HUMAN PHENOTYPES

MANUAL

North AtlantidEtymology:

The term was coined by Bertil Lundman (Nord-atlantid), and derives from the association of the type with the North Atlantic shores.

Other names:

- Northwestern (Deniker; mostly synonymous)

Origins:

Re-emergence of a Mesolithic/Neolithic Atlanto-Mediterranid strain through a chrysalis of Nordish types; the Mediterranid strain, primarily associated with the western European coastal culture of theMegaliths, is one of the locally oldest racial strains in Britain, only predated by the Paleolithic settlements of Cro-Magnids ("Brünn") following the Last Glacial Maximum.

Description:

The North-Atlantid takes an intermediate morphological and anthropometric position between the tall Atlanto-Mediterranid and Nordish (chiefly Nordid) types involved in its formation, but the latterelements predominate, and the impression is more usually of an "exotic Nordid" phenotype than of a "nordicized Mediterranid" one.

North-Atlantids are essentially characterized by dolichocephaly, leptoprosopy and leptorrhiny. Pigmentation is relatively light. Hair color runs from dark brown to almost black, whereas eye pigmentation is typically light - blue and green eyes are the rule. The skin is seldom darker than the northern European mean.

Geographical distribution:

The type is most highly concentrated in coastal areas of Ireland, Wales and Scotland, and has dispersed around most of the British Isles. Its connection to similar continental types inhabiting adjacent coastal areas establishes it as a northern extreme of the Atlantid gradient, which terminates in the southwestern Atlanto-Mediterranid type.

Sub-Nordid

Etymology:

The designation Sub-Nordic, or more precisely Subnordique, was used by Montandon to designate acentral European Nordid altered by Alpinid admixture. The name has also been applied to an eastern European blended type (Deniker).

Origins:

Iron Age Nordid and Alpinid intermediate (either one predominant); in northern regions (the Be-Ne-Lux in particular) it often subsumes an un reduced Upper Palaeolithic Borreby strain.

Description:

The type is variable, and less stabilized than adjacent blends, e.g. Nordid. Consequently, the Sub-Nordid type or gradient occupies various intermediate anthropometric and morphological positions between Nordid and Alpinid.

Geographical distribution:

Sub-Nordid types are found in great concentrations in Austria, Switzerland, France and adjacent territories - essentially anywhere where Nordid and Alpinid elements are both salient in the population.

NoridEtymology:

The term Norid, or more precisely Noric, was coined by Lebzelter, and derives from Noricum, the name of an ancient Roman province centered in the mountains of modern-day Austria, where the modern Norid type is found in its greatest concentration.

Other names:

- Sub-Adriatic (Deniker; Adriatic refers to Dinarid in the same typology)

Origins:

Central European Nordid brachycephalized by Dinarid admixture (a varying though mostly stabilized blend). Coon speculated that the origin of the type was not so much a case of combinationof Nordid and Dinarid strains, as an actual dinaricization of a Nordid population through interbreeding with Alpinids - a hypothesis which relies upon Coon's idea that Nordids are basically depigmented Mediterranids.

Description:

In most respects, the Norid type takes the form of a blond Dinarid variant. It displays features whichare traditionally associated with the Dinarid race - a shallow nasion depression, leptorrhiny, great nose length, height, and convexity, great brachycephaly, and moderately tall stature. Norids are not, though, as accentuated in these Dinarid features as are the Dinarids themselves, but show a slightly less exaggerated nasality, a somewhat lower cephalic index (82-85), and a smaller stature, due to thepredominance of the Nordid strain.

Norids are, like Dinarids, planoccipital. This means that the occiput of the skull, the lower posterior bone extending from the foramen magnum to lambda, is straight rather than curved or projecting.

Norids are characteristically blond, and approach Nordids in pigmentation. The hair is usually medium brown to golden blond, the eyes light or light-mixed, though this varies, and brown eyes are not uncommon. In areas where the Dinarid element predominates, pigmentation naturally tends in a more brunet direction.

Geographical distribution:

The modern Norid racial zone is centered in Austria and Switzerland, the greater Norid territory reaching eastward and southward from northern France - the Sub-Nordid country - through the Swiss Alps, and into the brunet Dinarid racial zone of northern Italy and the Balkans. In France it blends with Alpinids in the south and with Nordids in the terrirories to the north, and is everywhere transitional to the Sub-Nordid or Alpinid-mixed Nordid type. In southern Germany it is found in combination with Alpinid, Borreby, and other elements. Norids or Norid-looking individuals are found in most countries where relatively pure Nordid and Dinarids exist.

BaltidEtymology:

The type is traditionally associated with the Baltic region of northern-northeastern Europe. Some confusion may arise from the fact that the term Baltid or Baltic is applied to a number of quite distinct types (or blends of types). This is the result of a general lack of synergy among scholars in the field.Origins:

Altered northeastern European Cro-Magnoid type (ancestrally related to the Dalo-Falid and Brünn types of the northwest), reduced, brachycephalized and borealized through a selective process of "balticization" (not wholly dissimilar to alpinization). The ancestral type ("East-Cro-Magnid") is more obviously reflected in the less altered West-Baltid end-type, which we have here subsumed under the general Baltid definition, together with the more "balticized" segment. The stabilized Lappoid-influenced periphery of the "Baltid continuum" is referred to as East-Baltid, and to this end-type we have granted a separate account Description:

Baltids vary in stature, but are generally relatively tall, and moderately pyknomorphic in build. The head is moderately brachycephalic and rounded, with few visible cranial transitions. The forehead ishigh and broad, and only moderately curved, and the browridges tend towards heaviness in a typically Cro-Magnoid fashion. The face is moderately high, and the facial index is mesoprosopic, verging on eury- rather than leptoprosopy. The bizygomatic diameter is only moderately large, but large enough to render the impression, in concurrence with the great width and angularity of the jaw, of a characteristic facial squareness or rectangularity, a feature reminiscent of the Borreby type (there is a notable phenotypical overlap between these types). Oval or elliptical faces are, however, the most commonplace.

