Sesaferisi zomiTa da taqtiT gansazRvra jer isev

gadasaWrel sakiTxebs unda mivakuTvnoT...

problemaTa am qarborbalasgan TavdasaRwevadDganuzomlad mniSvnelovnad

meCveneba mSobliuri literaturis Rirebulebebisa da SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba,

im dafaruli (yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer gamouyenebeli) saSualebebis …amoqmedeba,

romlebsac es sagani flobs. wm. gabriel qiqoZis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe werda, rom

igi mecnierebas asarwmunoebda da sarwmunoebas amecnierebda. es xom igive gulisa

da gonebis, emociurisa da racionaluris Serwymaa, rac mSobliur literaturas

didebulad xelewifeba, Tanac misi upirvelesi xiblicaa. gza, romelsac SeuZlia

metad umtkivneulod, mSvidad da advilad daubrunos mozardi Tavis genetikur

fesvebs, literaturam icis. es gza mis sulierebaSi mdgomareobs.

aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, rom V saukunidan moyolebuli XX saukunis CaTvliT

(gamiWirdeba XXI saukunis procesebis Sefaseba) qarTuli literatura Tavisi arsiT,

suliT qristianuli, marTlmadidebluria, ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, agiografi

mwerlis Txzulebas vkiTxulobT romelime qristiani mowamis Sesaxeb, xalxuri

zepirsityvierebis nimuSs, Tu sabWoTa ideologiis pirobebSi Seqmnil Txzulebas.

kritikosma akaki baqraZem didebulad SeniSna, rom qarTul mwerlobas misi istoriis

ganmavlobaSi msWvalavs moyvasis qristianuli siyvarulis, maradiuli zneobrivi

kategoriebis: erTgulebis, kacTmoyvareobis, saTnoebis suliskveTeba. dRes,

sayovelTao gulgrilobisa da indiferentulobis epoqaSi, egocentruli xedvis

usaSvelod gaZlierebis pirobebSi swored amas unda daveyrdnoT mozardis sulieri

formirebis procesis sworad da efeqturad warmarTvisaTvis. Tuki pedagogi

mweralze an mis Txzulebaze saubrisas yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs im zneobriv,

sulier swavlebaze, rac farulad Tu Riad aqvs mwerals mocemuli, win wamoswevs

146

maT, imis wyalobiT, rom saqme gvaqvs cocxal, didi damajereblobisa da eqspresiuli

muxtis mqone teqstTan (yoveli klasis programa saguldagulod SerCeuli swored

amgvari margalitebisagan Sedgeba), zemoqmedeba iqneba sasurveli. Cveni

Tvalsazrisis naTelsayofad moviyvanoT sul ramdenime magaliTi:

roca V saukunis Zegls, `SuSanikis wamebas~, vacnobT bavSvs, ra Tqma unda,

upirvelesi interesis sagani wmindanis mowameobrivi gza da avtoris mxatvrul-

ideuri poziciis garkvevaa. magram ra gviSlis xels, rom pirveli qarTveli mowame-

qalis cxovrebis peripetiebis gacnobis paralelurad yuradReba gavamaxviloT erTi

SexedviT umniSvnelo rolis mqone Senakadebze. mxedvelobaSi gvyavs SuSanikis

mazli, jojiki. yuradReba mivaqcioT imas, eriskaci jojiki rogor SesaSur

Tavmdablobas iCens, roca mowame rZals evedreba: ̀ momiteven me mravalni Secodebani

Cemni da nu moixseneb medgrobaTa CemTa~ _ jojiki damnaSaved Tvlis Tavs Zmis,

varsqenis, karze datrialebul dramaSi. ra SesaSuri Tavmdablobaa, qristianuli

moralis mSvenieri gamovlineba. pedagogikaSi aRiarebulia, rom magaliTs didi

aRmzrdelobiTi Zala aqvs. jojiki rom codvilad Tvlis Tavs da patiebas iTxovs,

es SesaniSnavi zneobrivi nimuSi iqneba mozardisaTvis.(moTxrobaSi zneobrivi

swavlebis sxva, popularul magaliTebze yuradRebas aq aRar vamaxvileb).

`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ gavixsenoT. udidesi RvTiskacisa da moRvawis

cxovrebis gacnoba, pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, istoriul-sarwmunoebriv interesebs

emsaxureba, Tumca imis xazgasma, rom qarTvelebs IX-X saukuneebSi aseTi didi

eriskacebi gvyavda, mozardis inteleqtualur aRzrdasTan erTad zneobrivi

swavlebis mraval magaliTs moicavs. gavixsenoT eriskaci gabriel dafanCuli, misi

mzaoba, mxarSi daudges `zecisa kacs~. `_ Cven Tana ars xorcieli keTili da Tqven

Tana ars sulieri keTili, da eseni SevzavneT urTierTas~, _ mimarTavs is Rirs

mamas. Rrma rwmenasTan erTad, es sityvebi moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis gamoxatulebacaa.

didaznauri RvTiskacs sTavazobs, sulieri da xorcieli `sikeTe~ SevazaoT

erTmaneTs, raTa eklesia gavaZlieroTo. gana es ar aris mSvenieri magaliTi uflisa

da qveynis winaSe eriskacis movaleobis gagebisa? miT ufro, Tu gavixsenebT, es

ambavi IX saukunis tao-klarjeTSi xdeba, arabebisagan mravalgzis aoxrebul da

iavarqmnil mxareSi. mjera, rom Zalze Rirebuli iqneba Tanamedrove moswavlisaTvis,

rogorc zneobrivi magaliTi, imis gageba, Tu rogor edgnen eriskacebi mxarSi saero

da sasuliero saqmes. amgvari magaliTebi wveT-wveTad ikribeba mozardis cnobierSi

da samomavlod sasurvel Sedegs gvpirdeba.

Tu vifiqrebT, sasuliero mwerloba sulieri zrdisa da zneobis Sesaxeb rom

gvesaubrebodes, aba, gasakviri amaSi ra ariso, saero literaturidanac uamravi

magaliTis moxmoba SegviZlia imisa, Tu rogor aris igi Tavisi arsiT qristianuli

moralis, maRali humanuri idealebis damkvidrebis surviliT aRbeWdili.

`vefxistyaosani~ am mxriv mTeli qrestomaTia da calke saubris Temaa. imisaTvis,

rom meaTeklaselebSi erTgvari provocireba movaxdino poemis teqstisa

(gulwrfelad vTqvaT, Zalian cotas Tu aqvs siyvarulis winaswari gancda poemis

teqstis Seswavlamde, xolo sirTulisa da Wapanwyvetisa _ TiTqmis umravlesobas),

pirvelsityvaSi yovelTvis aRvniSnav xolme, rom poemis araqarTveli personaJebi

tipuri qristianuli moralis matareblebi arian, Tumca arsad aris xseneba yvelaze

popularuli qristianul-sarwmunoebrivi saxeebisa: macxovris, RvTismSoblis,

cxovelmyofeli jvrisa da a. S. (erTaderTi gamonaklisia qristes mociqulTa

xseneba `avTandilis anderZSi~: `wagikiTxavs siyvarulsa mociqulni ragvar weren?~ cxadia, es aminds ver Seqmnis). miuxedavad amisa, gansacvifrebelia is siRrme da

filosofiuri Wvreta, romliTac rusTveli aRiqvams amqveyniur samyaros da

147

romelic TaviT-fexamde qristianuli sulis matarebelia. mag.: TinaTinisaTvis ufali

absoluturi sikeTea, romlis arsic sul oriode taepiT gadmogvca poetma: `rad

daswameb simwaresa yovelTaTvis tkbilad mxedsa, botorimca rad Seeqmna keTilisa

Semoqmedsa~, _eubneba qali mamas. am sibrZnesTan erTad Tu gavixsenebT missive

frazas: `RmerTi borots ar moavlens~, gangvimtkicdeba azri, rom TinaTinisaTvis

ufali absoluturi sikeTe, oden samarTlianobaa, swored iseTi, rogoradac

qristianuli swavlebiT vicnobT samyaros Semoqmeds; `yovlisaTvis tkbilad mxedi

ufali~ avTandilisaTvis is Zalaa, ̀ vin sazRvarsa dausazRvrebs, zis ukvdavi RmerTi

RmerTad~. arabTa spaspetma Zalian kargad icis, rom `raca RmerTsa ara swaddes,

ara saqme ar iqmnebis~. gavixsenoT, rogoria avTandilis TvaliT danaxuli saiqio

cxovreba: `pirispir marcxvens, ornive mivalT mas saukunosa~ _ swers igi rostevan

mefes erT-erT argumentad imisa, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba uRalatos megobars. gana

yoveli met-naklebad ganswavluli qristianis zneobrivi pozicia ar gamoxata

SuSanik dedofalma, roca brZana: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada igi

ara ars TvalRebai,(...) sada me da man swori sityuai vTquaT~? saiqio cxovrebis xedva

orive personaJs msgavsi aqvs da Tan _ qristianuli; modiT, kidev erTi TvalsaCino

magaliTi gavixsenoT avTandilis Tavgadasavlidan: rogor gvixsnis igi Tavis

gamarjvebas mekobreebze. avazakTa, profesional yaCaRTa mTeli razmis damarcxeba

erTi, Tundac araCveulebrivi raindisagan, cxadia, damajereblobas moklebuli

iqneba, Tu saerTod hiperbolizaciad ar CavuTvliT avtors. magram roca vusmenT

avTandils, vecnobiT mis xedvas imis Taobaze, rom `martooba veras gavnebs, gcavs

Tu cisa ZalTa Zali~, xolo am ZaliT aRWurvilisTvis ki sul erTia, `SeSa vis hkra

Tunda xrmali~, Tanabrad gaimarjveb, gvjera, rom es adamianebi suliT xorcamde

qristianuli moralis matareblebi, `Cvenianebi~ arian da ara _ sxvadasxva

aRmosavluri aRmsareblobis mimdevarni (sxvaTa Soris, SeiZleba poemis mTavar

gmirTa aseTi uCveulo popularobisa da siyvarulis saidumlos erTi Strixi, sxva

mraval aspeqtTan erTad, esec iyos).

ramdeni aseTi saRvTismetyvelo sibrZne mimobneula Cvens genialur poemaSi,

romelTa miniSneba da xazgasma qristianul moralTan Cvens daaxloebas, ziarebas

niSnavs da, amdenad, sulier sazrdod SeiZleba eqces Tanamedrove axalgazrdas,

romelic, viyoT gulwrfelebi, swored amgvari swavlebis did `SimSils~ ganicdis,

aranaklebs, vidre sabWoTa aTeisturi epoqis mozardi!

e. w. `aRorZinebis~ xanis orive mwerali didaqtikur-Semgonebluri moraliT

gamoirCeva (mxedvelobaSi gvyavs, ase vTqvaT, `saprogramo~ avtorebi, daviT

guramiSvili da sulxan-saba orbeliani. sxva didaqtikosebs, gasagebi mizezis gamo,

ar vexebiT). marTalia, orive cxovrebiseuli, amqveyniuri sibrZne-gamocdilebiT

gvmoZRvravs da maTi mizanic swored esaa, magram orive rom qristianuli zneobisa

da swavlebis mqadagebelia, amas wyali ar gauva. `sibrZne sicruisas~ humanisturi

idealebi, sikeTis borotebaze uTuo gamarjvebis, kacTmoyvareobis, optimizmisa da

brZolisunarianobis ideis matarebeli magaliTebi, TviT ironiisa da kritikis

Semcveli igavebic ki arsiT qristianulia, raki safuZvlad adamianis siyvaruli,

misi gaukeTesebis, sulieri srulyofisa da amaRlebis survili udevs. iliaseuli

`saqmiT metyveli suli~ swored sulxan-sabas mwerlur koncefcias SeiZleba

vuwodoT, raki man SiSveli didaqtikuri Segonebebis nacvlad konkretul-

saxeobrivi, mxatvruli samyaros gacocxlebis gza irCia, riTac gacilebiT Zlieri

damajerebloba da zemoqmedebis Zala mianiWa Tavis Sexedulebebsa da pozicias.

rogori susti da daucvelia amaoebasTan mebrZoli sulxan-sabas gmiri, romelic

Tavisi uneblie cdunebebiTa da gadacdomebiT gvaswavlis, `Sen usworosa nu

148

SescTebi~, wina kaci me viqnebi, Sen ki _ ukana, rom Cemgan iswavloo. aseTi saxeebi

ki imdeni Seuqmnia Cvens did papas, usamarTlobac ki iqneba romelimes gamorCeva. da

mainc, oriode gavixsenoT: mTiuli, RmerTs rom usayvedura, kaklis xisa da

nesvisTvis nayofebi arasworad Segibamso. oriode wuTSi ki, kakali rom moxvda

TavSi, Tavadve aRiara, sulswrafoba da sificxe rom sikeTes ar migvitans, bavSvi,

ra Tqma unda, gaicinebs, magram Semdeg uTuod daimaxsovrebs mTiulis magaliTiT

naswavl sibrZnes da imasac Seixsenebs, yovlismxed ufals rom ar unda Seusworo!..

`meli moZRvrad~ gaxsovT? melasgan cdunebulebi mSvidad rom mihyvebian

`ierusalemSi mimavals~. melas pirobam, or-or codvas SegindobT, mesames ki verao,

aRfrTovaneba imitom gamoiwvia maTSi, rom `Tavi ubraloni egonaT~. maTi

sabediswero Secdomac swored is iyo, rom daiviwyes codviani wuTisoflis arsi:

`ara ars kaci, romeli cxovndes da ara scodos~. rac daemarTaT, amitomac

daemarTaT. rogorc mogaxseneT, amgvari, laRbobiT mowodebuli sibrZne uTvalavia

am wignSi. Tanamedrove pedagogikis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli da mniSvnelovani

meTodi, `swavleba TamaSiT~, XVIII saukunis didaqtikoss mSvenivrad hqonia

aTvisebuli.

qristianuli eTikisa da moralis mxatvruli aRqmisa da saxeobrivad gardaqmnis

niWieri ostati daviT guramiSvilia. am mxriv misi poezia marTlac amouwyveli

madania. mis mistikur xilvebsa da qristianul igav-simboloebs rom Tavi vaneboT,

romlebic pirdapir, erTmniSvnelovnad `devs~ saxelmZRvaneloSi (mxedvelobaSi

maqvs vaxtang rodonaias jgufis mier gamocemuli X klasis saxelmZRvanelo) da

avtorTa mier didebulad aris daSifrul-ganmartebuli, ra mravlis momcemia

avtoris didaqtikuri Sexedulebebi, Tundac:

`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao,

vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao~...

daviT guramiSvilis poeturi azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli weris maneriT,

genialuri simartiviT, gviTxra poetma udidesi sibrZne, cnobili qristianuli

dogmatiT gadmocemuli: `Seican Tavi Seni~, romelic usaTuod miiCneva pirovnebis

formirebis upirveles pirobad. Cveni poetis azriT, am dogmatis mTeli arsi Turme

droTa uwyvetoba yofila. Tu mozardma ar icis istoria, warsuli, (`sidam mosula~),

ver gansazRvravs, `vin aris~ adamiani dRes, am oris gareSe ki rogorRa ganWvret

momavals? miTxariT, romel sayovelTaod aRiarebul fsiqologTan ginaxavT amaze

naTlad da martivad mowodebuli swavlis aucileblobis azri? am swavlebis

dagvirgvineba ki momdevno taepia: `vinc Segqmna Tixa WurWelad, ras uZRvni

xelfasadao~ ...martivi alegoria: Tixa adamianis materialuri sxeulia, sulis

`WurWeli~, romlis moZRvnisTvisac Cven, cxadia, uflis madlierni unda viyoT.

mTeli es swavleba dagvirgvindeba umecari kacis gasagonad naTqvami SegonebiT:~

...viT rema xnarcvs ar Cavardes, ulagmo da usadao~. maSasadame, codna is `lagamia~,

codvis ormoSi Cavardnisagan rom daicavs adamians, gadaarCens. ase rom, daviT

guramiSvilisTvis swavla oden ganswavla ki araa, aramed TviTgadarCenis,

wuTisoflis sacdurTagan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba. SeiZleba am swavlebas ar

vuwodoT qristianuli?

XIX saukunis literaturaze Tvalis gadavlebac ki sakmarisia, rom

dameTanxmoT: sulierebis Ziebis procesi msWvalavs mTel axal qarTul

literaturas. Tu grigol orbelianis poeziis qristianul-marTlmadidebluri

swavlebebi erovnuli satkivris ukeT SegrZnebaSi exmareba mkiTxvels, vTqvaT, ase:

`vemsgavseT cxovars, romelsaca mwyemsi ar uvis~, nikoloz baraTaSvilis Sinagani

gaoreba, realobis mtkivneuli aRqma unda SevafasoT, rogorc RmerTTan myofobis

149

ideis uarmyofeli, arsebuliT daukmayofilebeli pirovnebis mudmivi Ziebis,

sulieri brZolisa da Sinagani wyvetebis gamovlena. Tu `merani~, `suli oboli~,

`sulo boroto~, `vpove taZari~ am kuTxiT ar gavaSuqeT, namdvilad bevrs dakargavs

leqsica da moswavlec.

