humanist approaches to education
TRANSCRIPT
Behaviourism – recap
1. Pavlov studied digestion and salivation in:
a) humans
b) giraffes
c) dogs
2. What is the difference between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response?
Behaviourism - recap
3. What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
4. Behaviourism a s_ _ _ _ _ _ fic approach to psychology and learning.
What shall we do for the rest of this session?
What do you know about humanism?
(Not just in relation to learning and education.)
https://humanism.org.uk
Interesting link – Elliott Eisner
How can I be happy?
Some key ideas …
• meaning
• authority
• happiness
• being unique
• “no simple recipes”
Humanism in psychology
• “Humanistic, humanism and humanist are terms in psychology relating to an approach which studies the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.”
• “Humanism is a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving.”
• “Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual's behavior is connected to their inner feelings and self concept.”
McLeod, S. A. (2007). Humanism. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html
Maslow
McLeod, S. A. (2007). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987
Passionate about education that engaged with the whole person and with their experiences.
He saw the following five elements as being part of significant or experiential learning:
1. It has a quality of personal involvement – feelings and
cognition
2. It is self-initiated – even when initiated from the outside,
the sense of discovery, of reaching out, of
comprehending, comes from within
3. It is pervasive – makes a difference to the behaviour,
attitudes and personality of the learner
4. It is evaluated by the learner – whether they are
learning what they need to learn
5. Its essence is meaning – when learning takes place the
meaning is built into the whole experienceClick on Carl
“Rogers saw the facilitation of learning as the
main aim of education. He believed that
teachers should create supportive learning
environments where they could work with
pupils to achieve mutually agreed goals. In
these supportive classrooms, he argued,
children would grow to love learning. He was
against traditional transmission teaching where
teachers are the font of all knowledge and
pupils receivers.”
Describe a “supportive learning environment”
A. S. Neill - Humanism in practice!
“The function of a child is to live his own
life – not the life that his anxious parents
think he should live, nor a life according
to the purpose of the educator who
thinks he knows best.”
Click picture
Summerhill School
• Optional attendance based on the belief that children learn more effectively when they learn by choice rather than by compulsion
• Students progress at their own pace
• Equal voice of staff and students Watch this video
Michel de Montaigne (1533 – 1592)
“Teachers are forever bawling into our ears as though pouring knowledge down through a funnel: our task is merely to repeat what we have been told.”(‘On educating children’)
Clicketh me
John Holt “How Children Fail” (1964)
“Schools, he said, promote and atmosphere of fear - fear of failure, humiliation or disapproval – and that severely affects a child’s capacity for intellectual growth.”
Click for website
Modern Day Humanism - Andragogy
• The term andragogy was originally formulated by a German teacher, Alexander Kapp, in 1833 (Nottingham Andragogy Group 1983: v).
• He used it to describe elements of Plato's education theory
• Malcolm Knowles used this phrase in the 80’s and it is now synonymous with How Adults learn
Smith, M. K. (1996; 1999) 'Andragogy', the encyclopaedia of informal education, http://www.infed.org/lifelonglearning/b-andra.htm.
Malcolm Knowles – Proposed 6 Principles of Adult Learning
1. Adults need to know why, what and how they
are learning.
2. Their self-concept is important. They often wish
to be autonomous and self-directing.
3. Their prior experience is influential. It can be
used as a resource for current learning. It can also
shape attitudes to current learning.
Malcolm Knowles – Proposed 6 Principles of Adult Learning
4.Readiness to learn is important. Adults usually
learn best when something is of immediate value.
5.Adults often focus on solving problems in
contexts or situations that are important to them.
6.Motivation to learn tends to be based on the
intrinsic value of learning and the personal pay-off.
Knowles, M S (1973, 1990) The adult learner: a neglected species, Houston, Gulf Publishing
Key principles of adult learning
Interactive activity
• http://resources4adultlearning.excellencegateway.org.uk/cpd/generic/keyprinciplesactivity.htm
Promoting learning – humanistic principles
• Need to know
• Readiness to learn
• Autonomy and self-direction
• Problem solving
• Prior experience
• Motivation
Identify examples of these in your own teaching and learning
See also:Postman, N. and Weingartner, C. Teaching as a Subversive Activity Dell Publishing, New York, NY
Promoting learning – humanistic principles
• Explore with individuals and groups what they need to know or want to do.
• Facilitate active learning to develop autonomy; self-direction and skills as expert learners.
• Try to harness prior experiences in teaching and learning activities. Students might have to do some unlearning.
Promoting learning – humanistic principles
• Readiness to learn – tailoring courses, lessons, activities and assessments to learner needs.
• Use real problems adults want to solve.
• Maintain and promote motivation, especially intrinsic motivation.
Discussion
• How humanist can we/ should we be?
• Identify some practical and philosophical reasons not to use humanist principles
See also Chapter 5pp. 94 -97
Criticism of humanist approaches
• Christodoulou, D. (2014) Seven Myths About Education
London: Routledge
• Ecclestone, K. and Hayes, D. (2008) The Dangerous Rise of Therapeutic Education Routledge: London
• Young, M. (2008) Bringing Knowledge Back In: From Social Constructivism to Social Realism in the Sociology of Education London: Routledge
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