The nose is moderately leptorrhine, and the root is moderately high to high, and of medium width. The nasal profile is usually straight, with a strong tendency towards concavity. The tip of the nose istypically well-rounded and slightly bulbous, and usually horizontally inclined. Are usually thin andhighly placed, and of medium lateral extension. The lips are medium to thin, with little or no eversion. The teeth are large, the bite is frequently edge to edge, and orthognathy is almost universal. The eye-slits are medium to wide, and external eye-folds are rather common.

Baltids are on the whole rather light-pigmented. The hair, which is straight in form, ranges in color from ash-blond to dark brown. Light eyes are quite common, but dark-mixed varieties prevail.

Geographical distribution:

The Baltid population is most heavily concentrated in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, but extends both southwestward into former Prussia and northeastern Germany (partially in transition with the Borreby type), westward into Scandinavia (to a lesser extent), northward into Finland, and eastwardinto western Russia and the nearest adjacent political units. The transition with East-Baltid is principally to the north and northeast, but East-Baltids are as a rule quite common in all traditionally Baltid areas.

BorrebyEtymology:

Borreby is the name of a Danish village and archaeological site where large brachycranial skulls of the Upper Paleolithic were unearthed.

Other names:

- Blond Brachycephal, The (Arbo; includes all blond brachycephals)- "East Baltic" (K. E. Schreiner; erroneous identification with this type)- "Finnoid" or "Finno-Lappoid" (Arbo; erroneous identification with a Lappoid origin)- Jædertypen ("the Jæren type")- Nordalpinoid

Origins:

Mostly unreduced, brachycephalized, and depigmented Upper Paleolithic survivor of Cro-Magnoid stock, related to Dalo-Falid and Brünn on one hand and Alpinid on the other. The affiliation is essentially with the former, but a partial process of alpinization establishes an evolutionary relation to the latter. The southern and south-western border with fully alpinized central Europeans is blurry,and has resulted in a number of local intermediate types, such as the Belgian "Walloons type".

Modern Borrebys are derived, historically, from the old northwestern European coastal fishing population. In many places, such as the Norwegian coastal district of Jæren, Borrebys seem to have been among the first humans to settle permanently, during the late Mesolithic.

In modern times the Borreby type is found nowhere as a true population, except perhaps in Jæren and on the island of Fehmarn, off the German coast, where it exists in relative purity. Elsewhere it isstrongly diluted with other elements.

Description:

The Borreby type is large-bodied and large-headed, and lateral in most features. It is tall to very tall (but generally less so than Dalo-Falids), muscular, and usually quite heavy, with a tendency towardschubbiness. Paedomorphous features are particularly common in females, who are often buxom.

The head form is brachycephalic ( typically 82-84), and the occiput is nearly vertical and often slightly flattened. The temporal bones are weakly curved, but parietal tuberosities are usually strong. The forehead is broad, only slightly curved, quite high, and usually of but little slope.

The Borreby face is typically square in appearance, due mostly to the great mandibular width and the prominence of the frontal and parietal tuberosities, but rounded, more Alpinoid-shaped faces arealso common, especially among females. The face is usually short, broad, and somewhat flattish, with a strongly ortognathous profile. The jaw is rather deep, and the browridges of moderate size.

The nose profile is straight in about 5/6 of cases, and concave in the remainder; convexity is not common. The nose form is meso- to leptorrhine.

The hair is typically golden blond to light or medium brown. The total Borreby hair shade range runs from ash blond to dark brown, and the latter category accounts for some 30% of cases. Blue eyes are in the majority, but mixed and grayish blue are also common.

The greatest center of Borreby concentration lies in the southern part of the Danish peninsula (Jutland), extending into northern Germany. In the midst of this zone lies the island of Fehmarn, which houses a population of exaggerated Borreby phenotype and extreme head dimensions (Fehmarner type). The Borreby is found as a major population element across the entire northern German plain, and a secondary center, which has now more or less disappeared, is located in the southwest, in the vicinity of Stuttgart. The Scandinavian extension of the Borreby population is concentrated in the coastal areas, with a notable survival in Jæren (southwestern Norway; Jæren type). Borreby types are not uncommon the southwestern parts of Sweden, in the general vicinity of Göteborg.

The Borreby zone is transitional to the Alpinid zone in the southwest, and to the Baltid in the east. The former transition has given rise to an intermediate Alpine-Borreby type, the Walloons type. In the northwest, along parts of the Norwegian coast line, Borrebys are frequently mixed with Strandids, Upper Paleolithic survivors of a more fully alpinized and considerably darker Cro-Magnoid strain.

Dalo-FaelidEtymology: The various terms with -Falid/Faelid/Phalian derive from the term fälisch, which was coined by Günther (fälische Rasse). It refers to Westfalen (Westphalia), where the type was believed to be especially numerous. The Dalisch/Dalo-element derives from the Swedish toponym Dalarna, where the type was first identified by Paudler in 1924 (dalische Rasse).