XIX saukunis moralistTa brZolis sagani, pirvel rigSi, adamiani iyo, is

`axali qarTveli~, romelic `kirTebis qveSe daCagrul beds~ Tavs daaRwevda da im

fesvebs daubrundeboda, istoriul qarTvels rom kvebavda da romelic maradiuli

qristianuli dogmebiT gamoixateboda: `Cvens~ luarsabs xom iliam swored is

dauwuna, sworad ar cxovrob, raki mTavari dagviwyebia, `viTa mama zecisa iyav Sen

srulo~ da iqve aswavla, rogor daeZlia is uamravi nakli, ramac igi zogadqarTveli

avTandilidan TarTsa da bozbaSs Soris swori arCevanis gakeTebaze mzrunvel

usaqmurad aqcia. am mxriv akakic ilias xmalamoRebuli TanamebrZoli iyo, raki

moyvasis qristianuli siyvaruli, misi Svelis, gaukeTesebis survili amoZravebda,

xolo mis msoflxedvas libod, saZirkvlad qristianuli TviTSewirvis ideiT

aRbeWdili sityvebi SeiZleba davudoT: `me Tu ar daviwvi, Sen UTu ar daiwvi, bnels

ra gaanaTebs?!~

vaJa-fSavela qristianuli azrovnebis gamovlenis mxrivac iseTive

araordinaluri da gansxvavebulia, rogoricaa sxva yvelaferSi. albaT,

moswavlisaTvis am Temaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ar Rirs, imdenad Rrma da rTulia,

magram zedapirulad rom mainc SevaxsenoT, vaJac rom ara panTeisti (rogorc

`naTlavdnen~ mas sabWoTa epoqis kritikosebi), aramed im donis qristiani

moazrovnea, rusTavels rom ekadreba, uamravjer SeiZleba davadasturoT Tundac

saskolo programis `vaJadan~. `balaxi viyo saTive, ara mwadian celoba, iseve kravad

mamyofe, oRond amcildes mgeloba~. _ marTlac suliT xorcamde qristianis,

macxovriseuli kacTmoyvareobiT gulsavse adamianis naTqvamia. aranakleb

mravlismetyvelad mimaCnia am mxriv `mTas viyav~: `...mze, mTvare gulze mefina,

vlaparakobdi RmerTTana~ _ Tuki vityviT, Tergdaleulebma da maTma sulierma

memkvidreebma SeZles qarTveli eris gamofxizleba da misi sulieri gamokvebao, es

`sakvebSi~ qristianuli zneobis elementebis amgvari uxvi `mimobnevis~ wyalobiT

moxda swored.

jaWvi arc XX saukuneSi gawyvetila, Tumca jer evropuli modernizmis

SemoWra da qarTuli saazrovno sivrcis nawilis dakaveba, Semdeg sabWoTa

ideologiis gabatoneba am mxriv sulac ar iyo sasurveli niadagi. galaktioni

gavixsenoT, mudam mSfoTvare, maZiebeli. Tu vinme ityvis, misi lirikuli Sedevri

`silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~ xom rwmenadamsxvreuli adamianis aRsarebaao, diax,

asea, oRond aqve davamateb: leqsis tragikul JReradobas swored is ganapirobebs,

Tu ramdenad mtkivneulia gaazreba, aRqma imisa, rom martokacobis gancdas adamianSi

badebs ara erTaderTobis, sxvaTagan gamorCeulobis ambicia (rasac galaktionTan

araerTxel wavawydebiT), aramed sulieri gabzarvis Sedegad rwmenis dakargva,

nihilizmi. leqsis saTqmeli, Cemi azriT, rwmenadakarguli kacis usaSvelo yofaa.

`gansasvenebel ziarebaze CemTan ar mova Seni xseneba!~ _ ra Semzaravi aRsarebaa,

aRsareba Tanamedrove teqnikur-industriuli revoluciis msxverpli adamianisa. Tu

am WrilSi aRviqvamT leqss da davanaxebT moswavlesac, Tu ra tkivilis fasad

ujdeba adamians gacnobiereba `uZRebi Svilis~ rolisa, mjera, galaktionTanac

ufro axlos miviyvanT mas da sulier sazrdosac mets mivcemT. (es leqsi rom

gamonaklisi araa poetis memkvidreobaSi, cxadia, yvela xvdeba, iseve, rogorc imis

mtkicebaa zedmeti, Tanamedrove epoqaSi poeziis erT-erT Zlier nakads swored

150

sulierad gabzarul adamianTa RvTisken mibruneba, gadarCenis gzis ufalSi Zieba

rom warmoadgens).

pretenzia ara maqvs, vamtkico, rom raime WeSmariteba aRmovaCine. is, rasac me

vfiqrob, albaT, mravlisaTvis aqamde bevrjer nafiqri da gansjilia. ubralod,

Sevecade, warmomeCina, gamomekveTa saskolo swavlebis erTi aspeqti, dRes rom

`mokrZalebulad~ miviwyebuli da TiTqmis ugulebelyofilia. ̀ TuraSaulis patroni

tyeSi eZebda pantasao~, naTqvamia, uamrav ucxour Teoriasa da strategias avunTeT

mwvane Suqi Tanamedrove saskolo cxovrebis gardaqmnisa da srulyofisaTvis,

sulieri SimSilis pirobebSi ki Cven rom ukve gvaqvs udabnos manana, es miviwyebulia.

Cveni mizani swored isaa, ramenairad gavixsenoT, ra mravalmxrivi saunjea sagani

`mSobliuri literatura~, (romelsac, sxvaTa Soris, ratomRac dRes mxolod

`literaturad~ moixsenieben), ra didi da jer aumoqmedebeli SesaZleblobis

patronia igi, Tumca ki swored am aspeqtis gaaqtiurebaa dRes sasurveli. isic unda

SevniSnoT, rom swavlebis is mxare, zemoT rom visaubreT, araCveulebrivad

bunebrivad da advilad esadageba Tanamedrove ultraprogresulad miCneul

meTodebsa da strategiebs. am mxriv maTi universalizmi marTlac momgebiania: Tu

literaturis swavlebas idead wavumZRvarebT moswavlis sulier amaRlebasa da

gamdidrebas (ra Tqma unda, gonebriv ganviTarebasTan erTad), misi ganxorcielebis

saSualebad, meTodad gnebavT blumis taqsonomia gamoviyenoT, gnebavT aqtiuri

kiTxva da gnebavT _ kornelis meTodi, am mxriv arCevani Zalian didia da sruliad

Tavisufalnic varT taqtikuri svlis gansazRvraSi, oRond dasaxuli miznis

ganxorcieleba SevZloT da konkretulidan (ama Tu im avtorisa Tu misi teqstis

Seswavla) gavideT zogadze, mTavarze _ davanaxoT mozards, ra saunjes flobs igi,

ra mravalmxrivi movlenaa qarTuli literatura. mxolod ase SevZlebT Cven, viyoT

marTlebi Cveni winaprebis (am memkvidreobis SemqmnelTa) da Cveni STamomavlebis (am

memkvidreobis momxmarebelTa) winaSe.

Irine Tabatadze

Native Literature and Moral Rear

Summary

Reform of education system is sealed by ambitions of making serious changes. However, on what rear

criteries should educational process stand and what kind of spiritual values should modern youth have, is not

important to reform. During the process of teaching Georgian Literature the ideals, strives, which are

considered to be determinants of national morality could be promoted in natural way, without any constraint.

Today access to these ideas, to these strives can not be feeled. Several examples illustrated in this article asure

us, that during it’s existence Georgian writing is pearmeated with iternal moral categories of Cristian love,

such as: loyalty, humanity, goodness. We consider it necessary to take these values into account for formation

of youth, to merge intelligence and spirituality harmoniously.

151

nana abulaZe, doqtoranti

ojaxisa da qorwinebis uZvelesi formebis zogierTi

sakiTxisaTvis megrul poetur folklorSi

„pirveli Ramis uflebis“ kvali megrul zepirsityvierebaSi

,,pirveli Ramis uflebis“ Cveuleba garkveul rols asrulebda uZvelesi da

Semdgomi drois qorwinebis procesSi. folkloruli masala masze msjelobis

saSualebas iZleva.

,,pirveli Ramis ufleba“ konkretuli istoriuli periodis sakuTreba iyo da

funqcionireba garkveul periodSi Sewyvita, istoriis arqivs gadaeca. es iyo

Cveuleba, romelmac dros ver gauZlo, radganac misi fesvebi jansaR niadagze

aRmocenebuli ar iyo. aRniSnuli wesi Tavdapirvelad garkveul religiur

rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, kerZod – qaliSvilTa mier TavianTi umankoebis

RmerTisadmi msxverplSewirvaSi pova gansaxiereba, rasac adasturebs is faqtic, rom

„zogierT xalxebSi qalwulobis axda xdeboda kerpebis saSualebiT,“ amave dros,

aqti sruldeboda wminda adgilas – salocavebSi1. semionovi am Cveulebas

orgiastul dResaswaulebs ukavSirebs2.

feodalizmis dros ki „pirveli Ramis ufleba“ mebatone feodalis mier iqna

miTvisebuli da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. ruseTSi „pirveli Ramis ufleba“

sayovelTaod iyo cnobili3.

am uflebis sakompensaciod SemoRebul iqna gadasaxadebi. amgvari gadasaxadi

CvenSiac arsebobda „saCeqmes“ saxelwodebiT4, rac adasturebs am wesis

saqarTveloSi arsebobas.

qarTul sinamdvileSi „pirveli Ramis uflebis“ arsebobis sakiTxs yuradReba

miaqcia i. gomarTelma werilSi „nawyvetebi warsulidan“. werilSi gadmocemuli iyo

Semdegi: „batonymobis dros gavrcelebuli iyo evropaSi kanoni pirveli Ramisa,

kanoni mdgomareobda imaSi, rom yma rom cols SeirTavda, batons ufleba hqonda

patarZalTan dawoliliyo pirvel Rames da es kanoni saqarTveloSiac Semovida~5.

saqarTveloSi am Cveulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb arc beqa aRbuRas samarTalSi, arc

giorgi brwyinvalis naSromSi, arc vaxtangis rjulisdebasa da arc sxva romelime

istoriul narkvevebSi araferia naTqvami, aseve dums Teimuraz meorec Tavis ,,sarke

TqmulTaSi“, sadac mas dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili saqorwilo ritualis yvela

momenti.

iv. surgulaZis azriT, „pirveli Ramis ufleba“ XIX saukuneSi udaod arsebobda.

marTalia, istoriuli wyaroebi duman, magram am Cveulebis arseboba mtkicdeba

zepirsityvieri nimuSebiT da literaturuli ZeglebiT. am kuTxiT sainteresoa

megruli folkloruli nimuSebi da, aseve, mis eTnografiul yofaSi

damadasturეbeli masala „pirveli Ramis ufleba“ rom wesad hqoniaT qarTvel

feodalebs, amis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben informatorebi.

1М. Ковалевский. Первобытное право. М, 1886, стр. 50.

2Ю. Семенов. Как возникло человечество. М.1960, стр. 307-308. 3Д. Мордовцев. Политическое движение русского народа. т. I. стр. 278. 4g. nadareiSvili. qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi. Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 120. 5iv. gomarTeli. nawyvetebi warsulidan._ Jurnali ,,ciskari~, 1907, #3.

152

am Cveulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb samegreloSi sainteresoa akaki wereTlis mamis

ymis, labaZis naambobi, sadac vkiTxulobT: ,,samegreloSi, dadianebi megrelTa

glexebs sastikaT stanjavdnen. erT dadianTagans Cveulebad hqonda pirveli Ramis

urigo wesic. mis saymoSi ise yma glexi ver SeirTavda cols, rom sacolo qorwilis

pirvel Rames batonisaTvis ar daeTmo. sazogadoT, es dadiani metis meti sastiki

kaci iyo, sisastikesTan didi usamarTlo. igi Tavis yrmebs sikvdiliTac sjida,

zogs axrCobda kidec.

agrZelebs Txrobas yma, romelsac am Tavadis saxeli ar axsovs, is imereTidan

iyo gamoqceuli da samegreloSi droebiT cxovrobda. ,,mis saxels me ar vaqcevdi

yuradRebas, borotebis aRsaniSnavad da mosagonaT marto gvaric kmaroda,–

gadmogvcems igi“.

am monaTxrobidan vgebulobT, rom sastik Tavad dadians Sepasuxebia erT-erTi

yma glexi.

„batono, – uTqvams ymas, – razed gvawvalebT, rasa hgavs es, Tqven qristiani

xarT, Tu sxva vinme?! ase TaTaric ar gvawvalebs, rogorc Tqven gvtanjavT... mTeli

qveyana Tqven gemduriT... mTeli Tqveni moymeni Tqven saxels da xsenebas swyevlian

da mravalni gemuqrebian, giTvlian: pirvel Rames Tavi gaanebe da megrel glexebsac

nu hyidiT osmaleTSi, moiSale yvela eseni, Torem usaTuod male agkuwavTo... Cemsas

Tu ar daijerebT, maSin Tqven TviTon daakvirdiT, batono... Tqven TviT darwmundiT

maszed, rom qveyana gemduriT. es batons ar ekadreba, dadianebis saxelsa da gvars~6.

1973 wels samegreloSi, walenjixis raionis sofel saCinoSi fiqsirebul

masalebSi vkiTxulobT: „Cveuleba iyo, qorwinebis pirvel Rames patarZals xels ar

axlebdnen. meore Rames ki patarZali TavadTan unda mieyvanaT. amas eZaxdnen

„Wyuales“ – gaxednas. Tu Tavadi ar inebebda qalTan wolas, is qali ar vargoda.

iyo SemTxveva, rom Tavads hklavdnen „pirveli Ramis uflebis“ gamo. xan ki Tavadi

ar inebebda qalTan wolas, glexs ZaliT mihyavda, eSinoda, cudi araferi mosvloda

ojaxSi“.

meore gadmocemis mixedviT, „iyo SemTxvevebi, roca saqmros TviTon mihyavda

patarZali da sTxovda, pirvel Rames hyoloda, bevr SemTxvevaSi Tavadi Tanaxma iyo

Seesrulebina Tavisi glexis survili, magram yofila SemTxvevebi, roca uariT

istumrebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi glexs dascinodnen: – cudi qali moiyvane, soflisTvis

Seuferebelio, mitom cdilobda glexi, TavadTan mieyvana, Tu Tavadi uars ityoda,

glexi mainc ar moeSveboda: – Tavs lafs nu damasxam, daitove erTi RamiTo. Tavadi

iZulebuli iyo Seesrulebina glexis Txovna~7.

igive azri gamoTqva mTxrobelma nana belqaniam, romelmac gaixsena zugdidis

raionis sofel kaxaTSi mcxovrebi q-n lena siWinavas naambobi, rom samegreloSi

Tavadebs wesad hqondaT „pirveli Ramis ufleba.“ q-ni lena madlobda komunistebs,

rom es wesi Tavaდ-aznaurobasTan erTad gadavarda (mTqmeli n. belqania, q. zugdidi,

2015w)8.

am Cveulebam Tavisi asaxva hpova megruლ wyobilsityvaobaSi. mogvyavs nawyveti

teqstidan:

jveSi dro

feri yazayi Suro vardg Ti dros sityvas Tquandgni. is ducg kvaTgndes, Tavads ve fuCuandgni.

6WiWinaZe. saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiuri masalebi. t. I. tfilisi, 1924, გვ, 111–112. 7Tsu folkloris arqivi, №16623. 8piradi arqividan.

153

saCilo rdg yazayi do bargis vemkaqunandgni TavadiSi rdg pirveli seri, osurs qimiyunandgni.

TaSi ordg dasajuli yazayefi eTi dros.

Tavadi do Jinosqua mikojangdes stols.

Rvins gioSuandes orqoS Wirqasg do brols.

Teq yazayiq minilgkon, gemwuyoTandes Tols.

Ti dros ordes yazayefi uCa dRalens gerineli.

Tegvar uCa samarTali Ti drosgrdg gorCqineli.9

Zveli dro

im dros xmis amomRebi glexi ar iyo.

mas Tavs Wridnen, Tavads Tu ar daificebda.

dasaqorwinebel glexs tansacmels ar acvamdnen.

cols rom SeirTavda, Tavadis iyo pirveli Rame.

ase iyvnen dasjilebi glexebi im dros.

Tavadi da aznauri miwolili iyvnen magidas.

Rvinos svamdnen oqros da brolis WiqiT.

iq glexi rom Sesuliyo, Tvalebs dasTxridnen.

im dros glexebi Sav dReSi iyvnen.

amgvari Savi samarTali im dros iyo gaCenili.

samegrelos folkloruli masala amtkicebs, rom arsebobda Cveuleba, romelic

,,pirveli Ramis uflebiT“ iyo cnobili da adgili hqonda TavadTa Tavgasul

moqmedebas.

am Cveulebas aRwers fucu dgebuaZe-fularia istoriul romanSi ,,oqros beWedi“.

sofel zimSi qaixosro Ciqovanis yma glexs, koCaia lemonjavas rZlad mouyvania

abaSeli qali. levans Tavisi moeneebis saSualebiT gaugia, rom es qali Zalian

lamazi yofila. rodesac glexi koCaia qorwils ixdida, mTavari levani Tavisi

amaliT daupatiJeblad misula, maSinve mimxvdara koCaia, ra mizeziT iyo levani mis

saxlSi misuli. im wuTSive qaixosro CiqovanTan gaqceula da mouxsenebia: Tqven

Cemi patroni xarT, erTgulad gemsaxurebodiT da gTxovT gasaWirSi gvipatronoT,

Tu ar damexmarebiT, maSin me Cemsas vizam. ojaxSi boroti ganzraxviT mosul levans

Tavs Sevaklav da mTavarsa da mis TavadiSvilebs sajarod Sevarcxven. damSviddi,

koCa, Cems glexs rom vinme daCagravs, is me ar miwevs angariSs. saCqarod wadi Sin,

axlave dagewevio.

