Human Trafficking Slavery Slavery (also called thralldom) is a form forced labour people are considered to be the property of others can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand wages. Slavery Can trace slavery back to 18th BC - slaves in babylon Atlantic Slave Trade 16th-19th century Most people were shipped from West & Central Africa & taken to North and South America to work on plantation (sugar (70%), coffee, cocoa & cotton), gold and silver mines, rice fields, or as house servants Slavery the Portuguese (and Brazilians), the British, the French, the Spanish, the Dutch, and the North Americans (were major players) Enslaved people were generally obtained through coastal trading with Africans some were captured by European slave traders through raids and kidnapping Estimated that between 9.4 and 12 million Africans arrived in the New World slave trade captureslave tradecapture Slavery Distribution of Slaves ,000,000 slaves Distribution of Slaves Portuguese America 38.5% of slaves British America(Not North America ) 21.65% of slaves Spanish Empire 17.5% of slaves French Americas 13.6% of slaves British North America 6.45% of slaves Dutch West Indies 2% of slaves Danish West Indies 0.3% of slaves 1998, UNESCO designated August 23 as International Day for the Remembrance of the Salve Trade and its Abolition At the World Conference Against Racism (Durban, S. Africa) African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave-trading countries Opposition from U.K., Portugal, Spain, Netherlands & U.S. January 30, 2006, Jacque Chirac (the then French President) said that 10 May would henceforth be a national day of remembrance for the victims of slavery in France On November 27, 2006 & March 14th, 2007, then British Prime Minister Tony Blair made a partial apology for Britain's role in the African slavery trade U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws ~ 2 million people are trafficked internationally every year 27 million people enslaved in the world 9 billion dollar business 80% of victims --> women & children Conditions of their country a)Economic conditions - poverty b)Political conditions - civil unrest c)Lake of value & treatment of women & children d)Gender roles in country e)Conditions in transit country f)Conditions in destination country What Makes people Vulnerable to Traffickers What these people have experienced as a result of the conditions a)Trauma b)Poverty c)Disability What Makes people Vulnerable to Traffickers Who are they a)Gender - women b)Class - poor c)Ethnicity - african, eastern european, south American Who are the traffickers & how do they work What Makes people Vulnerable to Traffickers Powerful & influential Neighbours Friends Family members Village chiefs Owners of small/medium-sized businesses Organized crime Traffickers are Aquaintances Family Fake employment agencies Newspaper ads Front businesses Word or mouh Abductions They recruit through "presentable young ladies", "no qualifications or experience required", "easy work," "good conditions," and "hours by arrangement". They often offer salaries of over 2,000 dollars Domestic services Sex work Italy Greece MalesItalyGreeceMales4 Servile marriage Criminal activity Begging Labour --> factory, constructions, restaurant work, agriculture Sierra Leone ThailandSierra LeoneThailand Types of exploitation Prostitution - 46% Domestic service - 27% Agriculture - 10% Sweatshop/factory - 5% Other - 12% Types of exploitation Tactics used by traffickers: Withholding of legal documents threats and acts of physical harm to victim and victims family rape kidnapping isolation and confinement denial of medical care manipulation and psychological abuse Newspaper Advertisements Exclusive Massage for total relaxation at your place / / Alex. ELITE Massage Serve Full body massage by elite Decent, Foreigner M/F. Captain: & 5 STAR ROYAL GUEST Full range of World Class Beauty Service by Elite, Decent, Pretty Indian & Foreigner M/F STEVE: Newspaper Advertisements DESTINATION feel urself in Heaven thru oil Massage by decent M/F. SAM Rejuvi Escorts service full body / soul- thru oil ur place M/F. Rose , FULL range of world-class beauty service by young, decent educated pretty, M/F masseurs (24 hrs) Shehrin Raid Nigeria 574 James Street North 893 King Street East Kenilworth North Barton Street East Barton East Family Massage Therapy Faklan Heth Services Who Are the Victims? Portrait of a Victim - The Clues Living at workplace or with employer Housed with multiple people, cramped living space Working long hours; little to no pay No identification, travel documents Children not in school Physical signs of abuse and/or psychological effects Confinement -Article 1 - United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights -All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Solutions -Awareness -Prevention -Protection -Prosecution -Victim Assistance