Origins:

Un reduced, basically unaltered Cro-Magnids of northern Europe, showing only partial gracilizationand facial leptomorp hicization with reference to the Upper Paleolithic material. They are in most regards similar to Irish Cro-Magnids of "Brünn" type (the two are distinguished by minor specializations only). Dalo-Falid or similar populations probably furnished an essential element in the formation of the Iron Age Nordid type(s), and the border between Hallstatt Nordid and Dalo-Falid is often blurry, despite differences in lateral measures and robusticity.Description:

The Dalo-Falid is quite tall, and rather wide in most features, especially when compared to the moregracile Nordid. The neck is thick, the shoulders broad, and the general impression is of great strength and robusticity. There is a certain extent of sexual dimorphism, and whereas the men are typically very "masculine", the women develop corresponding features only to moderacy; they are often large-featured, however in a distincively female way.

The Dalo-Falid head is meso- to dolichocephalic, and is characterized by a wedge-like shape. The face is broad and somewhat short, often giving the impression of a compressed Nordid, which undoubtedly reflects the partial contribution of Dalo-Falid or a similar Cro-Magnid strain to the historical formation of the Nordid types. The maxillary bones are strongly developed.

The forehead is short and rather steep, and a characteristic supraorbital bulge is often seen, especially in men. In combination with deep-set eyes, which are also common in Dalo-Falids, this feature tends to give the type a “primitive” aspect.

The nose is relatively short, yet thin (meso- to leptorrhine), and often protrusive. The profile is mostly straight, with a slight tendency towards concavity (rather than convexity). In women,Alpinid-like noses are not uncommon.

The lower jaw is massive and broad, and the gonial angles are clearly visible, even flaring. The Dalo-Falid deviates from the Brünn in this latter respect, and while it is usually broad-faced, it seldom approaches the facial flatness common among Irish Brünns. However, the Dalo-Falid type is strongly ortho gnathous, with a nearly vertical mouth region, an impression which is reinforced by the thinness of the lips.

Furrows and folds appear at a relatively early age (in men, firstly), particularly on the forehead and along the sides of the nose and mouth. The skin is a bright rosy color, approaching red, which is lesscommon in Nordids. The pigmentation of the Dalo-Falid type is nearly as light as that of Nordids. The hair is typically blond or brown, with a tendency towards rufosity, and the eyes are gray or blue.

Geographical distribution:

Dalo-Falids are found in Northwestern Germany and surrounding areas, including southern Scandinavia and the Netherlands. It is mostly blended with Nordid and Borreby in the central areas, and Baltid towards the east.

Anglo-SaxonEtymology:

As suggested by the name, this type is associated with members of those West-Germanic tribes, primarily the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, which invaded the British Isles in the fifth century.

Other names:

- Old Germanic Reihengräber type (includes the Dutch/Frisian Friterpian type)Origins:

Iron Age Hallstatt Nordid altered by mixture with Cro-Magnid and probably additional Corded elements. The influence of a orreby or similar brachycephalic strain may be of secondary importance.Description:

The general impression of this tall, broad-shouldered and characteristically blond type is that of an overgrown Hallstatt Nordid, with a larger head and face, as well as hands and feet of somewhat greater dimensions. The face is long, with a marked skeletal relief which gives it a somewhat rugged and angular appearance. The nose is large, very leptorrhine, and usually straight, with a convex minority. The lips, like those of the Hallstatt Nordid, are rather thin.

The Anglo-Saxon type is over-all mesocephalic, with a minor tendency towards brachycephaly, possibly reflecting a measure of round-headedness in the Cro-Magnid strain(s). The forehead is high and the browridges heavy, and the jaw is prominent. Whereas typically Cro-Magnid features are visible, the general impression is of a larger, more robust Nordid (Hallstatt, rather than the more numerous Insular Keltic variety).

The Anglo-Saxon hair color range runs from golden blond to medium brown, with the latter in the majority. Ash-blond shades are less frequent. There is a minor tendency towards rufosity, but much less so than is the case with the Trønder type, with which the Anglo-Saxon may be compared in many respects. The eyes are pure blue or light-mixed.

Geographical distribution:

The Anglo-Saxon type is found in its greatest number today in the British Isles, and particularly in southeastern England (East Anglia), where it is represented by the descendants of the western Germanic peoples whose 5th Century Völkerwanderung conquest led to the introduction to the Islesof Germanic language, culture, and identity, all of which still prevail and have had a massive influence on the shaping of the modern world.

A similar and closely related type (Friterpian) is found across the Channel, in the Netherlands and throughout Frisia, where Germanic Nordids settled among and interbred with the local Upper Palaeolithic population. Frisia and the adjoining territories are still associated with the Frisian tribesmen and their relatives the Angles and the Saxons, most of whom it seems belonged to this altered Nordid type.

BrünnEtymology:

Brünn, or Brno, is a Czech city and archaeological site where Upper Paleolithic skeletal remains were discovered, certain skull types among which were named after the site. These skullsbelong to the general Aurignacid/Capellid variety of Upper Paleolithic human, and as such the application of the Brünn name to the Cro-Magnid type in question is somewhat probematic.However, we have decided to retain Coon's use of the term, as no synonym exists in the literature.

Origins:

Mostly unreduced, typically dolicho-or mesocephalic and mostly depigmented Upper Palaeolithic survivor of Cro-Magnid provenience, closely related to the Dalo-Falid type; the two are distinguished by minor specializations only. The distinctive "Irish" features which characterize the Brünn are to some extent recalled in the Scandinavian Cro-Magnid stock. This is just as likely a result of convergence as of synapomorphy.

Description:

Like the Dalo-Falid type, Brünns are typically tall, broad-shouldered, and large-headed, with big bones and heavy musculature. In its unmixed form the type is usually quite easily distinguished from other local varieties, such as the shorter-statured, more gracile and more leptomorphic Keltic Nordid, with which it is cohabitant.

The modern Brünn inhabitants of western Ireland are mesocephalic to sub-brachycephalic, whereas their more easterly Cro-Magnid counterparts are typically long-headed. This is possibly due to the presence of a shorter-headed strain (such as Borreby) in the former, or to a local process of brachycephalization. The ancestral Cro-Magnid skull form was clearly dolichocrania.