Qქaixosro Turme maSinve Sejda cxenze da koCaias saxlisken gaswia. xalxis

saCveneblad qaixosrom mTavars Tayvani sca da yurSi ki Turme CasCurCula:

– aq ratom mobrZanebulxarT! Tu zimSi modiT, CemTan unda mosuliyaviT, ra

gindodaT koCaia lemonjavas saxlSi? gadaWriT geubnebiT: Tu gnebavT Sin

mestumreT, arada sasaxleSi wabrZandiT, Cven gagacilebT.

ramdenime wuTis Semdeg amdgara levani Tavisi amaliT da lemonjavas ezodan

gasula. qaixosroc acilebda Turme, Tan arwmunebda: cxenian-kacianad gagwyvetdnen

lemonjavebi, qveynis salaparakod gaixdidiT Tavso.

gulmosul levans gamcilebeli qaixosro Ciqovani male daubrunebia, TviTon ki

zugdidSi Casvlamde Turme sul igineboda da iqadneboda: sofeli zimi erTianad

unda gavanadguro, raRa mTavari var, Tu aseT patara survilsac ver Sevisruleb,

9m. xubua. megruli teqstebi. tfilisi, 1937, gv. 342-343.

154

pirveli Ramis uflebiT me ki ara, ubralo Tavadebic ki sargeblobeno, me ki ra

gamibedes eso. an is qaixosro ras ereoda am saqmeSi, masac gadavuxdi pativiscemaso10.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTstrofiani leqsi, romlis

ZiriTadi Sinaarsi daikarga, magram masTan dakavSirebiT SemorCenilia metad

sayuradRebo gadmocema: e. i. leqsi Seqmnas sakmaod Rrma istoriuli warsuli udevs

safuZvlad:

vaJikaco, gulovano,

Rvinis fero, mcinareo,

xmlis simokle ras dagiSlis,

fexi wadgi winareo11.

v. kotetiSvili Tavis eqskursebSi am leqsTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs: ,,xevSi am

leqsis Sesaxeb aseTi Tqmuleba arsebobs: saqarTveloSi mosula erT begi,

gamagrebula snos cixeSi, urbevia xalxi da erTnairi uwesoba Caudenia. bolos aseTi

wesi daudvia: ,,Tu vinme qali gaaTxovon, ise qmarTan ar unda waiyvanon, sanam cixeSi

begTan ar aiyvandnen sawolad da ukeTu qmarma uimisod waiyvana, maSinve begi qmars

Tavs mosWrida da qalis mamas saxls dauwvavda... am dros erT arSels Tavisi qali

gauTxovebia, sasiZo Turme ambobda: ra vqna, raki cixis patroni begi Cems cols ar

damanebebso da pirvelad is waiyvanso, raRa Cemi iqnebao. sasiZom moifiqra da Tavis

simamrs uTxra: Sen begTan miSuamdgomle da saCuqraT qrTams mogcem. mxolod

sacoles ki nu gamiwbilebso. simamrma siZis Txovna Seasrula da size-simamri orive

cixeSi begTan wavidnen. Tan erTi xari, oci Tumani fuli da erTi kargi Tofi waiRes,

begis win warsdgnen da ase moaxsenes: eseni Seni saCuqari gaxlavT da gTxovT, exla

rom qali myavs saqorwinod გაmzadebuli, nu gagviwbileb da es nugeSi gviyaviTo.

begs es saCuqari ucotavebia da uTqvams: ase cota saCuqarzed ar gepatiebaT eg qalio.

sasiZos upasuxnia: ai, ukanaskneli es xmali maqvs da amasac giZRvnio. welze nabami

xmali begisTvis miucia. begs xmali gausinjavs da uTqvams: xmalze ki gepativebodaT,

rom mokle ar iyoso. am sityvebiT xmali ukanve gadaugdia. sasiZos xmali xelSi

auRia da uTqvams: es xari, Tofi, oci Tumani da es Cemi xmali saCuqrad mogarTvi,

rom Sen RmerTsac apative da mec nu Semircxven sacolosao. begs dauyvirnia; ar

gesmis, xmali mokleao da amiT gauTavebia sityva. gulze mosul sasiZos uTqvams:

`xmals simokle ras mouSlis,

fexi warsdgi, gagrZeldebis,

kacs manamdი eSinian,

minam saqme gaZneldebis!~

uTqvams es, Semouqnevia sasiZos xmali da begisaTvis Tavi ki gaugdebinebia. raki

es ambavi imis qveSevrdomT SeutyviaT, maSinve cixidan gaqceulan da cixis saunje

Tu rame hqoniaT, sul iq dautovebiaT. am saxiT moxeveebs aseTi saZageli satanjveli

da bilwi begara mouSorebiaT da ganTavisuflebulan usamarTlo da usindiso

batonisagan12.

analogiuri istoria aqvT mTis raWis mebatoneebs. eseni iyvnen areSiZeni, romelnic

metad aviwrovebdnen Rebelebs sabegro gadasaxadebiT da ymuri samsaxuriT. ise

gakadnierebulan, rom „pirveli Ramis uflebac“ moupovebiaT, amas ki mTeli Rebi

auRelvebia, xalxma Turme piri Sekra da gadawyvita moZalade mebatoneebis amoxocva.

10f. dgebuaZe-fularia. oqros beWedi. Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 28-29. 11v. kotetiSvili. xalxuri poezia. Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 244. 12ქarTuli xalxuri poezia. V. mixeil Ciqovanis Sesavali werili. Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 38.

155

am SeTqmulebas meTaurobda zviada lobJaniZe, romelic „pirveli Ramis uflebis“

SiSiT cols Turme ver irTavda. misTvis mTel sofels daxmareba Seuficnia,

mxolod eZebdnen ariSiZeebis amosawyvetad moxerxebul dros da am mizniT sofelma

moisyida maTi mouravi gagaSvili da erTic dedaberi, romlisaTvis aRapis gadaxda

aRuTqvamT. erT mSvenier dilas, rodesac ori Zma areSiZeni sanadirod

miemgzavreboden, orive Casafrebulma Rebelebma mokles. mesame areSiZe Wiorisaken

gaqceula da rodesac rionze gasvla daupirebia, mas erTi mtirali dedaberi

dasdevnebia da wyalze gayvana uTxovnia13. araSiZes dedaberi cxenze Semousvams da

rodesac Sua wyalSi Securebulan, dedabers misTvis xeli wauvlia, mZlavrad

gadauwevia da oriveni wyalSi gadavardnilan da iqve damxrCvalan (dedabers

RebisaTvis andeZi daugdia, areSiZis mokvlis Semdeg Tqven mkvdarTan erTad tabla

CemTvisac gamoacxveTo. amitom RebSi dResac micvalebulis patroni Tavis wminda

movaleobad Tvlis sakurTxis damzadebis dros erTi tablac am dedabers

gamoucxos14. amgvarad, Rebelebma moiSores TavianTi mebatone areSiZeni da maTi

batonymuri uReli.

Tavisi es gmiruli Tavgadasavali xalxs gauleqsia. ,,ferxisas“ Sesrulebis

dros Rebelebi mRerian:

mogvyavs nawyveti teqstidan:

pirveli saymoni vyofilvarT zviads uTqvams: „Rebelno

Cven oris batonisao, mikvirs ratom ar grcxvenianT,

orTa ZmaTa ariSiZeTa rom amdeni biabroba

nu swyalobT piri RvTisao; batonTaTvis SegirCeniaT!

ar nazogaven qvriv–obolT, jvars iwerT, colebi mogyavT,

colebs narTmeven ymebsao, uwin batonTan migyavTo;

ar SinebiaT codvisa, gamxdarxarT dedakacebi,

ar nakiTxavan RmerTsao. maTi CiqiliT daxvalTo.

RmerTma ulxinos zviadas, kaci unda kaci iyos,

zviadas lobjaniZeso, ar hgavdes bebrucunasa,

ar daeleva Sendoba, ar ikrunCxodes SiSiTa,

sanam mze miwas umzerso, fex–qveS ar egos yvelasa.

didxans yofila zviada, droa, pasuxi gavsceT mters,

rom ar SeerTo colio, batonT davartyaT mexio,

zizRis TvaliT nayureba, amieridgan maT Teslsa

cols rom narTava yovlio. amouwmindoT fexio...15

moxmobil leqsSi naTlad Cans glexebis galaSqreba batonis winaaRmdeg,

romelsac ,,pirveli Ramis ufleba“ dauwesebia.

„pirveli Ramis ufleba“ me-19 saukunis sinamdvileSi ZalaSi yofila afxazeTSic16.

analogiuri Cveuleba fiqsirdeba guriaSic: „gadmocemiT, guriaSic patarZali roca

mohyavdaT, qali pirvelad batonTan unda mieyvanaT, – aRniSna mTqmelma d. gudaZem,

magram es iyo didi xnis winaT, mamaCemis gadmocemiT gamigia, magram guriaSi glexebi

ar iyvnen ise daCagrulebi da, albaT, amitom gadavarda adreo; nakaSiZe iyo Tavadi:

13Л. Маисурадзе. Гебсъкое селское общество. Св. Мат для опис. Мест. и племен Кавказа. вып., XXII. отд. II. стр. 214-

215. 14T. saxokia. mTis raWa. tfilisi, 1930, gv. 22. 15T. saxokia. mTis raWa. tfilisi, 1930, gv. 22. 16Ш. Инал-Ипа. Очерки по истории брака и семъи у абхацев. Сухуми, 1954, стр. 151.

156

qarTlSi ufro iyvnen daCagruli glexebi, amilaxvrebi rom iyvnen, magi da sxvebi,

imaT xelSi~17.

amilaxvrebi, z. WiWinaZis mixedviT, saSineli moyvarulni yofilan „pirveli

Ramisa“. „umisod amis saymoSi vervin gaTxovdeboda am borotisagan soflis ymani

Sewuxebulni iyvnen~-o18.

saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxis Tavadebs es wesi Cveulebad hqondaT. uZvelesi

qarTveli tomebisaTvis qristianobis miRebamde ucxo ar iyo pirvelyofili

religiis is formebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia msoflios xalxTaTvis.

kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoria ukuagdebda an xasiaTs ucvlida xalxis mier

Seqmnil tradicias. „pirveli Ramis ufleba“ saqorwilo rituals SemorCa rogorc

gardasul dReTa matiane. am Cveulebis gaqrobas xeli Seuwyo qristianobis

გავრცელებam, radgan patarZlis siwminde saqorwilo urTierTobis aucilebel

moTxovnilebad iqca. Seuginebeli logini iyo is qvakuTxedi, romelic aZlierebda

da amyarebda ojaxis fuZes. siwmindis da didebis Suqs fenda col-qmrul

urTierTobas.

marTalia, „pirveli Ramis uflebas“ sakanonmdeblo dokumentebi da istoriuli

wyaroebi gverds uvlian, magram xalxurma sityvierebam, literaturulma Zeglebma

da eTnografiulma yofam Semogvinaxes masalebi, romlebic cxadyofen am Cveulebis

arsebobas.

Nana Abuladze

Some Issues about Ancient Forms of Family and Marriage in Megrelian Folk

The Trace of the First Night Right In Megrelian Folk

Summary

First Night Right was ascribed to a specific historical period and ceased its functioning at the definite period

in history and was given to archive of history.It was the tradition that could not resist the times due to the lack

of deep roots.

First Night Right is evaded by historical sources and documents, but materials are preserved from

Folk,ethnographic documents and literary heritage which prove the existance of this tradition.

17Tsu folkloris arqivi, №1712. 18z. WiWinaZe. saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiuri masalebi. t. I. tfilisi, 1924.

157

samarTali

158

mindia ugrexeliZe, samarTlis doqtori, profesori

adamianis uflebaTa ucxourenovani mokle iuridiuli frazeologia

qarTuli mecnieruli ganmartebis TanxlebiT*

(nawili meore) Casus Belli – [laTin., sityvasityviT: omis SemTxveva]

SemTxveva, rodesac erTi qveyana im zomiT xelyofs meores, rom warmoSobs omis

gamocxadebis dawyebis safuZvels meore qveynisaTvis. sxva sityvebiT − omis

sababi/safuZveli.

Casus Foederis – [laTin., sityvasityviT: aliansis mizezi].

saerTaSoriso aqti an xdomileba, romlis arseboba/warmoSoba moiTxovs, an biZgs

aZlevs koleqtiuri TavdacviTi xelSekrulebis/aliansis gamoyenebas, rogorc es xdeba,

rodesac mesame mxare Tavs esxmis aseTi SeTanxmebis erT romelime monawiles;

magaliTad NATO-s wevr qveyanas.

Cautio Judicatum Solvi (Bail Bond) – [laTin., sityvasityviT: sawindari

sasamarTlosmieri gaTavisuflebisaTvis].

winaswar patimrobaSi myofi piris mier savaldebulo sazRauris (sawindris)

gadaxda, mis mimarT wardgenili braldebis safuZvelze patimrobisagan

gaTavisuflebisaTvis, raTa daarwmunos sasamarTlo, rom braldebuli daeswreba yvela

sasamarTlo sxdomas, Tu arada − dahkargavs sawindars. sxva sityvebiT, gadaxdili

Tanxa, braldebulis winaswari patimrobidan pirobiT gasaTavisufleblad (amaves

aRmniSvnelad saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da sityvaxmarebaSi saerTod gamoiyeneba

termini „girao,“ rac erTgvar gaugebrobad unda miviCnioT).

Chapeau(x) – [frang., sityvasityviT: qudi/Tavsaburavi].

Sesavali muxli an mciredi teqsti, romelic aRwers, Tu ras eZRvneba momdevno

muxli, nawili, Tavi an kari is SeiZleba warmoadgendes, agreTve, ama Tu im

sisxlissamarTlebrivi normis pirvel nawils, romelSic dadgenilia specifikuri

pirobebi an farglebi mocemuli normebis gamosayeneblad.

Contrario – [laTin., sityvasityviT: sapirispirod/amis sawinaaRmdegod]

gamoTqma, romelic gamoiyeneba, sakamaTo TemasTan dakavSirebiT sapirispiro

argumentis, Sexedulebis an SemoTavazebis aRmniSvnelad: rodesac vinme irwmuneba, rom

A marTalia, sxva, vinc amtkicebs, rom A ar aris marTali. misi azri gamoTqmulia Contrario

an A Contrario, e. i. pirveli mtkicebis sapirispirod. es gulisxmobs polarulad

gansxvavebul, sawinaaRmdego, dapirispirebul pozicias. xSirad, vxvdebiT gamoTqmas A

Contrario, Tumca Contrario-c Tanabari mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. gansakuTrebiT −

winadadebis dasawyisSi.

De Facto (v. De Jure) – [laTin., sityvasityviT: faqtobrivad, sinamdvileSi]

is, rac faqtobrivad xdeba, realurad da imis sapirispiroa, rasac

samarTlebrivi Zala da Sinaarsi gaaCnia. magaliTad, De Facto diskriminacia es iseTi

159

diskriminaciaa, romelic arsebobs ara rogorc samarTlebrivi movlena, aramed

rogorc faqtobrivi mocemuloba adamianuri aqtis (qmedebis) saxiT, ganurCevlad imisa,

ganzraxuli iyo is Tu ara. es sapirispiroa De Jure diskriminaciisa, rac niSnavs, rom

igive xdeba samarTlebrivi mocemulobis saxiT, ise, rom samarTali krZalavs,

magaliTad, ama Tu im rasisaTvis sajaro SesaZleblobis gamoyenebas. es imas niSnavs,

rom ra saxiTac diskriminacia xdeba, sinamdvilea, faqtis sakiTxia, da ar warmodgeba

samarTlis ukuRmarTobidan.

Demarehc – [frang., sityvasityviT: nabijebis gadadgma raimes misaRwevad,

mosapoveblad].

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi/urTierTobebSi gamoyenebuli termini diplomatiuri

proceduris aRmniSvnelad, romelic gamoiyeneba, raTa vis-a-vis mimarTon da gadawyviton

specifikuri problema sxva qveynis sawinaaRmdegod. sxvanairad, diplomatiuri svla an

manevri, sxva qveynis sajaro moxelis mimarT garkveuli mosazrebiT.

Desiderata – [laTin., sityvasityviT: nasurvebi raime].

ndobis gamomxatveli termini, romelic ganekuTvneba iseTi ramis survilebs,

rogoricaa msoflio mSvidoba, sufTa garemo, megobruli saerTaSoriso urTierTobani

da sxv. Cveulebriv es iseTi sasurvelobania, romelic jer ar aris normatiulad

daregulirebuli da swored amitom undaT rom kanonma gaiTvaliswinos. Sesabamisad,

Desiderata gaxlavT miznebis miRwevis sasurveloba realobis sanacvlod.

Desistement – [frang., sityvasityviT: amoReba/gatana].

termini, romelic aRniSnavs saCivris/sarCelis/samduravis proceduris Sewyvetas,

Tu is aRZruli iyo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis romelime instanciaSi/forumSi (komisia,

tribunali, sasamarTlo). es xSirad xdeba maSin, rodesac momCivansa da mopasuxes

Soris miRweul iqna morigeba da momCivans aRar ainteresebs ganagrZos misi saCivris

ganxilva. amdagvaradve xdeba koleqtiuri sarCelis devnaze uaris Tqmac. procedura

mTavrdeba saCivris uaryofiT.