The Brünn forehead is high and broad, and the face broad and mostly orthognathous. The malars arewide, the lower jaw deep and broad (yet usually not as broad as in the Dalo-Falid type), and the chin is prominent and typically clefted (the latter is foremost a male trait).

As with the other Cro-Magnid types, male Brünn facial features can be very ruggedly masculine, often with exaggeratedly pronounced browridges and deep jaws; the degree of sexual dimorphism ishigh, and a corresponding ruggedness is not usually observed among the females. As with Borreby women, these are typically rounder-featured and larger-breasted than the European mean.

The nose is moderately large, mesorrhine to leptorrhine, and straight in profile, with a considerable concave minority. The tip is somewhat thick, and frequently upturned. The mouth is large and the lines around the oral cavity are deeply drawn, while the lips are moderately thick and little everted. The upper lip tends characteristically towards length and convexity.

The skin, typically freckled, is very fair, and does not easily tan. The hair is brown and wavy, and often rufous (the Irish Brünn is known for its frequent red-headedness). Curly hair seems to be an

Irish specialty. The eyes are light-mixed blue in the great majority of cases.

Geographical distribution:

Western Ireland - Cork and Kerry in particular - houses the only living Brünn population in the world today, and this element accounts for nearly half of the Irish racial composition on the whole.

The Irish Brünn type has added an important increment to the Icelandic population, which already contains a predominant Cro-Magnid strain through the presence of the western Norwegian Trønder type of Viking descent. An aboriginal Brünn-like population has also merged with the Germanic settlement in the Frisian and northwestern German country, where its descendants take the form of an altered Hallstatt Nordid, a type referred to as Anglo-Saxon. This mixed strain has played an important role in determining England's present racial situation.

TrønderEtymology:

Trønder is the designation in Norwegian of any speaker of the dialect Trøndersk, including any inhabitant of Nord- and Sør-Trøndelag, two central Norwegian provinces that are geographically crucial to the distribution of the type in question. Trøndertype is cognate to Swedish Trönde(r)typ in Lundman's typology.

Origins:

In the Upper Paleolithic, parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula were inhabited by large-framed, robust Cro-Magnids, similar to the modern Dalo-Falid and "Brünn" varieties. As time passed, continual interbreeding with later (and perhaps earlier) arrivals contributed to a decrease in the number of "pure" populations of this type (yet relatively unaltered forms may be found e.g. in certain mountain isolates, and individuals nearly everywehere in Scandinavia do not seldom recapitulate fully Cro-Magnid features). The most important arrival, in this respect, was that of the Battle-Axe and Boat-Axe peoples, who carried with them the Corded type, a tall, high-headed, dolichocephalic leptosome of the eastern steppes, which was perhaps more closely related to members of the Mediterranid parafamily than to the aforementioned Cro-Magnids. This type was probably material to the formation of the Iron Age Nordid types in general, but in the central regions of the Scandinavian Peninsula (entering from the northeast) it played a particularly interesting role, as it combined with local Cro-Magnids to form the special form known as the Trønder type. This type has retained much of its Corded prevalence in the central Swedish and Norwegian provinces, becoming increasingly Cro-Magnid toward the sothwestern parts of Norway, a distribution indicative the historical dispersal of the Battle-Axe and Boat-Axe peoples in the peninsula. The Trønder population has thus evolved as a gradient type, internally variable yet mostly stabilized. The average Trønder is a Corded-Cro-Magnid intermediate, a Nordid approximation, combining traits from both formatives with varying amounts of Hallstatt Nordid andBorreby strains.

Description:

The Trønder is a variable strain, ranging in type from large, Irish-looking Cro-Magnid individuals (cf. Brünn) and tall, slender Battle-Axe survivors (Corded type), to almost completely Nordid populations (to the point at which it is more sensible to talk about Trønder-influenced Nordids).

The eastern central Swedish provinces, and the central Norwegian provinces of Nord- and Sør-Trøndelag, form the northeastern geographical extreme of the Trønder type, which is characterized by great vault height (reflecting Corded prevalence). This type is concentrated in the valley of Orkdal in Sør-Trøndelag, predominating as a population element in all territories north of the Dovremountains, from Nordmøre in the west, through Jämtland and all the way to the Baltic coast. The western and southwestern Norwegian inland population continues the type in in most anthropological respects, but the Cro-Magnid element gains in importance the further one gets fromthe Orkdal area. One exeption to this rule is the population of Hardanger, members of which seem

much more fully Corded and much less Cro-Magnid than adjacent Trønders. Cro-Magnid prevalence establishes a Trønder end-type in the southeastern region of Setesdal (Valle type).

The Trønder is the tallest Scandinavian type (with the exception of the Tydal type, which is at any rate a marginal phenomenon), which accordingly makes it one of Europe's tallest. It is a slender type, although not as slender as the local Hallstatt Nordid, and its bones are larger and heavier than what is considered typically Nordid. Sexual dimorphism is strong, and Trønder females are seldom correspondingly big-boned, but pedomorphism is less common than in Nordids proper, and robust females are not uncommon. The head form is high mesocephalic (c.i. typically 78-80; with the exeption of the "Hardanger type", which is dolicho-mesocephalic), and the face is of considerable length. The forehead is very high, and at the same time both broader and much less sloping than thatof the Hallstatt Nordic. Frontal bosses, a non-Nordic trait, are frequently found, and the temporal region is much fuller. In addition, the transitions from frontal to temporal and frontal to parietal regions are smooth and difficult to find, whereas on the Nordid head they are clearly marked.