Double Jeopardy – [ingl., sityvasityviT: orjeradobis saSiSroeba. „aravis unda

daemuqros misi sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis saSiSroeba...“].

sisxlis samarTlisa da procesis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principi, romlis

Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia ganmeorebiT braldeba da msjavrdeba erTi da imave

danaSaulisaTvis. es principi laTinurad gamoixateba fraziT − Non/ne bis in idem. xalxur

zepirsityvierebaSi azrobrivad mas Seesabameba gamoTqva: „erTi xari orjer ar

tyavdeba.“

Drittwirkung – [german., sityva-sityviT: mesame mxaris efeqti].

termini, romelic Seexeba e. w. mesame mxaris anu horizontalur efeqts (Sedegs)

adamianis uflebaTa valdebulebisa. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis valdebulebis bunebis

Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs am valdebulebebis efeqtis miRwevis or gansxvavebul

gzas. pirvel, valdebulebebi marto saxelmwifoze ki ar vrceldeba (vertikaluri

valdebuleba/movaleoba), da saxelmwifosa da individebs Soris arsebul uflebebze,

aramed individebs Soris arsebul uflebebzec. maSasadame, individebs SeuZliaT

gaasaCivron sxva individebis mier Cadenili darRvevebic (horizontaluri efeqti).

meore, saxelmwifo marto imaze ki ar aris pasuxismgebeli, rom Tavad ar Caidinos

adamianis uflebaTa darRveva, aramed, imavdroulad, valdebulia ganaxorcielos

zomebi (mag., kanonmdeblobis miRebiT an regulaciebis SemoRebiT kerZo saqmianobis

160

sferoSi) raTa uzrunvelyos, rom kerZo pirebma ar Caidinon sxva individebis

uflebaTaTvis vnebis momtani qceva. sruli moculobiT gamoTqma germanul enaze asea

formulirebuli: Drittwirkung der Grundrechte.

Erge Omnes (valdebulebani) − [laTin.,sityvasityviT: yvelaze rom vrceldeba]

ufleba (jus) an movaleoba (obligatio) „erge oumes“ aris absoluturi ufleba an movaleoba,

romelic yvela saxelmwifoze vrceldeba da romlis darRveva/xelyofa seriozuli da

kanonieri sadrtvinvelia/safuZvelia yvela qveynisaTvis. es aris ufleba an movaleoba

mTeli saerTaSoriso Temobisa, vinaidan mas gamanadgurebeli Sedegi moaqvs sruliad

TemobisaTvis. magaliTebia − genocidi, danaSauli adamianurobis winaaRmdeg da sxv.

Estoppel − [inglisur-saqsonuri,sityvasityviT: gaCereba, daokeba].

mxaris Sedavebis (uflebis CamorTmeva) im safuZvliT, rom winare arguments mxare

Semdgom sawinaaRmdegos samtkiceblad iyenebs. sxvanairad, proceduruli

akrZalva/acileba imisa, rom erTi da igive argumenti waRma-ukuRma ar gamoiyenebodes,

rac ZirSive ewinaaRmdegeba `Bona Fides~ wess (keTilsindisierebis moTxovna). Cveulebriv,

SejibrebiT procesSi, erTi mxare miaqcevs sasamarTlos yuradRebas im winaaRmdegobriv

logikas, romelsac warmoSobs meore, modave mxaris naTqvami an naqnari.

Mindia Ugrekhelidze

Human Rights in Foreign-language Phraseology in Brief Accompanied with Georgian

Definitions Summary

The work defines terms commonly found in human rights discourse primarily in the legal and political

realms.

Some of the terms defined are not specific to human rights, such as Chapeau(x). Although these words

have no special meaning or nuance in relation to human rights, they nonetheless appear in the literature and

discourse of human rights with frequency, and often without definition.

A Solidus (/) between words means “and/or”

Words in italics are foreign-language words, usually Latin, French, English or Spanish. Such terms will

be followed by the literal meaning of the term or phrase in brackets, for example, “Erge omnes [Latin, lit.: toward

everyone/all]”. This is done to give the best sense of the literal meaning of the term in hopes that it may aid in

understanding the meaning in the human rights context .

The definitions are not intended as officially or legally authoritative ones. These definitions are for

academic purposes solely.

161

eva, gociriZe, samarTlis doqtori, profesori

Sunday Times-is saqme

sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dasacavad gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis SezRudva Cvens sazogadoebaSi dauSvebel cenzurad aRiqmeba. es arc

aris gasakviri. mravali gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesis mimarT didi

sazogadoebrivi interesi arsebobs da xalxs aqvs ufleba miiRos informacia

procesebis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb da iqonios maTze Tavisi azri, iseve rogorc

sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionirebaze sazogadod. amis gamo, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos

warmoudgenlad gveCveneba, Tu ratom SeiZleba SeizRudos sasamarTlo procesebis

Sesaxeb informaciis an komentaris gadacema masmediis saSualebebiT. arada, saqme

sxvagvaradaa. zogierTma informaciam an komentarma SeiZleba didi ziani miayenos

marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcielebis interess da procesis monawileTa

uflebebs. amitomaa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxli,

romelic gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas icavs, imavdroulad miuTiTebs, rom es Tavisufleba

sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dasacavad SeiZleba SeizRudos, roca

es „aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi“. konvenciis samarTali gamoxatvis

TavisuflebiT mosargeble subieqtebs, da maT Soris Jurnalistebs, specialur

movaleobebsa da pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs, raTa am Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebisas

ziani ar miayenon sxva samarTlebriv Rirebulebebs. samwuxarod, CvenSi jer kidev

dabalia TavisuflebiT sargeblobis kultura, TavisuflebaTa ganxorcielebisas

xSiria sxvisi uflebebisa Tu sajaro interesebis ugulvebelyofa, rac SeuTavsebelia

demokratiasTan. Cveni warsulis uaxloesi faqtebi mowmobs, rom zogierTi sasamarTlo

procesis gaSuqeba mediasaSualebebSi, nebsiT Tu uneblied, sasamarTloze zewolas

ufro warmoadgens, vidre sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis gadacemas. igi ufro metad

zianis momtania, vidre sikeTisa, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac sasamarTlo davis

mediaSi gaSuqeba saqmis mediaganxilvad gadaiqceva, saqmeze winmswrebi gadawyvetilebis

miRebad, rac erTi an romelime mxaris sasargeblod sazogadoebrivi azris

Camoyalibebas iwvevs marTlmsajulebis interesebis sazianod. am sakiTxze yvelas

gvmarTebs dafiqreba, radgan es mxolod samarTlebrivi sakiTxi ar aris, igi Cveni

demokratiuli wesiT cxovrebis fundamentur safuZvlebs Seexeba.

gTavazobT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos erT-erTi Zalze cnobili

gadawyvetilebis - Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom (1979 wlis 26 aprili), Semoklebul

versias, romelic swored marTlmsajulebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis

dasacavad presis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas Seexeba. saqme ganixila didma palatam da

man 11 xmiT 9 xmis winaaRmdeg saqme sityvis Tavisuflebis sasargeblod gadawyvita.

gadawyvetilebas Tan axlavs umciresobaSi darCenili mosamarTleebis gansxvavebuli

azri (teqstis sruli versia). marTalia, mocemul SemTxvevaSi saqme sityvis

Tavisuflebis sasargeblod gadawyda, magram sasamarTlom kidev erTxel daadastura

sasamarTlos avtoritetis dasacavad sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis legitimuroba

162

_ garemoeba, romelic CvenSi xelaRebiT aris uaryofili. gadawyvetilebaSic da

gansxvavebul azrSic kargad Cans sityvis Tavisuflebasa da marTlmsajulebis

interesebs Soris warmoSobili RirebulebaTa konfliqtis mTeli rigi aspeqtebi,

tradiciuli problematika, argumentebi, romlebic moSveliebulia dapirispirebuli

interesebis sasargeblod Tu sawinaaRmdegod.

es saqme kidev imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom masSi ganxilulia „sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulobis“ Sesaxeb inglisuri saerTo samarTlis institutis Sesabamisoba

evropul konvenciasTan. saerTo samarTlis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am instituts

ar gaaCnia zusti analogebi evropis sxva qveynebSi, Tumca cnobilia, rom swored misi

meSveobiT damkvidrda uprecedentod Zlieri da damoukidebeli marTlmsajuleba

saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi da man imavdoulad didi gavlenac moaxdina sxva evropul

samarTlebriv sistemebze, maT Soris sakuTriv adamianis uflebaTa evropul

konvenciaze. mxedvelobaSi maqvs is faqti, rom konvenciis me-10 muxlSi, romelic

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas Seexeba, am Tavisuflebis SezRudvis erT-erTi kanonieri

mizani _ „sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dacva“ _ konvenciis teqstSi

swored britaneTis delegaciis winadadebiT gaCnda da damkvidrda.

winamdebare Jurnalis Semdeg nomerSi, cxadia, Tuki Jurnalis redaqcia winaaRmdegi ar

iqneba, dagegmili maqvs am gadawyvetilebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli Tematikis

siRrmiseuli analizi warmogidginoT.

Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom

1979 wlis 26 aprili

(didi palatis gadawyvetileba)

ZiriTadi faqtebi

1959-62 wlebSi inglisSi araerTi bavSvi daibada Tandayolili defeqtebiT, rac,

rogorc irwmunebodnen, gamowveuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom maTi dedebi orsulobis

periodSi, iRebdnen Talidomids, rogorc damawynarebel da Zilismomgvrel

saSualebas. mSoblebma wamoiwyes sasamarTlo procesi „distilersis“ winaaRmdeg,

romelic iyo Talidomidis mwarmoebeli da gamavrcelebeli kompania.

1972 wlis seqtemberSi gazeTma „sandi taimsi“ gamoaqveyna statia saxelwodebiT

„Cveni Talidomidis bavSvebi _ erovnuli sircxvilis mizezi“ da ganacxada Tavisi

ganzraxva gaegrZelebina Semdgomi publikaciebi am tragediis istoriis Sesaxeb,

romelic Seexeboda, maT Soris, am wamlis damzadebisa da testirebis sakiTxebs.

kompania „distilersma“ oficialuri wardgineba gaugzavna generalur

prokurors da gaugzavna mas im axali statiis teqstic, romlis publikaciac uaxloes

periodSi igegmeboda. wardginebaSi kompania irwmuneboda, rom zemoaRniSnuli statiebi

warmoadgenda sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobas, ramdenadac samarTalwarmoeba am

saqmeebze jer dasrulebuli ar iyo. generalurma prokurorma mimarTa maRal

sasamarTlos am publikaciebze sasamarTlo akrZalvis misaRebad. sasamarTlom

marTlac gamosca amkrZalavi brZaneba 1972 wlis noemberSi. gazeTi, Tavis mxriv,

amtkicebda, rom „sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis“ normebi, romlebic mowodebuli

iyo daecva sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba, ar SeiZleboda

163

ganmartebuli yofiliyo, rogorc profesionali JurnalistebisaTvis akrZalvis

daweseba, SeesrulebinaT TavianTi movaleobebi.

saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma maRali sasamarTlos mier miRebuli amkrZalavi

brZaneba, magram mas Semdeg, rac generalurma prokurorma mimarTa lordTa palatas,

man, 1973 wlis 18 ivliss, aRadgina maRali sasamarTlos amkrZalavi brZanebis moqmedeba.

lordTa palatam miiCnia, rom gamoqveynebisaTvis gamiznuli statia warmoadgenda

sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobas, ramdenadac igi savaraudod gamoiwvevda

sazogadoebaSi winaswari azris Camoyalibebas da warmoadgenda winmswreb

gadawyvetilebas im sasamarTlo davis Sesaxeb, romelic warmoadgenda jer

dausrulebeli sasamarTlo ganxilvis, da maT Soris kompania „distilerssa“ da

mosarCeleebs Soris mSvidobiani molaparakebis (morigebis) sagans.

akrZalvis moqmedeba sabolood Sewyda 1976 wels, xolo 1981 wels miRebul iqna

kanoni, romelmac Caanacvla „sasamarTlos upativcemulobis“ Sesaxeb saerTo

samarTlis Sesabamisi normebi.

saqmis ganxilva adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisiaSi

Tavis saCivarSi, romelic adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisias waredgina 1974

wlis 19 ianvars, momCivani kompania miuTiTebda, rom maRali sasamarTlos mier

gacemuli da lordTa palatis mier damtkicebuli akrZalvis brZaneba, iseve rogorc

is principebi, romlebsac isini emyareboda, ewinaaRmdegeboda evropuli konvenciis me-

10 muxls. mogvianebiT, saqmis ganxilvis dros, momCivanma kompaniam aseve daayena sakiTxi

konvenciis me-14 muxlis WrilSi da miuTiTa, rom akrZalva imavdroulad warmoadgenda

diskriminacias, ramdenadac analogiuri publikaciebi sxva sagazeTo gamocemebSi ar

yofila akrZaluli. aqcenti imazec iyo gakeTebuli, rom wesi, romelic gamoiyeneboda

parlamentSi sasamarTlo saqmeebis mimarT, gansxvavdeboda „sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulis“ Taobaze im normebisagan, romlebis gamoiyeneboda presis mimarT.

komisiam 8 xmiT 5-is winaaRmdeg gadawyvita, rom gamomcemlis sityvis

Tavisuflebis mimarT dawesebuli SezRudva warmoadgenda konvenciis me-10 muxlis

darRvevas;

manve, erTxmivad uaryo konvenciis me-10 muxlTan erTobliobaSi konvenciis me-14

muxlis darRveva.

sasamarTlos Sefaseba

samarTlis sakiTxebi

momCivnebis azriT, konvenciis me-10 muxls arRvevda ara marto inglisis

sasamarTloebis mier maT publikaciaze gamocemuli akrZalvis brZaneba, aramed

sakuTriv is SezRudvebi, romlebsac presa mudmivad eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlos

upativcemulobis Sesaxeb saerTo samarTlis Zalian farTo da bundovani normebis

safuZvelze. komisiam sasamarTloze Tavis moxsenebaSi gamoxata azri, rom pirvel

sakiTxze is konvenciis me-10 muxls darRveulad miiCnevda. komisiis warmomadgenelma

sasamarTloSi saqmis mosmenis dros Tavis werilobiT wardginebaSi aseve ganmarta, rom

sasamarTlos winaSe idga ara marto is sakiTxi, konvenciis safuZvelze Seefasebina

inglisuri sasamarTloebis mier gamocemuli amkrZalavi brZanebis konvenciasTan

Sesabamisoba, aramed isic, rom miuxedavad lordTa palatis gadawyvetilebisa da,

SeiZleba iTqvas, metadre swored am gadawyvetilebis orazrovnebis gamo, momCivnebi da

164

informaciis sxva saSualebebi xdebodnen sasamarTlos upativcemulobis Sesaxeb

ganusazRvreli da bundovani normebis msxverpli.

mopasuxe mTavrobam dabejiTebiT uaryo konvenciis darRveva.

sasamarTlom am meore safuZvelTan mimarTebaSi daadastura, rom misi Sefasebis

sagans warmoadgenda momCivnebis mier dayenebuli yvela argumentis ganxilva. komisias

saCivris misaRebobis Sesaxeb Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli hqonda, rom mas

mouwevda Seefasebina, warmoadgenda Tu ara sasamarTlos upativcemulobis Sesaxeb

normebi, rogoradac isini ganmartebuli iyo lordTa palatis mier, sakmaris safuZvels

me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvebis gamosayeneblad. sasamarTlo

mivida daskvnamde, rom mas mxolod is sakiTxi unda ganexila, dairRva Tu ara konvencia

lordTa palatis mier gamotanili sasamarTlo akrZalvis Sedegad.

pirveladi akrZalva gamotanili iyo maRali sasamarTlos mier da Seexeboda

mxolod „sandi taimsis“ statiis proeqts, romelic gamiznuli iyo gamosaqveyneblad.

igi gauqmebuli iyo saapelacio sasamarTlos mier, magram misi moqmedeba aRadgina

lordTa palatam. amasTan, man arsebiTad gaafarTova akrZalvis sfero da miuTiTa

maRal sasamarTlos, daevalebina gazeTisaTvis, rom mas, Tavad, iseve rogorc Tavisi

TanamSromlebis, agentebis meSveobiT an sxvagvarad, Tavi Seekavebina iseTi statiis

publikaciisgan, agreTve iseTi statiis publikaciis xelSewyobis, nebarTvis micemis,

anda statiis an masalebis gamoqveynebis uzrunvelyofisagan, romelSic gamoTqmuli

iqneboda winaswari azri kompaniis mier Cadenili daudevrobis, xelSekrulebis

darRvevis, valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis Taobaze, anda romelSic miTiTebuli

iqneboda mowmeTa Cvenebebi romelime zemoaRniSnul sakiTxze, romlebic wamoWrili iyo

„distilersis“ winaRmdeg ukve aRZrul davaSi, anda wamoiWreboda im davaSi, romelic

udavod aRiZvreboda momavalSi „Talidomidis“ preparatis damzadebis, gavrcelebisa

da gamoyenebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

aSkaraa, rom saxeze iyo gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Careva saxelmwifos mxridan.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos unda Seefasebina, iyo Tu ara es Careva „kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli“, emsaxureboda Tu ara igi konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtiT

gaTvaliswinebul romelime kanonier mizans da iyo Tu ara igi „aucilebeli

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi“ dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad;

A ) iyo Tu ara Careva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli?

momCivnebi miuTiTeben, rom sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis normebi, rogorc

lordTa palatis gadawyvetilebamde, ise mis Semdgom, iyo bundovani da ganusazRvreli,

xolo am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili principebi ki imdenad axlebur formulirebebs

Seicavda, rom SezRudvis dakisreba SeuZlebelia miCneuli yofiliyo „kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebulad“. magram, mopasuxe mTavroba irwmuneboda, rom saqmis garemoebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoyenebuli SezRudvebi iyo „ZiriTadad ganWvretadi“.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sityva „kanoni“ formulaSi _ „kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli“ _ moicavda ara marto statutebs, aramed dauwerel normebsac.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ar aniWebda mniSvnelobas im garemoebas, rom sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulobis instituti warmoadgenda saerTo samarTlis Semoqmedebas da ara

kanonmdeblobisa. Tuki miCneuli iqneboda, rom saerTo samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli

SezRudvebi arasdros akmayofilebda „kanoniT gaTvaliswinebis“ kriteriums, maSin es

daangrevda saerTo samarTlis qveynebis samarTlebrivi sistemis umTavres safuZvlebs.

165

es ki aSkarad winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndeboda konvenciis ganzraxulobebTan.

Sesabamisad, Semowmebas eqvemdebareboda mxolod saerTo samarTlis Sesabamisi

normebis ganWvretadobis sakiTxi.

„kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulobis“ moTxovna imas gulisxmobda, rom moqalaqes,

Tundac samarTlebrivi rCevis safuZvelze, SesaZlebloba hqonoda, saqmis garemoebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, gonivrulad ganeWvrita Tavisi qmedebis mosalodneli Sedegebi.

magram ar iyo aucilebeli, rom Sedegebis ganWvreta absoluturad gansazRvruli

yofiliyo. gamocdileba aCvenebda, rom es SeuZlebeli iyo. samarTali fexdafex

mihyveboda cvlad realiebs. kanonebSi met-naklebad bundovani cnebebis gamoyeneba

dasaSvebi iyo da maTi ganmarteba swored praqtikis saqmes warmoadgenda.

mocemul saqmeSi ganWvretadobis sakiTxis dadgena imiT iyo garTulebuli, rom

sxvadasxva mosamarTlem gansxvavebuli principebi gamoiyena. maRalma sasamarTlom

gamoiyena principi, romlis mixedviTac, sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobas

warmoadgens romelime mxareze gavlenis moxdenis mcdeloba, romelic miznad isaxvs

davis mSvidobian morigebas (e. w. „zewolis principi“). lordTa palatis zogierTma

wevrma swored am principebze miuTiTa, Tumca zogierTma maTganma upiratesoba mianiWa

sxva princips, romlis Tanaxmadac sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobad miiCneva iseTi

masalebis gamoqveyneba, romlebic warmoadgens sasamarTlo davis winaswar gansjas,

winmswreb gadawyvetilebas, imis miTiTebas, Tu rogori gadawyvetileba iqneba swori,

anda romelic sazogadoebas Seuqmnis winaswar azrs jer dausrulebeli sasamarTlo

ganxilvis Sedegebze (e. w. „winmswrebi gadawyvetilebis principi“ (prejudgment);

momCivnebi ar amtkicebdnen, rom maT araferi icodnen „zewolis principebis“

Taobaze. maRal sasamarTloSi maT ganacxades, rom „es statia, maSinac ki, Tu is axdenda

mxareze zewolas, mainc ar warmoadgenda sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobas,

ramdenadac arsebuli davis mimarT maRali sazogadoebrivi interesis arseboba

gamoricxavda am qmedebis samarTaldarRvevad miCnevas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

maSinac ki, Tu statia prima facie gamoiyureboda rogorc sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemuloba, maRali sazogadoebrivi interesi mis gamoqveynebas yovelgvari

SezRudvisagan icavda.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom maRali sasamarTlos mosamarTle filimoris azriT,

mravalricxovani precedentebi imaze metyvelebda, rom sasamarTlo davis romelime

mxaris mimarT uaryofiTi sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnis mcdeloba udavod

warmoadgenda sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulebas.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom „zewolis principi“ formulirebuli iyo sakmarisi

xarisxis sizustiT, romelic SesaZleblobas iZleoda aucilebeli xarisxiT

gaeTvaliswinebinaT statiis publikaciis Sedegebi. saqmeSi Vine Products Ltd. v. Green (1966)

mosamarTle baqleis Semdegnairad hqonda Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulobis normis Sinaarsi: „mimdinare sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb gazeTSi

nebismieri formiT iseTi komentaris gadacema, romelsac SeuZlia ziani moayenos saqmis

samarTlian ganxilvas, warmoadgens sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobas am gazeTis

mxridan. aseTi ram SeiZleba moxdes sxvadasva gziT. man SesaZlebelia raime formiT

gavlena moaxdinos romelime mxareze: xeli SeuSalos mas sasamarTlo procesis

jerovnad warmarTvaSi, aiZulos igi daeTanxmos mSvidobian morigebas iseT pirobebSi,

ra pirobebSi morigebasac igi sxva SemTxvevaSi ar daeTanxmeboda, anda sxvagvarad

moaxdinos gavlena mis mier Tavisi saqmis warmarTvaze, ra drosac igi unda iyos

166

Tavisufali dacvisa Tu braldebis saSualebebis SerCevisas da gaaCndes rCevebis

miRebis ufleba, magram ar eqvemdebarebodes raime zewolas“.

„winmswrebi gadawyvetilebis“ principTan mimarTebaSi momCivnebma miuTiTes, rom

es principi iyo samarTlebrivi siaxle da maT ar moeTxovebodaT mis Sesaxeb

adekvaturi codna. amis dasamtkiceblad maT miuTiTes ramdenime wyaro, maT Soris

filimoris moxseneba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom lordTa palatam „Camoayaliba

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli kriteriumi“. am argumentTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom

aRniSna:

• momCivnebis mier warmodgenil memorandumSi miTiTebulia, rom

„winmswrebis gadawyvetilebis principi“, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo lordTa palatis

mier mocemul saqmeSi, arasdros yofila inglisuri sasamarTloebis mier manamde

gamoyenebuli msgavs saqmeebSi;

• 1969 wels saministroTaSoriso komitetma, romelsac evaleboda

sasamarTlos upativcemulobis Sesaxeb kanonis momzadeba, Tavis moxsenebaSi miuTiTa,

rom ar arsebobda iseTi registrirebuli saqmeebi, sadac vinme cnobili iqneboda

damnaSaved sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobisaTvis iseTi procesebis komentarisaTvis,

romlebic nafici msajulebis gareSe xorcieldeboda... Tumca, arsebobda mosazrebebi,

rom amgvari komentari SeiZleboda gadazrdiliyo sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobaSi;

`Hulslury’s Laws of England~-s me-3 gamocema (t. 8. gv 7, 11-13) Seicavda pasaJebs precedentul

samarTalze miTiTebiT: „werilobiTi gamonaTqvami... romelic iwvevs sazogadoebis

darwmunebas da mis uaryofiT ganwyobas saqmis romelime mxaris mimarT, warmoadgens

sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobas... ar arsebobs Tavisi SedegebiT ufro damRupveli

ram, vidre adamianTa gonebaSi sasamarTlo procesis mxareebis winaaRmdeg winaswari

uaryofiTi azris Seqmna manamde, sanam saqme sabolood iqneba ganxiluli

sasamarTloSi... sasamarTlosadmi upativcemuloba warmoadgens gazeTSi mimdinare

sasamarTlo procesze komentaris gamoqveyneba samoqalaqo saqmeze: aseT dros

mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is ziani, romelsac gulisxmobs qveynis

sasamarTloebSi ganxilvebis Canacvleba sagazeTo ganxilvebiT...; meore mxriv,

gamartivebuli procedura (Summary procedure) unda gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod maSin,

rodesac didia imis albaToba, rom mocemul publikacias SeuZlia seriozulad

daazaralos samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilva“.

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom lordTa palata daeyrdno „winmswrebi

gadawyvetilebis principis“ sxvadasxva wyaros, da maT Soris, gadawyvetilebas saqmeze

Hunt v. Clark (1889), sadac mosamarTle kottonma gadmosca igi Semdegnairad: Tu vinme

gazeTSi daiwyebs saqmis arsebiT mxareze an mowmeTa Cvenebebze msjelobas

sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvamde, es, Cemi azriT, iqneba marTlmsajulebis saTanadod

ganxorcielebaSi seriozuli Carevis mcdeloba“. ar aris aucilebeli, rom sakuTriv

sasamarTlo mivides daskvnamde, rom mosamarTles, an msajuls marTlac Camouyalibda

winaswari ganwyoba romelime mxaris mimarT. Carevad miCnevisaTvis sakmarisia, rom

statia xels uSlides marTlmsajulebis jerovnad ganxorcielebas“.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ar miiCnves, rom momCivnebs ar

gaaCndaT sakmarisi informacia `winaswari gansjis principis“ arsebobis Taobaze.

maSinac ki, Tu sasamarTlos gaaCnia zogierTi eWvi im sizustis Taobaze, rogoriTac

es principi iyo Camoyalibebuli saqmis ganxilvis droisaTvis, igi miiCnevs, rom

167

momCivnebs SeeZloT, saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, gonivruli xarisxiT

ganeWvritaT statiis publikaciis dros aRniSnuli principis darRvevis riski.

B ) emsaxureboda Tu ara Careva kanonier mizans?

momCivnebis, mopasuxe mTavrobisa da komisiis wevrTa umciresobis azriT,

sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis normebi emsaxureba rogorc sasamarTlos

avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis, ise modave mxareebis uflebebisa da interesebis

dacvas. meore mxriv, komisiis wevrTa umravlesobis azriT, romlebic eTanxmebian imas,

rom es samarTlebrivi instituti emsaxureba samarTlian marTlmsajulebas da

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dacvas, miiCneven, rom maT

amocanas ar Seadgenda calke msjeloba imaze, ramdenad emsaxureboda es kanoni sxva

pirTa uflebebis dacvas.

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom gamoTqma „sasamarTlos avtoriteti da

miukerZoebloba“ gagebuli unda iqnes „konvenciis azriT“; e. i. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom warmmarTvel faqtors am konteqstSi warmoadgenda konvenciis me-6 muxli, romelic

samarTlis uzenaesobis fuZemdeblur princips adgenda.

cneba _ „sasamarTlo xelisufleba“ _ moicavda marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebis meqanizms, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganStoebas da Tavad

mosamarTleebs samsaxureobrivi movaleobebis ganxorcielebis dros. gamoTqma _

„sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoriteti“ _ gamoxatavda ideas, rom sasamarTloebi,

arian organoebi, romlebic mowodebulni arian daamtkicon iuridiuli uflebebi da

movaleobebi da gadawyviton davebi maT Sesaxeb; farTo sazogadoebam unda aRiqvas da

miiRos isini am statusiT da, pativiscemiTa da ndobiT moepyras maT unars, Seasrulon

es funqcia.

sasamarTlo iziarebs komisiis umravlesobis azrs, rom modave mxareebis

interesebis dacvas moicavda sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dacvis

mizani, ramdenadac sasamarTlo procesSi CarTuli pirebis interesebis uzrunvelyofa

SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda, Tuki sasamarTlos avtoriteti da miukerZoebloba ar

gavrceldeboda yvelaze, vinc ki mis sferoSi aRmoCndeboda. amitom sasamarTlos ar

esaxeboda aucileblad, calke ganexila sakiTxi, emsaxureboda Tu ara

„sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis“ normebi „sxva pirTa uflebebis dacvas“.

Sesabamisad, mxolod is sakiTxi unda Sefasebuliyo, emsaxureboda Tu ara momCivanTa

sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dacvas.

lordTa palatis sasamarTlos arcerT wevrs, romelic ganxilvaSi iRebda

monawileobas, ar hqonda Tavisi gadawyvetileba imaze dafuZnebuli, rom

gamosaqveyneblad gamiznuli statia gavlenas moaxdenda marTlmsajulebis

miukerZoeblobaze. lordTa palatis gadawyvetilebis argumentebi SeiZleba

Sejamebuliyo Semdegnairad:

• statia warmoadgenda saqmis winaswar gansjas kompaniis daudevrobis

sakiTxze, winmswrebi gadawyvetilebis gamotanas saqmis ganxilvamde (prejudgment),

rasac mivyavdiT an samarTlebrivi procedurebisadmi upativcemulo damokidebulebis

gamovlinebamde, anda marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi Carevamde;

168

• statiis Sinaarsi kompania „distilerss“ uqvemdebarebda sasamarTlomdel

sasamarTlos _ sazogadoebis samsjavros da saqmis aseTi ganxilva arsebiTad sadavo

xdeboda, ramdenadac is xels uSlida sasamarTlo ganxilvas da procesis mxareebs;

• gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi statia kompania „distilerss“ dauqvemdebarebda

zewolas da miayenebda zians im sakiTxebis mikerZoebuli gaSuqebiT, romlebic

sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani unda gamxdariyo; sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis

normebi ki swored im mizans isaxavda, rom aseTi Careva aRekveTa;

• presaSi winaswari gansja da winmswrebi gadawyvetilebis gamotana

gardauvlad gamoiwvevda procesis monawileebis ukmayofilebas da protests, riTac

imavdroulad Seiqmneboda saqmis „sagazeTo ganxilvis“ safrTxe, rac SeuTavsebeli iyo

marTlmsajulebis jerovnad ganxorcielebasTan;

• sasamarTloebs ekisrebodaT valdebuleba, daecvaT mxareebi zianisagan,

romelsac warmoSobda winare sasamarTlo ganxilvebi da sasamarTlomdeli polemika.

sasamarTlo yovelive zemoaRniSnul mosazrebas miiCnevda Sesatyvisad

„sasamarTlos avtoritetis“ dasacavad, rogoradac es cneba sasamarTlos mier

ganmartebuli iyo am gadawyvetilebis 55-e punqtis meore abzacSi.

Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Careva emsaxureboda mizans, romelic

marTlzomierad CaiTvleboda me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze.

C ) iyo Tu ara Careva „aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi“ sasamarTlos

avtoritetis dasacavad?

momCivnebisa da komisiis umravlesobis azriT, Careva ar iyo „aucilebeli“ me-

10 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze. maTgan gansxvavebiT, mTavroba miiCnevda, rom swored

sapirispiro daskvnamde misuli komisiis umciresoba iyo marTali, rodesac miiCnia,

rom erovnuli gadawyvetileba Tavisufali mixedulebis im farglebSi iyo, romelic

lordTa palatas gaaCnda mocemul sakiTxSi.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Sefasebis Tavisuflebis farglebi, romlebic

gadacemuli hqondaT wevr saxelmwifoebs, erTgvarovani ar iyo me-10 muxlis me-2

punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul miznebTan mimarTebaSi. hendisaidis saqme Seexeboda „zneobis

dacvas“. am gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlos aRniSnuli hqonda, rom „zneobis

moTxovnebis Sesaxeb monawile saxelmwifoTa Sexedulebebi icvleboda droisa da

adgilis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove epoqaSi“ da „saxelmwifo organoebi“

principulad iyvnen ukeTes mdgomareobaSi, vidre saerTaSoriso mosamarTle,

gaekeTebinaT daskvnebi zneobis moTxovnebis zusti Sinaarsis Sesaxeb“. magram igive ar

SeiZleba Tqmuliyo iseTi gacilebiT ufro obieqturi cnebis mimarT, rogoric iyo

„sasamarTlos avtoriteti“. xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoTa samarTalsa da praqtikaSi

gacilebiT meti iyo saerTo am TvalsazrisiT. aman Tavisi asaxva hpova konvenciis

sxvadasxva normaSi, maT Soris, me-6 muxlSi, romelic ar moicavda „zneobriv

kriteriumebs“. Sesabamisad, aq farTo evropul zedamxedvelobas Seesabameboda

erovnuli Sefasebis Tavisuflebis SedarebiT viwro farglebi.

rogorc komisiis umciresoba, ise mopasuxe mTavroba did mniSvnelobas aniWebda

im faqts, rom sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis instituti damaxasiaTebeli iyo

saerTo samarTlis qveynebisaTvis da gamoTqves varaudi, rom me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis

bolo sityvebi (miTiTeba sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dacvis

169

mizanze) swored imas emsaxureboda, rom mas moecva swored es instituti, romelsac

ar gaaCnda analogi evropis sabWos sxva mraval saxelmwifoSi.