The nose is typically straight or convex, with a wide display of wavy forms (the "Hardanger type" is, for instance, frequently convex-nosed), and the transition between bone and cartilage is difficult to locate without palpation (feeling with the fingers), another feature which serves to distinguish thegeneral Trønder type from the local Nordid.

The zygomatic arches of the Trønder type are less prominent than those of the Hallstatt Nordid, and the gonial angles are compressed and not visible. The skull is more rounded and the occiput less prominently curved than that of the Nordid type.

The Trønder is typically blue-eyed, and light-mixed blue is the predominant color. The hair is wavy and ranges in color from darkish brown to golden blond. Rufosity is common, whereas ash-blond shades, a typical Hallstatt Nordic trait, are rarer. The skin is coarser in texture and tougher than regular Nordid skin, and the hair is more abundant on beard and body.

On the whole, Trønder types give the impression of more robust, powerful and masculine Nordids.

East NordidEtymology:

The name, coined by Lundman, derives either from the association of the type with eastern Europe, or from its eastern provenience in relation to the Hallstatt and Keltic Nordid types.

Origins:

Stabilized blend of a dominant high-headed Corded element with less important eastern European gracilized low-headed Cro-Magnoids, the former of which is often resurgent in East-Nordid individuals. Other elements, e.g. Hallstatt Nordid, may have been involved, but they are secondary to the above-mentioned. For further speculation on the topic of Nordid origins, please review the main page of the Nordish Gallery.

Description:

The East-Nordid type is dolichocephalic, leptoprosopic and leptorrhine, and similar in most featuresand measurements to the Hallstatt type, and there is considerable phenotypical overlap between the two. The main points of morphological departure involve the usually higher vault and forehead, andoften more prominent (and sometimes convex) nasal skeleton, of the East-Nordid. These features, which are highly variable, are traits associated with a Corded morphology, and serve to illustrate thegreater contribution of this highly specialized strain to the eastern variety, as contrasted with the Hallstatt and Keltic types (the latter of which is even characterized by a somewhat low and recedingforehead). Body hair is not as strong as with the Hallstatt type, and the facial features are typically softer.

Geographical distribution:

Throughout western Russia and northeastern Europe. Transitional to the Pontid Mediterranid type to the south, and intermediates are sometimes referred to as North-Pontid. East-Nordids or East-Nordid approximations are frequently seen as far north as Finland, where an early Neolithic Corded element is possibly more important than more recent Swedish-mediated Nordid influence (of the Hallstatt variety).

Keltic NordidOrigins:The Keltic Nordid type probably shares its earliest formative history with the Hallstatt variety, or a similar proto-strain (for some brief speculation on the topic of Nordid origins, go here). The migratory existence associated with the ancestry of the Keltic type clearly involved the absorption of several non-Nordid strains, most importantly central European Dinarid (probably by association with the Bell-Beaker culture of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages). In this respect, one might say it is intermediate between the Hallstatt and Norid types. Additionally, the Keltic Nordid has mixed with Atlanto-Mediterranid (cf. North-Atlantid), the latter of which is probably present at a low level in the Keltic Nordid population as a whole.

Description:The modern Keltic Nordid type is tall, slender, and moderately broad-shouldered. The head form is typically mesocephalic, with a mean cephalic index of 79, which is slightly higher than the present Hallstatt mean.

Nordids of this type are particularly low-vaulted, with foreheads of much greater slope than those ofthe Hallstatt type, recalling a more typically Dinarid feature. The vault, when in posterior view, gives a characteristically cylindrical impression, as opposed to the more nearly rhomboid or rectangular vault shape of the Hallstatt variety. The Keltic face is relatively long and narrow, and the chin is moderately to strongly developed. The temples, malars, and gonial angles are typically compressed, and not visible.

The Keltic nose is long, large and high-bridged, characteristically prominent, and narrow to mediumin breadth. The profile is usually straight, but wavy or concavo-convex (dinariform) profiles are not uncommon. A particularly convex-nosed and Dinaroid tendency is associated with certain British urban areas.The lips are thin to medium, and little everted. The hair, which ranges in color from a blackish brown to a platinum-like ash-blond, is most commonly medium brown in pigment. It is generally of a much darker tone than what is common among Hallstatt Nordids, a fact well illustrated by some the more recent photographic material presented below. The eyes are predominantly light-mixed.

Geographical distribution:

Modern Keltic Nordid populations are for the most part descended from Celtic and Frankish tribes on the northwestern European mainland and on the Isles across the British Channel. The type is concentrated in the British Isles and in the Be-Ne-Lux nations, and an old Keltic enclave in the Swiss Alps forms a secondary center.

Elsewhere, the Keltic Nordid type has found breeding ground overseas in North America, down under in Australia, and in South Africa, and it still figures as the predominant Europid racial type in most extra-European British and Dutch former colonies.

Hallstatt NordidEtymology:

Hallstatt is the name of an Austrian village and a nearby archaeological site where extensive humanremains, corresponding skeletally to the classic Nordid type, were discovered.

Other names:

- Götatyp (Lundman; "Gothic type", with reference to the Swedish region of Götaland)- Norrøn type (K.E. Schreiner; Norw., "Norse type")- Skandonordid (Lundman; also used in a more general sense)- Teutonordid (von Eickstedt, Paudler)- Østerdal type (Halfdan Bryn; Østerdalen is a long valley in eastern Norway)

Origins:

Relatively unmixed Nordids.

Description:

The Hallstatt Nordic is the 'classic' Nordid type, and metrically identical to the original central European Nordid type preserved in Iron Age skeletal material.

The typical Hallstatt Nordid is a leptosome - tall and lean, with relatively long legs and a short body, moderately broad shoulders and relatively short arms. The impression is of a long and slendertype, and corpulence is particularly rare. Sexual dimorphism is not significant.