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom am cnebis me-10 muxlSi CarTvis mizani is iyo, rom

„sasamarTlosadmi pativiscema“ CaTvliliyo marTlzomier miznad me-10 muxlis me-2

punqtis gagebiT, da ara is, rom es instituti eqcia etalonad, romlis safuZvelzec

ganxorcieldeboda ama Tu im RonisZiebis „aucileblobis“ Sefaseba. Tundac rom me-

10 muxlis me-2 punqtis bolo sityvebi nakarnaxevi yofiliyo sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulobis Sesaxeb inglisuri saerTo samarTlis normebiT anda Sida

samarTlis sxva msgavsi institutebiT, sasamarTlo ver miiRebda maT im formiT,

rogoradac isini iyvnen gagebuli avtonomiur samarTlebriv konteqstSi. sasamarTlos

„aucilebloba“ unda Seefasebina konvenciis gagebiT, da mis rols warmoadgenda

erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisobis Semowmeba mocemuli xelSekrulebis

(konvenciis) normebTan.

sasamarTlo ver ityoda, rom sasamarTlos amkrZalavi brZaneba ar iyo

„aucilebeli“ mxolod imis gamo, rom amgvar brZanebas ar gascemdnen sxva

samarTlebriv sistemebSi. mTavaria dadgeniliyo misi mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba.

amasTan mimarTebaSi sasamarTlom gaaanaliza sasamarTlo akrZalvis sagani, wamal

„Talidomidis“ saqmis ganxilvis mdgomareoba Sesabamisi drois periodSi da saqmesTan

dakavSirebuli sxva garemoebebi.

sasamarTlo akrZalva, ra formiTac igi gamocemuli iyo lordTa palatis mier,

mimarTuli iyo ara mxolod statiis publikaciis winaaRmdeg. rogorc momCivnebi

miuTiTeben, akrZalva maT imaSic uSlida xels, rom TavianTi gamokvlevis Sedegebi

gadaecaT zogierTi samTavrobo komitetis an parlamentis wevrisaTvis. igi aseve ar

aZlevda maT TavianTi kvlevis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas, xolo „sandi taimsis“

redaqtors ukveTavda SesaZleblobas gaekeTebina komentari am sakiTxebze anda epasuxa

mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul kritikaze. sasamarTlo akrZalva gacemuli iyo farTo

formulirebiT, romelic moicavda yvela zemoaRniSnul elements. sakuTriv aseTi

sifarTove moiTxovda akrZalvis aucileblobis guldasmiT Sefasebas. Tumca, isic

udavo iyo, rom akrZalvis ZiriTad sagans statiis proeqti warmoadgenda.

erT-erTi argumenti, romelsac erovnuli sasamarTlo eyrdnoboda, is iyo, rom

zewola, romelsac statia iqoniebda kompania „distilersze“, mas aiZulebda,

mosarCeleTa pretenziebi saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvamde daeregulirebina

mosarCeleTaTvis ufro xelsayreli pirobebiT. Tumca, 1972 wels gamoqveynebul

publikacias ar gauZlierebia is zewola, romlis qveSac kompania ukve imyofeboda. es

miT umetes Seexeboda 1973 wlis ivlisSi Seqmnil viTarebas, rodesac lordTa palatam

miiRo gadawyvetileba: am dros Talidomidis saqmeze msjelobdnen parlamentSi da es

Tema farTo diskusiis sagani iyo presaSi.

lordTa palataSi gamosvlebis dros gamoxatuli iyo didi SeSfoTeba, rom

saTanado samarTlebrivi procedura Seilaxeboda, xolo sasamarTlos funqciebi

uzurpirebuli iqneboda, Tuki sakiTxebze, romlebic sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagans

Seadgenda, sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibeba moxdeboda sasamarTloSi saqmis

ganxilvamde, anda procesis monawileebs mouwevdaT „gazeTebis sasamarTlos“ gavla.

aseTi SeSfoTeba TavisTavad Seesabameboda „sasamarTlos avtoritetis“ dacvis

amocanas. marTlac, Tuki, sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros gansaxilveli sakiTxebi sajaro

gaxdeboda iseTi formiT, romelsac mivyavdiT sazogadoebis mier Tavis sakuTari azris

170

formirebasTan, maSin sazogadoeba dahkargavda sasamarTlosadmi ndobasa da

pativiscemas. ar SeiZleboda imis uaryofa, rom sazogadoebis Cvevas, regularulad

ucqiros fsevdosasamarTlo sanaxaobebs masmediis saSualebebSi, SeeZlo gamoewvia

saboloo jamSi damRupveli Sedegebi im sakiTxSi, rom sasamarTloebi aRqmuli

yofiliyvnen samarTlebrivi davebis gadawyvetis erTaderT saTanado adgilad.

magram saqmec isaa, rom „sandi taimsis“ statiis proeqti TavSekavebul da zomier

gamonaTqvamebs Seicavda. igi ar warmoadgenda mtkicebulebebs calmxrivad, da ar

amtkicebda, rom arsebobda saqmis ganxilvis mxolod erTi SesaZlebeli Sedegi,

sanamdec sasamarTlo unda misuliyo. marTalia, masSi detalurad iyo warmodgenili

mtkicebulebebi „distilersis“ winaaRmdeg, magram igi aseve moicavda kompaniis

sasargeblo argumentebis Sejamebas, romelic mTavrdeboda sityvebiT: „rogorc Cans,

mocemul saqmeSi ar arsebobs cxadi pasuxebi...“. sasamarTlos azriT, am statiis

zemoqmedeba, misi gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvelisda mixedviT gansxvavebuli

iqneboda. maSinac ki, Tu igi zogierT mkiTxvels daarwmunebda kompaniis braleulobaSi,

mas ar eqneboda uaryofiTi Sedegebi „marTlmsajulebis avtoritetisaTvis“, miT ufro,

am sakiTxebze im periodSi farTo sazogadoebrivi kampaniis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

meore mxriv, statias marTlac SeeZlo gamoewvia sapasuxo werilebi, magram aseTi

ram SeiZleba momxdariyo nebismieri sxva publikaciis dros, romelic mocemuli saqmis

faqtobriv an samarTlebriv mxaresTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli.

sasamarTlo akrZalvis pirveladi gamocemisa da misi aRdgenis dros

„Talidomidis“ saqme imyofeboda davis mSvidobiani daregulirebis statiaze. momCivnebi

daeTanxmnen saapelacio sasamarTlos, rom saqme iyo „miZinebul mdgomareobaSi“.

komisiis umciresobas sasamarTlo procesis gamarTva naklebad savarauod miaCnda,

Tumca mopasuxe mTavroba da komisiis umciresoba amis realur SesaZleblobaze

miuTiTebdnen. sasamarTlo am Temas ar aniWebda did mniSvnelobas da miuTiTebda, rom

Carevis aRkveTa Tanabrad mniSvnelovani iyo rogorc davis mSvidobiani moregulirebis

(morigebis), ise sasamarTlo ganxilvis etapebze. TumcaRa, aRniSnavda, rom

molaparakebebi xangrZlivi iyo, ramdenime wels grZeldeboda, da im droisaTvis,

rodesac sasamarTlos akrZalva iqna gamocemuli, saqme jer kidev ar iyo sasamarTloSi

gagzavnili.

ibadeba sakiTxi, ratom daeyrdno 1976 wels sasamarTlo akrZalvis gauqmeba

„zewolis princips“ da ara „winmswrebis gadawyvetilebis princips“, maSin rodesac im

droisaTvis jer ar iyo dasrulebuli ara marto mSoblebis mier aRZruli zogierTi

sasamarTlo dava, aramed „distilerssa“ da mis sadazRvevo kompanias Soris arsebuli

davac.

mTavrobam ganmarta, rom aucilebeli iyo miRweuliyo wonasworoba sityvis

Tavisuflebasa da samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis interesebs Soris. mTavrobam

daazusta, rom sasamarTlo akrZalva iyo droebiTi RonisZieba, da 1976 wels miRweuli

iqna axali wonasworoba, rodesac saswori meore mxares gadaixara.

swored aRniSnuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT afasebda sasamarTlo

Talidomidis saqmeze sasamarTlo akrZalvis aucileblobas.

rogorc sasamarTlos aRniSnuli hqonda hendisaidis saqmeSi, sityvis

Tavisufleba warmoadgenda demokratiuli szogadoebis erT-erT mTavar sayrdens da

rom igi moicavda iseTi azrebisa da informaciis gavrcelebis Tavisuflebasac,

romlebic „Seuracxmyofeli, Sokismomgvreli da Semawuxebeli iyo saxelmwifos an

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sazogadoebis romelime nawilisaTvis.“ am principebis dacva gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo presisaTvis da Tanabrad gamoiyeneboda marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebis sferoSi, romelic sazogadoebis interesebs emsaxureboda da

moiTxovda informirebul da ganaTlebul sazogadoebasTan TanamSromlobas.

aRiarebuli iyo, rom sasamarTloebi ver ifunqcionirebdnen vakuumSi. marTalia, isini

warmoadgenen davis gadawyvetis erTaderT adgils, magram es imas ar niSnavda, rom

davebis Sesaxeb winaswari msjeloba ar SeiZleba momxdariyo kidev sadme, magaliTad

specialur JurnalebSi, presaSi an sazogadoebaSi. masmediis saSualebebs ar unda

gadaelaxaT is sazRvrebi, romlebic dadgenili iyo marTlmsajulebis jerovnad

ganxorcielebis interesebis dasacavad, magram, maT aseve ekisrebodaT valdebuleba,

gaevrcelebinaT informacia da ideebi sasamarTloTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb, zustad iseve,

rogorc sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone nebismier sxva sakiTxze. masmediis am

funqcias Tan axlda sazogadoebis ufleba, mieRo aRniSnuli informacia.

imis Sefasebisas, eyrdnoboda Tu ara Careva „sakmaris safuZvlebs“, romlebic

mas gaxdida „aucilebels“, mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli saqmisadmi

sazogadoebis interesis xarisxi. konfliqtur interesebs Soris samarTliani balansis

Ziebisas zogierTma mosamarTlem _ lordTa palatis wevrebma _ Camoayalibes

absoluturi wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac dauSvebelia winmswrebi msjeloba da gadawyveta

im sakiTxebisa, romlebic marTlmsajulebis winaSe dgas. amas saqme mihyavda samarTlis

ganuWvretadobamde. garda amisa, lordTa palatis mier inglisuri samarTlis

ganmartebebis Taobaze mosazrebebis gamoTqma ar Sedioda sasamarTlos funqciebSi.

sasamarTlo iZulebuli iyo sxvagvarad Seexeda sakiTxisaTvis. sasamarTlo ar idga or

konfliqtur interess Soris arCevanis gakeTebis pirispir. igi idga sityvis

Tavisuflebis principis winaSe, romelic garkveul gamonaklisebs eqvemdebareboda, da

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, viwrod unda yofiliyo ganmartebuli. garda amisa, me-10 muxlze

sasamarTlos kontroli vrceldeboda ara marto erovnul kanonze, aramed mis

gamoyenebazec.. sakmarisi ar iyo, rom Careva me-10 muxlis gamonaklisebiT yofiliyo

gaTvaliswinebuli. sasamarTlo unda darwmunebuliyo imaSi, rom Careva aucilebeli

iyo saqmis faqtebisa da garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.

sruliad udavo iyo, rom Talidomidis katastrofam sazogadoebis didi

SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. igi svamda sakiTxs, ekisreboda Tu ara uZlieres kompanias,

romelmac wamali bazarze gasayidad gamoitana, moraluri an samarTlebrivi

pasuxismgebloba asobiT adamianis winaSe, romlebmac saSineli piradi tragedia

gadaitanes, Tu msxverpls mxolod sazogadoebis mxardaWeris imedi unda hqonoda;

dRis wesrigSi dgeboda aseve fuZemdebluri sakiTxebi kompensaciis miniWebis uflebis

Taobaze im zianisaTvis, romelic mecnierebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze siaxleebis

danergviT iyo gamowveuli.

mocemul saqmeSi, am tragediis msxverplTa araerT ojaxs, romlebisTvisac

cnobili ar iyo am saqmis iuridiuli sirTuleebi, gaaCndaT sasicocxlod

mniSvnelovani interesi gascnobodnen yvela garemoebas da am sirTuleebis SesaZlo

mogvarebis sxvadasxva gzas. maTTvis esoden mniSvnelovani informaciis aRkveTa,

SeiZleboda daSvebuli yofiliyo mxolod maSin, Tuki iarsebebda absoluturi rwmena,

rom am informaciis gavrceleba warmoadgenda safrTxes „marTlmsajulebis

avtoritetisaTvis“.

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sasamarTlo aRniSnavda Semdegs: 1972 wlis seqtemberSi saqme, momCivanTa

gancxadebiT, samarTlebriv burusSi imyofeboda sul mcire, ramdenime wlis manZilze;

ar iyo cxadi, rodis ganixilavda sasamarTlo mSoblebis mier wardgenil sarCelebs;

ar xorcieldeboda arc sazogadoebrivi gamoZieba am saqmisa.

mTavroba da komisiis umravlesoba miuTiTebda, rom akrZalva ar Seexeboda

„ufro farTo problemebis Sesaxeb“ msjelobas, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, msjeloba

imis Taobaze, Tu rogori iyo inglisuri samarTlis fuZemdebluri midgomebi

daudevrobis samarTlebriv sakiTxze sazogadod, da isic simarTle iyo, rom am

sakiTxze sxvadasxva wreebSi mimdinareobda farTo diskusiebi rogorc maRali

sasamarTlos mier pirveladi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg, ise manamdec, am

gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde. Tumca, sasamarTlo sakmaod xelovnurad miiCnevda

mocemul konkretul saqmeSi „daudevrobis“ sakiTxebis gamijvnas „ufro farTo

problemebisagan“. sakiTxi, Tu vis ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba aseTi tragediis gamo,

aseve warmoadgenda sazogadoebriv interess.

marTali iyo isic, rom Tuki statia gamoqveyndeboda dagegmil dros, kompania

„distilersi“ iZulebuli gaxdeboda, sajarod waredgina Tavisi mosazrebebi saqmis

faqtobrivi garemoebebis Sesaxeb“ saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvamde. magram faqtebi,

ver Sewyvetdnen sazogadoebrivi interesis gamowvevas mxolod imis gamo, rom maT

Sesaxeb sasamarTlo davis ganxilva dasrulebuli ar iyo. zogierTi faqtis

gasajarovebiT statias SeeZlo daemuxruWebina spekulaciuri da arainformirebuli

diskusiis gaCaReba.

yvela zemoaRniSnuli garemoebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, sasamarTlo mivida

daskvnamde, rom gasaCivrebuli CarevisaTvis ar arsebobda „mwvave sazogadoebrivi

saWiroeba“, romelic gadawonida sazogadoebis dainteresebas, ganxorcielebuliyo

sityvis Tavisufleba konvenciis gagebiT. Sesabamisad, me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis

safuZvelze uflebis SezRudvis sasargeblod dasaxelebul mosazrebebs sasamarTlo

arasakmarisad miiCnevda. es SezRudva araTanazomieri iyo dasaxul marTlzomier

mizanTan mimarTebaSi. igi ar iyo aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

sasamarTlos avtoritetis dasacavad.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom (11 xmiT 9-is winaaRmdeg) cno me-10 muxlis darRveva.

imavdroulad, sasamarTlom (erTxmivad) uaryo konvenciis me-10 muxlTan

erTobliobaSi konvenciis me-14 muxlis darRveva.

sasamarTlom (erTxmivad) ar miiCnia saWirod, calke ganexila sakiTxi, iyo Tu

ara saqmeze darRveuli konvenciis me-18 muxli, romelic krZalavs uflebaTa da

TavisuflebaTa SezRudvebis gamoyenebas raime sxva miznebiT, garda imisa, romlebic

konvenciiT aris maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli.

mosamarTleebis - viard kremonis, Tor uiliamsonis, risdalis, ganshof van der

meerSis, ser jerald ficmorisis, bindSedler-robertis, liSisa da maTSeris

erToblivi gansxvavebuli azri.

1. vwuxvarT, rom ver viziarebT Cveni kolegebis umravlesobis azrs, TiTqos

gasaCivrebuli Careva sityvis TavisuflebaSi ewinaaRmdegeba konvencias imis gamo, rom

TiTqos igi ar aris aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sasamarTlos

avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2

punqtis gagebiT.

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2. lordTa palata win aRudga statiis publikacias, ramdenadac miiCnia, rom

misi publikaciiT „sandi taimss“ daadanaSaulebdnen „sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulobisaTvis“. aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTo samarTlis qveynebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli swored am institutis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT iqna konvenciaSi

gaTvaliswinebuli sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da

miukerZoeblobis dasacavad. amgvari SezRudvebi cnobili ar aris umetesi wevri

saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobebiT; masze miTiTeba ar arsebobda konvenciis teqstis

sawyis proeqtSi da masSi Setanili iqna swored britaneTis delegaciis winadadebis

safuZvelze.

gvsurs SegaxsenoT, rom rogorc amas aRiarebs sasamarTlos wevrTa

umravlesoba, sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis normebis saerTo mizani gaxlavT

sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dacva. es normebi iTvaliswinebs, maT

Soris, iseTi (gansakuTrebiT ki presis mier Cadenili) qcevis akrZalvasa da dasjas,

romelic warmoadgens marTlmsajulebaSi Carevas im dros, rodesac saqme imyofeba sub

judice. rac ar unda gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobdes ama Tu im publikaciis

winaswar gansjiTi xasiaTis Taobaze, araerTxel iqna aRiarebuli, rom unda arsebobdes

iseTi publikaciebis akrZalvis SesaZlebloba, romlebic qmnian imis gamowvevis risks,

rasac „gazeTebis sasamarTlos“ uwodeben (ix. lordi reidis, lordi morisis, lordi

diflokis da lordi krosis gamosvlebi lordTa palataSi, am saqmeze sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis 29,30, 31 da 33 punqtebi; mosamarTle lordi deningis gadawyvetileba

saapelacio sasamarTloSi, am gadawyvetilebis 25-e punqti, filimoris moxseneba, p.110).

sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis instituti imas isaxavs miznad, rom sub judice

davis Sesaxeb sazogadoebrivma azrma, sasamarTlo procedurebis garantiebis

ugulvebelyofiT, winaswar ar gansazRvros davis Sedegi da Seqmnas sazogadoebrivi

klimati, rasac ZaluZs ziani miayenos saqmeze marTlmsajulebis saTanadod

ganxorcielebas. sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis institutis mizani is ki ar aris,

rom sasamarTlo ganxilva yovelgvari kritikis miRma daayenos, rogorc es naTqvamia

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi sityvebiT, rom „sasamarTloebi ver ifunqcionireben

vakuumSi“. aravis, arasdros mosvlia azrad amis uaryofa. zemoaRniSnuli instituti

mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli im SezRudvis ganmartebisa da gamoyenebis dros,

romelic sityvis Tavisuflebis mimarT xorcieldeba „sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da

miukerZoeblobis“ dasacavad konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis gagebiT.