The face is oval to slightly rhomboid in shape, with a narrow, somewhat sloping forehead - but much less so than is the case with the Keltic type - and browridges which are present but rather weakly developed. The nasion depression is moderate, while the nose, which is typically parallel in slope with the forehead, is mostly straight or slightly convex, with a high incidence of wavy forms. The nasal index is leptorrhine, and there is usually a noticeable transition from the nasal skeleton to the soft parts of the nose.

The lower jaw is long and deep with a well-developed chin, and the distance from the lower teeth tothe chin is often remarkable. The gonial angles are compressed and usually not visible. The malars are small and typically flattened in front, and the zygomatic arches bend outward to some extent. The mouth is small, and the lips rather thin.

The cephalic index mean of the modern Hallstatt Nordid is low mesocephalic ( ca. 77), although dolichocephaly is not uncommon among individuals. The head, when seen from above, looks like a long oval, somewhat flattened on both sides. When seen from behind, the impression is of a rhomboid or rectangle. The occiput is curved or projecting, and flattening is rare or nonexistent.

The skin, which is a pinkish white, is typically fine-textured and thin. This thinness has the effect ofpronouncing the bony parts of the face and making the muscles of the body stand out in relief. The bones of the Hallstatt Nordid, and of the Nordid group as a whole, are small in comparison to the

Cro-Magnid varieties.

The hair color of the Hallstatt Nordid is characteristically and almost exclusively blond, with ash-blond shades in one-third to one-half of the cases, the remainder having golden blond to medium brown shades. Rufosity is virtually absent. There is a small brunet minority that is anthropologicallyNordid, but aberrant pigmentation does not necessarily indicate non-Nordid admixture.

The Nordid eye is typically light-mixed blue, with a large pure light-eyed minority. Here also there is a small dark-pigmented minority.

Geographical distribution:

The Hallstatt Nordid type is found in its greatest concentration on the southern Swedish plain and inthe adjacent long valleys and lowlands of southeastern Norway. Outside of this kernel, which Carleton Coon described as "a refuge of the classic Nordic race", non-Nordid (mostly Cro-Magnoid) admixture increases rapidly, and no true predominantly Hallstatt Nordid population may be found. The type has blended with broader-featured, more robust Cro-Magnids in Denmark, northern Germany and the Be-Ne-Lux countries (Dalo-Falid, Borreby), and is present at lower levels in the British Isles, where the related Keltic type is more common. The type is inseparably tied to the ancient Germanic migrations, and Hallstatt Nordid individuals may be found anywhere where there are traditions of Völkerwanderung settlement.

European Racial Types after v. Eickstedt 1. The depigmented Northern forms

Within all o humanity there are only two varieties with low pigmentation and all of them are found within the Europid racial circle, which is by no means self-evident. Theyare a group of boreal mutants of hominids that emerged only once in a boreal environemnt. The environment was the most important factor their formation. This appearance has only influenced the groups living there, that means the inter- or post-glacial inhabitants of close-to-the-ice Central Asia. The connection of the environment to the triggering of those mutations and the biological parallels to the other depigmentedmammals which arose out of the same conditions and areas is thus obvious. We call those hominid races resulting out of this the Nordic and the Osteuropid (or East Baltic) race.

1.1 The Nordic Race

Because of their remarkable lack of pigmentation, which manifests in blue instead of brown eyes, blond instead of black hair and pink-white-ish instead of brown-ish skin, the Nordic race was already described as a special form of humanity very early. Despite the aversion of the intellectual elite of Europe against scientific explorations of their own corporeality it was uniformally recognized soon. Its connection to the Northern areas of our continent is so obvious that also the naming was never a point of much discussion. In older times it was occasionally still termed “Teutonic”, “Kymric”, “Germanic” or also even “Indo-Germanic” race but now usually only the name suggested by Deniker is used: Nordic (Nordid) race.

Type. Next to the lack of pigmentation the most defining body features are its tall stature and slender constitution, the long face with the narrow and extremely high nose and the medium-long cranium with its moderately slopping forehead. Some local forms can also have long heads (England), some others have short heads (Frisians). Additionally, wavy hair can be found everywhere.

The eyes are medium-big. Often the fold of the upper eyelid sinks down deeply in a distal direction at higher age. The nose is high-rooted with a straight bridge, a harp ending and narrow wings. Very remarkable is the facial profile. Its cross-section shows a sharp and at the the sides compressed form. This is caused by the extremely flatly adjoining cheekbones on one hand, and on the other one by the nose which is jumping out of the face from a high position. Only the Dinaric race reaches a similar frontality ofthe cheekbones. The lower face of the Nordic race usually shows a strong mouth with often narrow and almost always very red lips and a forcefully, projecting, and not rarely angular chin. A great number of those traits must be considered highly progressive. In the Nordic race, the basic Homind type experienced on of its strongest specializations.

Nordic skulls are not that easy to separate from Mediterranean ones, especially when it comes to pre-historic material, because in earlier times the long forms were more common in Nordics (Reihengräber type). This is a very similar to the case of distinguishing tiger and lion skulls in zoology. Here and there the differentiations of the forms comes basically from the soft parts and the integument. But the cranial differential diagnosis Nordic-Mediterranean is historically important. Some differences must be named. The Nordic skull is, in general, rougher and heavier and the face is sharper, compared to the Mediterraneans. Also, the jaw is stronger in almost all Nordic local forms, the face higher, more massive, broader in the upper parts, and the brow

ridges are more strongly developed. Additionally, – if possible – metrical group comparisons often provide notable, numerical hints.

The lean body of the Nordics has a tendency towards skinniness. At well-built individuals one can find broad shoulders with narrow hips. The latter is also, in contrast to the South-Europid forms, also true for young woman and became, spreading from theUSA, a post-war (WWI – remark translator) fashion ideal. But the Nordic type, especially when it comes to its lack of pigmentation, has always been some sort of bodily ideal. That is not only caused by the biologically-progressive uniqueness of the Nordics, but also with its historic and social rank. All over Europe, ever since early times and just recently declining in the last centuries, the higher classes of the nations – aristocracy, patricians, landowners, leading military officers etc. – have been remarkablemore Nordic than the other classes. That is not only true for Germany, England or France, but also – and partially especially so – for the Southern European states.

Repeatedly, fashion has tried to adjust personal appearances closer to the Nordic type. That was mostly the case for hair color. Because every time the female Spaniards of today powder their face white, that means light, they do not attempt to adjust their race but rather to the higher classes, whose workplace is more in than outside of buildings. Itis different with the hair. Already the female Romans of the Imperial Age tried to bleachtheir hair by dashing it with sea water, taking sun baths or using sapo (= soap, a Gaulish dryer):

“And the Latin hair is dyed by the barbarian foam” (Martial VIII, 33, 20) – “Chatti foamdyes the hair of the Teutons into a glowing blush. Nicer jewelery is provided by the hair of (Germanic) prisoners” (Martial XIV, 26).

Also the woman of the Celtic people of Gaul dyed their hair, what is significant: the ruling class of the Proto-Celts was blond. Well-known is also the artificial , light-blond hair of the dark-eyed female Italians of the Renaissance and the Titian-red of the female Venetians. Even today here in Central Europe the female racial ideal image when it comes to body build and hair color is occasionally enforced by hydrogen peroxide, just in the same way the Indids do it with saffron or hair fat or the Ainu by tattoeing beards. For sure we do not have to right to mock other ideal racial images or the desire to come close to them, just because they are different from ours.

The extraordinary light skin of the Nordics often has a rosy, fresh tint, which belongs to the most characteristic and strange traits of the race. Also the nipples show a clear pink-ish color which appears immensly nude. Altogether, only North-Europids and especiallythe Nordics can be truly naked, never colored ones, amongst which a nude North-Europid appears embarassing. Usually the skin is pale. The consistency of the skin of the Nordics is rough, coarse, almost grainy, always sturdy, the sweat glands are big and spawn, at higher age and especially in women, a smell, that is pleasant to the own race but is perceived by other racial circles as “pungent and rancid, but individually also differently, soon sweetly, soon bitterly”. That is true for all North- and Central-Europid forms (and shall not be repeated later), and is a typical racial contrast to all the other Hominids. Sexual maturity occurs extraordinarily late in Nordics, but also aging is slower. While the Nordics are still in their prime, the Mediterraneans have already visibly aged and the Indids are just plain old. Very remarkable are also the mental attributes of the Nordic race, but sadly the racial psychological methods are not that

sophisticated at this point. Some first beginnings can be found at Günther, Clausz or Lenz.

The description of the Nordic race given so far mainly refers to its most common and first recognized type which can be called the real, or to be more clear, the Teuto-Nordic one. Next to it we have the Dalic type, worked out by Hausschild, Paudler and especially Kern, and finally the Fenno-Nordic type. The last one is closest to the Proto-Nordic element already mentioned in the descriptions of the Asian races, which is, by itself, not really graspable anymore. Recently, Günther wants to establish the Dalic type,under the name “fälische Rasse” (Phalian race), as one of the European main races. There is not much to argue against that because, as it was already established, it is biologically not important whether someone considers greater, or smaller somantically identical groups as “races”. The transistions are always fluid and the graduations from greater racial circles to the smallest local forms and regional types (sometimes emerginglocal forms) are always there. But then it would also be necessary to let the similarly differentiated and far more widespread Mediterraneans and other body form groups disintegrate into several further races.

With the Dalic-Phalian type everything is more ungraceful and squarer compared to the Teuto-Nordics. The body build is stockier and more hulking, but at the same time of a similar height or even taller. The Dalics are massive appearances, towering and brawny. Although there is a remarkable length of the face, at the same time there is a large breadth, which gives the impression of a facial lowness and large size of the face. Also the eyesockets are low, and their eyes, lying under low set eyebrows, appear small. Their color seems often to be grey, the hair is said to have a tendency towards slight rufosity. The chin is broad and heavy, the chin angle is often extremely protruding and pronounce the square-ness of the facial outline. The coldness and audacity of the Noridics is substitued with calmness and dignity. The most famous Dalic type of our time is the German President von Hindenburg. Especially interesting is the fact that we can trace the Dalic back into prehistoric times, to the Pleistocene.There it slowly mergeswith the so-called race of Cromagnon, whose basic features the Dalics still have today. Thus, they become an especially clear example of the inconcistency and restructuration abilities of the human body form groups.

The third, the Eastern type of the Nordic race, received the least attention so far. It is that of the Fenno-Nordics, or the Proto-Nordic race. Space-wise it is the most spread and is anthropogeographically and historically the most interesting.But he is also the hardest to get a grasp on. Because it only exists in some small regions of Northern Russia – uner the North Russians and the Mordvinerans – and submerges in the vast numbers of Eastern Turanid and Sibirid elements, just to reappear here and there in the large West-Asian space. It is the retreated cover of the Nordics. It is also defined by a high and lean body build and very light hair and eye. But the harshness of the Teuto-Nordic race and the sheer force of the Dalics is not found in it. The body build can be more described as being angular. Also the hair is not simply blond, but rather of a reddish-blond color. This is especially expressed in the beards, whether it is individuals from the Altai or from Afghanistan. The eyes are also not simply blue or light-blue but quite often watery-blue. The head seems to be shorter than it is at its two brother types. But somatic details about the (almost always scornfully overlooked) Eastern wing of theNordics are not worked out properly. We will have to wait for further studies.