1. lordTa palatis mosamarTleebma warmoadgines araerTi argumenti, Tu

ratomac miiCnevdnen aucileblad statiis publikaciis akrZalvas. mosamarTle-

lordebis umravlesobisaTvis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, Cveni azriT, iyo Semdegi:

• SemoTavazebul statias Talidomidis Taobaze presaSi gaCaRebul

kampaniaSi Semohqonda mravali faqti, romlebic Seexeboda Talidomidis damzadebis,

gavrcelebisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxebSi distilersis braleulobasa da daudevrobas;

• statia gadmocemuli iyo imgvari formiT, rom informaciidan gamomdinare,

iqmneboda suraTi „distilersis“ mier aSkara daudevrobis Cadenis Taobaze.

• publikaciis gamoqveynebis meSveobiT, sakiTxi daudevrobis Taobaze,

romelic warmoadgenda umTavres principul sakiTxs sasamarTlos mier gansaxilvel

davaSi defeqtiani bavSvebis mSoblebsa da „distilerss“ Soris, aRmoCndeboda presis

mier winaswar gadawyvetilad, maSin rodesac marTlmsajulebas jer ar hqonda

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gamotanili Tavisi verdiqti kanoniT dadgenili saTanado proceduris dacviT,

romelic mxareTa procesualur uflebebs uzrunvelyofs.

• presis mier saqmis „gadawyveta“ gardauvlad gamoiwvevda mxareebis mier

saqmeze TavianTi pasuxis gacemas isev presis meSveobiT, amiT ki Seqmnida „saqmis

sagazeTo ganxilvis risks“, rac SeuTavsebelia marTlmsajulebis saTanadod

ganxorcielebasTan.

• sasamarTlos ekisreboda valdebuleba, daecva mxareebi zianisagan,

romelic miadgebodaT amgvari viTarebis dros, da agreTve, im aucileblobisagan, Tavad

CarTuliyvnen sasamarTlomdel polemikaSi.

aRniSnuli safuZvlebi mTlianad SeTavsebadia marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebis im mizanTan, romelic gamoxatulia konvenciaSi cnebiT _ „sasamarTlos

avtoriteti da miukerZoebloba“.

cnobad unda iqnes miRebuli, rom im zomiT, ra zomiTac zemoaRniSnuli

safuZvlebi Seexeba saqmis mxareTa interesebis dacvas, isini Tanabrad Seesabameba „sxva

pirTa uflebebis dacvis“ mizans, romelic agreTvea gaTvaliswinebuli me-10 muxlis me-

2 punqtSi.

2. gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi, romlebis gangvacalkevebs Cveni kolegebisagan,

uwinaresad Seexeba Carevis aucileblobas da Sefasebis Tavisuflebas, romelic

gadacemuli aqvT erovnul xelisuflebebs.

3. iyo Tu ara aucilebeli sxva msgavsi statiebis publikaciebis dabrkoleba

marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcielebis uzrunvelsayofad? lordTa palataSi

gamosvlebidan irkveva, rom mosamarTle lordebi sakuTar Tavs usvamdnen am kiTxvas,

rodesac sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobaze saubrobdnen. ase magaliTad, lordma

reidma ganacxada: „(sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis instituti) emsaxureba

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi Carevis aRkveTas da igi unda Semoifarglos imiT,

rac gonivrulad aucilebelia am miznis misaRwevad“. analogiurad, lordma krosma da

lordma Celsim SeniSnes Semdegi: „Tu savaraudo sasamarTlosadmi upativcemuloba

mdgomareobs samoqalaqo an sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis sasamarTlo ganxilvebis

Taobaze kerZod an sajarod azris gamoTqmaSi, maSin es instituti warmoadgens sityvis

TavisuflebaSi Carevas. da me veTanxmebi Cems keTilSobil mecnier kolegas (lord

reids), rom aucilebelia fxizlad vadevnoT Tvali, raTa sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulobis normebma imaze metad ar daabrkolos sityvis Tavisuflebis

ganxorcieleba, vidre es gonivrulad aucilebelia marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebaSi Carevis aRkveTis uzrunvelyofisaTvis“.

4. rodesac lordTa palata akrZalvis aucileblobis sakiTxs wyvetda, saqme

Seexeboda erovnuli samarTlis gamoyenebas. meore mxriv, rodesac Cveni sasamarTlo

ganixilavs am sakiTxs, igi amas axorcielebs konvenciis me-10 muxlze miTiTebiT,

romelic erTdroulad or mizans iTvaliswinebs am saqmesTan rom aqvs Semxebloba:

„sityvis Tavisufleba“, romelic garantirebulia rogorc demokratiuli sazogadoebis

organizaciis fuZemdebluri principi, da „sasamarTlos avtoriteti da

miukerZoebloba“, romelic garantirebulia imave zomiT, ra zomiTac misi dacva

aucilebelia aseT sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos es ori mizani

Tanazomierebis principTan kavSirSi.

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imis gansasazRvrad, iyo Tu ara saWiro mocemul garemoebebSi me-10 muxlis 1-li

punqtiT daculi sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva marTlmsajulebis interesebis

dasacavad, romelic amave muxlis me-2 punqtSia miTiTebuli, aucilebelia aiwonos,

erTi mxriv, mocemuli da sxva msgavsi publikaciebis akrZalviT presis

TavisuflebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani, xolo meore mxriv, ziani, romelic am

publikaciebs SeiZleboda mieyenebina marTlmsajulebis saTanadod

ganxorcielebisaTvis saqmeebze, romlebic im droisaTvis ganxilvaSi imyofeboda. me-10

muxlis konteqstSi es niSnavs balansis Ziebas presis mier Tavisi uflebebis

ganxorcielebasa da am uflebebis realizaciis SezRudvis aucileblobas Soris

„sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoblobis interesebis dasacavad“. cxadia, ar

arsebobs imis Sexsenebis aucilebloba, Tu raoden mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs

inglisSi sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis

saqmeSi.

5. sasamarTlos ukve hqonda SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT hendisaidis

saqmeze 1976 wlis 7 dekembris gadawyvetilebaSi, gadmoeca swori midgoma cnebis -

„aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi“ _ ganmartebisas me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis

gagebiT, da mieTiTebina, Tu raSi xedavda Tavis valdebulebas am muxlis ganmartebisa

da gamoyenebis dros, da ra gziT apirebda igi am valdebulebis Sesrulebas.

sasamarTlom am gadawyvetilebaSi ganacxada, rom swored erovnuli

xelisufleba iZleoda mwvave sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis realurobis Sefasebas, rasac

moicavda cneba „aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi“. me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebs aniWebda Sefasebis Tavisuflebas, romliTac

„sargeblobdnen rogorc Sida kanonmdebeli... ise saxelmwifo organoebi, maT Soris,

sasamarTloebi, romlebic mowodebulni arian ganmarton da gamoiyenon moqmedi

kanonebi“ (ix. hendisaidis saqmis gadawyvetileba, p. 28).

Sefasebis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs garkveuli xarisxis damoukideblobas da

gamoiyeneba umTavresad im saSiSroebis Sefasebisas, rasac me-10 muxlis 1-li punqtiT

daculi Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebis konkretuli SemTxveva warmoSobs me-10 muxlis

me-2 punqtSi CamoTvlili interesebisaTvis; aseve im RonisZiebebs, romlebic am

safrTxis Tavidan acilebisaken aris mimarTuli. aseTi Sefasebis dros, romelic unda

xorcieldebodes gonivrulad, emyarebodes saqmis faqtebs, mocemul qveyanaSi arsebul

viTarebas da mis mosalodnel ganviTarebas, erovnuli xelisufleba, principulad,

ufro kompetenturia, vidre saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo.

6. amavdroulad, me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti ar aniWebs monawile saxelmwifoebs

Sefasebis ganusazRvrel Tavisuflebas. komisias da sasamarTlos evalebaT

uzrunvelyon am saxelmwifoebis mier nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba (me-19 muxli).

sasamarTlo kompetenturia gadawyvitos „SezRudvisa“ da „sanqciis“ SeTavsebadoba

sityvis TavisuflebasTan, romelic me-10 muxliT aris daculi. ase rom, Sida Sefasebis

Tavisufalebas Tan axlavs evropuli kontroli (hendisaidi, p. 49). es kontroli, pirvel

rigSi, mowodebulia daadginos, moqmedebda Tu ara erovnuli xelisufleba

keTilsindisierad, frTxilad da gonivrulad faqtebisa da garemoebebis, da aseve im

safrTxis Sefasebisas, romelic SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis

interesebisaTvis. man aseve unda adevnos Tval-yuri, rom sazogadoebaSi, romelsac

surs darCes demokratiul sazogadoebad, sityvis Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli

RonisZiebebi Tanazomierad Seesabamebodnen dasaxul marTlzomier miznebs (hendisaidi,

176

p. 49. klaasi da sxvebi, p. 49). Cven gvsurs imis Sexseneba, rom SeuZlebelia demokratiuli

sazogadoebis arseboba, Tuki „fluralizmi, tolerantuloba da liberalizmi“ ver

hpoulobs gamoxatvis efeqtian saSualebebs demokratiuli institutebis sistemaSi da,

Tuki es sistema ar aris agebuli samarTlis uzenaesobis sawyisebze, ar iTvaliswinebs

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis qmedebebze efeqtian kontrols marTlmsajulebis

organoebis mxridan saparlamento kontrolisaTvis zianis miuyeneblad (klaasi da

sxvebi, p. 55) da ar uzrunvelyofs adamianisadmi pativiscemas.

Sesabamisad, marTalia, kompetenturi erovnuli sasamarTloebis Canacvleba ar

warmoadgens sasamarTlos amocanas, magram man me-10 muxlis safuZvelze kontrolis

meSveobiT unda ganixilos gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic gamotanilia am

sasamarTloebis mier TavianTi diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi (hendisaidi,

p. 50).

7. hendisaidis saqmeSi, romelic Seexeboda publikacias, romlis akrZalvac

erovnulma sasamarTloebma aucileblad miiCnies „zneobis dasacavad“, sasamarTlom

miiCnia, rom kompetentur Sida organoebs Sesabamis konkretul dros „ufleba hqondaT

evaraudaT“, rom publikacias SeeZlo damRupveli zegavlena moexdina im bavSvebisa da

mozardebis zneobisa da janmrTelobisaTvis, romlebic mas waikiTxavdnen.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom unda ganixilos sakiTxi, hqonda Tu ara

lordTa palatas „ufleba evarauda“, rom statiis publikacia drois Sesabamis

periodSi negatiur zemoqmedebas moaxdenda marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaze im

sarCelebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic ganxilvis procesSi imyofeboda.

Cveni kolegebis umravlesobisTvis marTlmsajulebis avtoritetis sakiTxebze

erovnuli Sefasebis Tavisuflebis farglebi ufro viwroa, vidre is farglebi,

romelic erovnul saxelmwifoebs zneobis dacvis sferoSi aqvT miniWebuli. Cveni

kolegebi amtkiceben, rom cneba _ „marTlmsajulebis avtoriteti“ gacilebiT ufro

obieqturia, vidre „zneobis“ cneba; rom xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis Sida

kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikas gacilebiT meti aqvT saerTo pirvel cnebasTan

mimarTebaSi da rom am saerTo safuZvelma Tavisi asaxva hpova konvenciaSi, maT Soris,

me-6 muxlSi.

Cven ver gaviziarebT amgvar azrs.

marTalia, me-6 muxlis Sinaarsis Taobaze bevri saerTo SeiZleba iyos

xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebSi da albaT arsebobs kidevac, magram faqtad rCeba is

garemoeba, rom samarTalwarmoebis institutebi da procedura SeiZleba arsebiTad

gansxvavdebodes am qveynebSi. amgvarad, imisgan gansxvavebiT, rasac sasamarTlos

umravlesoba miiCnevs, marTlmsajulebis avtoritetis cneba aranairad ar aris

mowyvetili erovnul Taviseburebebs da SeuZlebelia igi ganisazRvros rogorc

erTgvarovani. ufro metic, unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli SemTxveva me-6 muxliT

daregulirebul sakiTxebs ki ar Seexeba, aramed arkvevs, SeeZlo Tu ara publikacias

sub judice davis Sesaxeb xeli SeeSala marTlmsajulebis jerovnad ganxorcielebisaTvis.

marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcieleba ki, imis garda rac me-6 muxlSia

miTiTebuli, kidev mraval garemoebazea damokidebuli, maT Soris, sxva procesualur

normebsa da sasamarTlo dawesebulebebis damakmayofilebel funqcionirebaze.

zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebi srulad inarCunebs TavianT mniSvnelobas iseTi

qmedebebisa da viTarebebis mimarT, romlebsac ZaluZT ziani miayenon marTlmsajulebis

jerovnad ganxorcielebas, risi Sefasebac mxolod erovnul konteqstSi da Sesabamisi

177

drois gaTvaliswinebiT aris SesaZlebeli. amgvarad, erovnulma xelisuflebam unda

moaxdinos pirveladi Sefaseba saSiSroebisa, romelic marTlmsajulebis avtoritets

emuqreba da imsjelos imaze, Tu ra Semakavebeli RonisZiebebi iqneba aucilebeli am

safrTxis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi SeiZleba icvlebodnen

mocemuli qveynis samarTlebrivi sistemisa da tradiciebis Taviseburebebisda mixedviT.

im farglebSi, romlebic SeTavsebadia demokratiuli sazogadoebisadmi wayenebul

moTxovnebTan, dainteresebuli saxelmwifo Tavisufalia Tavad gansazRvros, rogori

meTodebi ineba ufro Sesaferisi marTlmsajulebis avtoritetis dacvis

xelSesawyobad (saqme „enebis Sesaxeb belgiaSi“, seria A, t. 6. gv. 34-35).

1. gaerTianebul samefoSi „sasamarTlosadmi upativcemuloba“ erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani institutia, romelic sasamarTloebis saTanado funqcionirebas

uzrunvelyofs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, konvenciis avtorebs swored es instituti

hqondaT mxedvelobaSi, rodesac konvenciis me-10 muxlSi Semoitanes „sasamarTlos

avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelyofis“ cneba. sasamarTlosadmi

upativcemulobis normebis dacvis amocana ergo erovnul sasamarTloebs. am

mimarTebaSi, Cven udavod gvesaxeba, rom lordTa palata ufro kompetenturia, vidre

Cveni sasamarTlo im sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, Seesabameboda Tu ara sityvis

Tavisuflebis mocemuli SemTxveva marTlmsajulebis avtoritetis dacvas

gaerTianebul samefoSi; iyo Tu ara konkretul garemoebebSi misi SezRudva

aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

es ar unda iqnas imgvarad gagebuli, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis yoveli SezRudva,

romelic Sida sasamarTlom aucileblad cno sasamarTlosadmi pativiscemis

uzrunvelsayofad, savaldebulo wesiT unda ganixilebodes rogorc „aucilebeli“

konvenciis gagebiT. Sida sasamarTloebis Sefaseba im mavne zianisa, rac konkretul

publikacias SeeZlo mieyenebina marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcielebisaTvis

gaerTianebul samefoSi, principulad aris sayuradRebo da angariSgasawevi. amis

miuxedavad, ar gamoiricxeba albaToba, rom gamoyenebuli RonisZiebebi gascdnen im

farglebs, rac ganixileba rogorc „aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi“

konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis gagebiT.

2. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi gadmocemuli faqtebi naTelhyofs, rom

akrZaluli statiis proeqti iyo erT-erTi maTgani Talidomidis tragediis Sesaxeb im

mravalricxovani reportaJebidan, romlebic qveyndeboda sxvadasxva dros, moyolebuli

1967 wlidan, „sandi taimsSi“ da sxva gazeTebSi. es reportaJebi miznad isaxvda, erTi

mxriv, sazogadoebis informirebas, da meore mxriv, yovel SemTxvevaSi isini, romlebic

„sandi taimsSi“ ibeWdeboda, „distilersze“ zewolas da dazaralebulebisaTvis

SeTavazebuli kompensaciis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.

Tumca Sesabamisi drois monakveTSi mSoblebis mier zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb

„distilersisaTvis“ wardgenili mTeli rigi sarCelebi elodeboda sasamarTlo

ganxilvas, presaSi warmoebuli kampania ar iwvevda raime reaqcias, imgvars, romelic

sasamarTlos Carevas saWiroebda. erTaderTi akrZalva gamocemuli iqna swored am

statiis Taobaze _ mocemuli ganxilvis saganze _ romlis proeqtic gazeTma „sandi

taimsma“ gadasca generalur prokurors, raTa darwmunebuliyo, rom misi gamoqveyneba

ar iqneboda miCneuli „sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis“ aqtad. lordTa palatis _

saboloo instanciis sasamarTlos _ azriT, akrZalva efuZneboda mocemuli statiis

metad specifikur xasiaTs, riTac igi gansxvavdeboda ufro adrindeli

178

reportaJebisagan. mosamarTle lordebis azriT, misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom igi Seicavda mraval manamde gamouqveynebel faqts, romelic

Seexeboda „distilersis“ braleulobis sakiTxs. statiaSi iyo mtkicebulebebis

gadasinjvis mcdeloba da yovelive es ganxorcielebuli iyo imgvarad, rac qmnida

STabeWdilebas, rom „distilersma“ Caidina daudevroba. amgvarad, statia, erTgvarad

winmswrebad wyvetda am sub judice davis umTavres, sakvanZo sakiTxs. aseTi winmswrebi

gadawyvetileba gardauvlad gamoiwvevda „distilersis“ mxridan pasuxs da saboloo

jamSi saqme mividoda „gazeTebis sasamarTlomde“, rac xels SeuSlida sasamarTlo

procesis normalur warmarTvas.

zogierTi mosamarTle lordis azriT, gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi, statia iqneboda

sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis aqti damatebiT kidev imitom, rom igi axorcielebda

zewolas kompaniaze im mizniT, raTa mas mSvidobianad moeregulirebina dava da ar

miemarTa sasamarTlo dacvis saSualebisaTvis. zogierTi lordi miiCnevda, rom

sasamarTloSi ganxilvis molodinSi myof saqmeze yovelgvari winmswrebi

gadawyvetileba miuRebelia, imis miuxedavad, Tu rogori zianis gamowveva SeuZlia mas

realurad. Cven ar miviCnevT aucileblad, ganvixiloT yvela es mosazreba, vinaidan,

maT, rogorc Cans, ver Seasrules ganmsazRvreli roli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, statia, romelzedac aris saubari, sagangebod ganixilavda

faqtobriv garemoebebs, rac arsebiTi iyo daudevrobaSi braleulobisaTvis da

gadmoscemda faqtebs am mosazrebis mxardasaWerad. swored amgvari publikaciebi qmnian

im riskebs, romelTa acilebac surda lordTa palats Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT.

ai, ratom miviCnevT, rom lordTa palatas, yvela faqtoris Sefasebis Semdeg

hqonda safuZveli mieCnia, rom statiis publikacia gavlenas moaxdenda sasamarTlo

procesze da rom es zians miayenebda marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcielebas da

sasamarTlos avtoritets. erovnuli mosamarTle, ra Tqma unda, ukeTes mdgomareobaSia,

vidre es sasamarTlo, gadawyvitos, iqneba Tu ara sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagnis

Taobaze statia „winmswrebi gadawyvetileba“ da gamoiwvevs Tu ara „sagazeTo procesis“

risks.

1. momCivnebi evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe amtkicebdnen, rom „distilersis“

winaaRmdeg mSoblebis mier aRZruli davebi gansaxilvel periodSi „mZinare

mdgomareobaSi“ iyo. Tavis moxsenebaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam nakleb

savaraudod miiCnia erTi mxriv is, rom saqmeTa didi raodenoba, romelTa Taobazec

maSin mimdinareobda molaparakebebi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT dasruldeboda;

xolo meore mxriv is, rom saqmeebze, sadac mSoblebs TavianTi principuli

mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, ar surdaT morigebaze wasvla, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebebi ganWvretad momavalSi iqneboda miRebuli.

saqmeTa mdgomareobis Sefaseba imazea damokidebuli, Tu ras SeiZleba

movelodoT mSvidobiani morigebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebisagan, romlebzedac

mSoblebi Tanaxmani arian... da am saqmeebze Sewydeba warmoeba, maSin rodesac sxva

saqmeebi gagrZeldeba. sxva sityvebiT, Sefaseba imazea damokidebuli, rogoria met-

naklebad axlo perspeqtiva mSvidobiani morigebisa Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

gamotanisa. amgvari Sefasebis ganxorcielebisas, romelic moicavs imdroindeli

faqtobrivi movlenebisa da procesualuri momentebis mxedvelobaSi miRebas, erovnuli

mosamarTle principulad ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre es sasamarTlo. Cveni

179

mosazrebiT, lordTa palatas „gaaCnda safuZveli evarauda“, rom arsebul garemoebebSi

Sesabamisi saqmeebi ver iqneboda miCneuli „mZinare mdgomareobaSi myofad“.

2. zemoaRniSnul mosazrebebs mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom erovnuli

sasamarTloebis mier im riskis Sefaseba, rom statias SeeZlo xeli SeeSala

marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcielebisaTvis, da aseve maTi Sefaseba amkrZalavi

RonisZiebis aucileblobis Taobaze, romelic Sida samarTlis konteqstSi iyo

miRebuli, miCneul unda iqnes gonivrulad.

amis miuxedavad, swored am sasamarTlos saqmea Seafasos, iyo Tu ara

publikaciis sasamarTlo akrZalva dasaxuli kanonieri miznis Tanazomieri da SeiZleba

Tu ara igi miCneul iqnes aucileblad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sasamarTlos

avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis dasacavad me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis gagebiT.

amisaTvis sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos ara marto marTlmsajulebis

interesebi, romelmac, rogorc erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebidan Cans,

akrZalvis aucilebloba ganapiroba, aramed am RonisZiebis Sedegebic presis

TavisuflebisaTvis, romelic konvenciiT garantirebulia rogorc „demokratiuli

sazogadoebis erT-erTi mTavari burji“ da arsebiTi winapiroba sazogadoebis

progresisa da ganviTarebisaTvis (hendisaidi, p. 40).

akrZalul statiaSi saubari iyo tragediaze, romelic umaRlesi xarisxis

sazogadoebriv interess warmoadgenda. rogorc komisiam miuTiTa samarTlianad, amgvar

viTarebaSi, daudevrobis obieqturad Sefaseba iZenda sajaro interess: imis analizic,

Tu vis ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba, da sazogadoebis informirebac, cxadia, presis

kanonier funqciebs warmoadgenda.

amasTan, mxedvelobis arealis miRma ar unda darCes is garemoeba, rom lordTa

palatis mier presis publikaciis SezRudva ar aris TalidomidiT gamowveul

tragediaze msjelobis saerTo akrZalvis igiveobrivi. akrZalva atarebda SezRudul

xasiaTs rogors akrZalvis sagnis, ise misi moqmedebis vadebTan mimarTebaSi.

3. „sandi taimss“ aekrZala iseTi statiebis gamoqveyneba, romlebic

warmoadgenda „winmswreb gadawyvetilebas“ daudevrobis Cadenis sakiTxze da afasebda

faqtobriv mtkicebulebebs, romlebic sarCelebis safuZvlebs warmoadgenda. sxva

informaciis gamoqveyneba anda msjeloba saqmis sxva aspeqtebis Taobaze xeluxlebeli

darCa. „sandi taimss“ araferi abrkolebda gaerZelebina Tavisi publikaciebi, magram

Tavi Seekavebina winmswrebi gadawyvetilebisa da Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis

ganxilvisagan. akrZalva ar Seexeboda agreTve inglisuri normebis kritikas

produqciis mwarmoebelTa pasuxismgeblobaze, iseve rogorc, saqmis moraluri mxaris

Sefasebas. amitom, rTulia, mxari davuWiroT am gadawyvetilebaSi gamoTqmul

mosazrebas, rom akrZaluli da daSvebuli sferoebis gamijvna xelovnur xasiaTs

atarebda.

ufro metic: gadawyvetilebaSi gadmocemuli varaudi, TiTqos „sandi taimsis“

publikacia Tundac imitom iyo saWiro, rom igi warmoadgenda erTaderT saSualebas,

romlis wyalobiTac dazaralebuli ojaxebi aucilebel informacias miiRebdnen, ar

gvesaxeba marTebulad. dazaralebuli ojaxebi sargeblobdnen im iuridiuli firmis

rCevebiT, romlisTvisac kargad iyo cnobili saqmis arsebiTi garemoebebis udidesi

nawili. ufro metic: arsebobs myari safuZvlebi im varaudisaTvis, rom Tavad „sandi

taimsmac“ swored am firmis iuristebisagan moipova informacia.

180

4. akrZalvis xangrZlivobasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom misi

gacemis erTaderT mizans imis miRweva warmoadgenda, rom drois gansazRvrul periodSi

naadrev publikaciebs ziani ar mieyenebina am sasamarTlo davaze marTlmsajulebis

saTanadod ganxorcielebisaTvis. lordTa palatis azriT, statiis publikaciis

akrZalva ganpirobebuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom am saqmeebze sasamarTlo ganxilvebi

im droisaTvis jer dasrulebuli ar iyo. lordebma ganWvrites, rom viTareba

Seicvleboda SesaZloa manamdec ki, sanam sasamarTlo procesebi srulad

damTavrdeboda; rom balansi marTlmsajulebis interesebsa da presis Tavisuflebas

Soris Seicvleboda da sasamarTlo akrZalva SeiZleboda gauqmebuliyo.

am TvalsazrisiT mravlismetyvelia lordi reidis gancxadeba (1974):

„sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis normebis mizani aseTi masalebis gamoqveynebis

akrZalva ki ar aris, aramed mxolod maTi gadavadeba. warmodgenili informacia

gvaZlevs safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom SeiZleba male gamoCndes am ubedurebasTan

dakavSirebuli davebis regulirebis saerTo sqema. maSin SeiZleba davrToT amgvari

masalebis gamoqveynebis neba. magram Tu saqme gaWianurdeba gaurkveveli droiT da ar

iarsebebs mSvidobiani morigebisa da sasamarTlo ganxilvis axlo perspeqtiva, maSin

dRis wesrigSi dadgeba sakiTxi, sazogadoebrivi interesebis arsebul Sefaseba

gadaixedos aseT unikalur viTarebasTan mimarTebaSi“. cnobad unda iqnes

gaTvaliswinebuli SeniSvna, romelic gamoTqva lordma krosma Celsidan: „araferi

uSlis xels mopasuxes („sandi taimss“) mimarTos (sasamarTlo akrZalvis) gauqmebis

SuamdgomlobiT, Tuki miiCnevs, rom arsebiTi faqtebis safuZvelze igi SeZlebs

sasamarTlos darwmunebas, rom akrZalvis gagrZelebisaTvis aRar arsebobs

safuZvlebi“.

warmodgenili mtkicebulebebidan ar Cans, rom „sandi taimss“ odesme miemarTa

amgvari SuamdgomlobiT manamde, sanam akrZalva generaluri prokuroris

SuamdgomlobiT gauqmdeboda im safuZvliT, rom sazogadoebrivi interesi aRar

moiTxovda mis SenarCunebas. da marTlac, viTareba Talidomidis saqmis garSemo im

droisaTvis Seicvala. kompania „distilerssa“ da mSobelTa umravlesobasTan

mSvidobiani morigebis Semdeg sasamarTlo akrZalva moqmedebda mxolod ramdenime

dausrulebel saqmesTan mimarTebaSi.

Cvens xelT ar aris sakmarisi safuZvlebi imis varaudisaTvis, rom akrZalvis

ufro adreuli gauqmeba arsebuli viTarebiT gamarTlebuli iyo. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,

gauqmebis misaRwevad Tavad momCivnebs araviTari mcdeloba ar hqondaT

ganxorcielebuli.

5. zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebis gamo vaskvniT, rom presis TavisuflebaSi

Careva, romelic erovnulma sasamarTloebma sasamarTlosadmi upativcemulobis

normebis Sesabamisad aucileblad miiCnies marTlmsajulebis interesebisaTvis, ar

gascdenia im farglebs, rac miCneulia aucileblad demokratiul saogadoebaSi

„sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis“ dasacavad me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis

gagebiT.

veyrdnobiT ra sasamarTloSi Semosul masalebs, me-10 muxlis darRvevas ar

miviCnevT dadgenilad.

181

Eva Gotsiridze

Case of „Sunday Times“

Summary

In our society restriction of freedom of expression is perceived as an unacceptable censorship, even if it is

done for the sake of preservation of independence and impartiality of the judiciary. This is not surprising. There

always is a big public interest when it comes to high-profile cases and people have the right to get information and

have their opinion on such cases and about the proper functioning of the Judiciary. For these reason, it seems

inconceivable that it should be restricted to broadcast the information and comments regarding the proceedings,

but in reality, sometimes, quite contrary is at hand. Certain information and commentary can cause serious damage

to the proper administration of justice and to the parties. That is why Article 10 of the European Convention on

Human Rights, that guarantees the right to freedom of expression and information at the same time, can be subject

to certain restrictions that are `in accordance with law~ and `necessary in a democratic society~. Several recent

facts from near past clearly reaffirmed that in some occasion media coverage of court proceedings can have more

negative than positive results, in terms that it can have unnecessary pressure on Judiciary and be harmful to the

parties involved. This can be especially outlined when media coverage of court proceedings are transformed into

`trials by the media~, that would prejudice the due administration of justice and can cause formation of public

opinion in favor of one or another party of the case.

In this journal we are publishing brief version of one of the most famous decisions of the ECHR - CASE OF

THE SUNDAY TIMES v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (26 April 1979) which is about the restriction of the

freedom of the press in order to protect the authority and impartiality of the courts. This decision is followed by

joint dissenting opinion of several judges (full text available). Though it is true that in the aforementioned case the

European Court of Human Rights held that the there was violation of the paper's right to freedom of expression

under Article 10 ECHR, nevertheless, court once again confirmed the legitimacy of restriction of freedom where

appropriate, in order to protect authority of the Judiciary – the idea, that is outright rejected in Georgian reality.

Both the decision and dissenting opinion revealed different aspects of the value conflict between freedom of speech

and interests of Justice, and exposed traditional problems and arguments for and against of these opposing interests.

This case is important also for other reason, particularly, how English common law interpreted `Contempt of

Court~ and whether this common law institute was in compliance with the European Convention. Article 10 ECHR

stipulates that one of the legitimate ground that can justify restriction of freedom of expression is protection of the

authority and impartiality of the judiciary. It should be noted that this legitimate aim for the restriction was absent

in the original draft of the Convention and upon the proposal of the British delegation, it was introduced into the

Convention.

It is planned that in depth analysis of this decision and related topics will be provided in the next volume of

this journal.

182

sarCevi

istoria

roin metreveli, bedi levilis mamulisa...................................................................................................................6-10

vaxtang guruli, giorgi XII-is diplomatia (1798-1800)................................................................................11-48

rozeta gujejiani, religiur dReobaTa transformaciisa da

paganizebis konkretuliı magaliTebi svaneTis tradiciuli yofidan...................................49-55ı

levan jiqia, berZnebis afxazeTidan gasaxlebis istoriisaTvis (1949-1955)...........................56-61

merab kalandaZe, erTi aqtualuri problemis gamo, anu dava udavo sakiTxze..................62-69

mirian xositaSvili, zogierTi mosazreba Tbilisis sagareubno zonis

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT..........................................................................................................70-74

dodo gelaSvili-beriZe, erovnuli sabWos moRvaweoba umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis organizebisaTvis (1918 wlis maisi-1919 wlis ianvari).......................................75-83

valeri kekenaZe, saCxeris municipalitetis istoriuli toponimia,

gzebi, saTavadoebi............................................................................................................................................................................84-92

irakli TezelaSvili, masalebi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis IX adgilobrivi krebisaTvis......................................................................................................................93-113

filologia

tariel futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qarTvelur

idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqtiva..............................................................................115-134

manana tabiZe, mSobliuri enis swavlebis problemebi Tanamedrove ganaTlebis

konteqstSi............................................................................................................................................................................................135-143

irine tabataZe, mSobliuri literatura da zneobrivi aRzrda....................................................144-150

nana abulaZe, ojaxisa da qorwinebis uZvelesi formebis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis

megrul poetur folklorSi. „pirveli Ramis uflebis“ kvali megrul

zepirsityvierebaSi.......................................................................................................................................................................151-156

samarTali

mindia ugrexeliZe, adamianis uflebaTa ucxourenovani mokle iuridiuli

frazeologia qarTuli mecnieruli ganmartebis TanxlebiT.........................................................158-160

eva, gociriZe, `Sunday Times~-is saqme............................................................................................................................161-181

183

Content

History

Roin Mmetreveli, The fate of the estate Levil.................................................................................................................................6-10

Wakhtang Guruli, Diplomacy of George XII of Georgia (1798-1800).............................................................................11-48

Rozeta Gujejiani, Specific examples of transformation and paganization of religious holidays

from Svans’ traditional life.......................................................................................................................................................................49-55

Levan Jikia, History of expulsion of Greeks from Abkhazia (1949-1955)...................................................................56-61

Merab Kalandadze, The most urgent problem, that is matter of dispute undisputed...................................................62-69

Mirian Khositashvili, Some considerations on Tbilisi suburban zone development prospects.............................70-74

Dodo Gelashvili-Beridze, The Work of the National Council for Organizing the Supreme

Executive Government (May 1918 - January 1919)......................................................................................................................75-83

Valeri Kekenadze, Historical Toponymy, Roads and Estates of Sachkhere Municipality......................................84-92

Irakli Tezelashvili, Materials for the 9th Local Council of the Georgian Orthodox Apostolic Church.................93-113

Philology

Tariel Putkaradze, Retrospect of Language and Dialect Distinction Criteria and Politicizing Qualification

of Kartvelian Idioms...............................................................................................................................................................................115-134

Manana Tabidze, Problems of Teaching Native Language within the Context of Contemporary

Education............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................135-143

Irine Tabatadze, Native Literature and Moral Rear...............................................................................................................144-150

Nana Abuladze, Some Issues about Ancient Forms of Family and Marriage in Megrelian Folk The

Trace of the First Night Right In Megrelian Folk....................................................................................................................151-156

jurisprudence

Mindia Ugrekhelidze, Human Rights in Foreign-Language Phraseology in Brief Accompanied by -

Georgian Definitions..............................................................................................................................................................................158-160

Eva Gotsiridze, Case of „Sunday Times“...................................................................................................................................161-181

humanitarul mecnierebata da samartlis fakultetis...

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