1.2 The Osteuropid (or East Baltic) Race

Unlike the Nordic race, the existence of the second light-pigmented race of Europe had been disputed for a long time. Although it was already well described by Rudolf Virchow in 1847 and von Retzius in 1878 as the „Tavastland-ish“ type from Finland andwas recognized as a brachycephalic, blond type of its own, its presence was often denied repeatedly. But this was only usually the case with researchers who did not have personal experience with the core areas where this race is common.

It was Deniker, a scientist of Russian heritage and well-acquainted with the racial elements of Eastern Europe, who made them part of his Hominid classification system as the „Race orientale“ (or Vistulian race). Rudolf Pösch, as a citizien of Vienna equally aware of this human form, included them as the Eastern race. In his racial analysis of Poland, Czekanowski dubbed them pre-Slavic or Beta-Type. Stolyhwo called them Homo fanotrichus glaucops brachycephalus and Sergi Homo arcticus fennicus. In Russia there existence was never disputed, Tschepourkovsky gave them the name Waldai type in 1903, Bounak „Type baltique“. Rather recently, Hella Pöch talks about a „light Eastern race“ when talking about the Volhynias (1925, – remark.)

Compared to this, in Germany the author (Egon v. Eickstedt – remark.) was almost alone when it came to defending Deniker’s Eastern race. But finally in 1924 Günther follows, after he got to know the race when learning about it by witnessing autopsies in Northern Europe. Meanwhile in Scandinavia Nordenstreng made a case for the Eastern race, calling the East Baltic race. As a Northern European he knew about the term “Baltic Shield”; in the West of there was the Northern race and to the East the Eastern race. Since Günther has already used the name “Eastern” (ostisch) when renaming the Alpine race, he used Nordenstreng’s name. But one has to be careful with the new term; it would be wrong to assume that the Eastern Baltic areas are only inhabited by “East Baltics” or that outside of this region they do not exist. Coming from this, it would also be logical to rename the Nordic race into West Baltic race now. To avoid any confusion, not only with layman, this text will use the clear term “Osteuropid”.

Today there is not much dispute about the name or the race itself, an exception would beHaddon. Occuring in Eastern European populations, those controversies are mainly about the independence of this type. Is it really a type of its own or is it just the result ofadmixture – basically just a widely-spread local type? In the latter case one will probably not demand a distinct result of applying Mendelian genetics on the traits of their parent population, like it was in the earlier instances of schoolery. In individual cases of inheritance of traits this does only occur to a moderate extent, also in humans, there especially when it comes to the emergence of races this takes a very long time. But one may still expect somatic reminiscences to the parent populations, even when recognizing the consequences of polymery and filtering and the ongoing harmonization as a result of admixture. Also one will also not expect a reversal of the facts known about inheritance, for example the recessive nature of blondness or the heredity of body forms. But both is overlooked by those who propose that the Osteuropids are hybrids of Nordics and Mongoloid(!)-Alpines. Nowhere do the typical Mongolid traits (yellow-ish skin, epicanthic fold, black and stiff hair) appear in Osteuropids, not even in nuances. There is no proof at all that the Mongolian folds (that are in fact sometimes appearing inthe Russian population) are not the result of the many Central Asian invasions, which lead to a century-long ongoing Turano-Mongolid elite in Russia. And nobody has ever proven that the recessive blondness changes its nature to being more dominant when mixed with straight dark hair. Considering our experiences (which may not be the final

verdicts on that matter) this is highly unlikely.

This was also mentioned by the Finn K. Hilden. There are other points. The Osteuropidsare not classically blond, but rather ash-blond. Especially ash-blond hair, the only one which lacks red components entirely, shows an independent physiological trait. A mixture of gold-blond and deep-black cannot explain its emergence. Also the skin of theOsteuropids is nether yellow-ish nor rosy-white, but rather extremely light, with a grey streak (It can be argued that the difficulties of body*hygiene may strengthen that trait but they can definitely not cause it.) Another important fact is the upturned snub nose. In earlier days this was attributed to the Mongolids. Under the thousands of Mongolids of all the subraces the author has never seen one of “Osteuropid noses” in any individual. These kind of noses do not exist there. This is another distinct trait of the Osteuropids. Also the grey eyes are a trait which is concentrated in the Osteuropid trait complex. One can observe them to an overwhelmingly degree in the Russian regiments, in Finns, Ukrainians, Poles and also on the Balkans, even in the mixed regions of Eastern Germany. These are independent accquisitions, a racial marker of a big, geographically and heritage-wise group of hominds, who had been isolated for a long time. Such a group we have to call a race.

Although the Osteuropids are a homogeneous somatic form circle today, this must not have been the case in ancient times of racial history. This restriction provides a room forconsolidation with the those who do not recognize the Osteuropid independence. Because MongolOid traits (similiar to those of Mongolids) can be noticed in Osteuropids, next to their distinct traits. On the other hand there are several, even more numerous, Europid traits, thus these individuals must be considered part of the Europid racial circle. Those “Mongoloidisms” one may see in the oblique eye-openings and the forward-deployed cheekbones. How can their emergence be explained? Is it the result ofan independent mutation (or as a better term, a peristatic transformation, in the way of Osborn, 1927) of a Europid population, e.g. one out of the short-headed belt? Osteuropids are short-headed. But this is just a hypothesis.

Not an hypothesis but reality is that Osteuropids live and have lived in the borderlands of Europids and Mongolids and it is not just an assumption but an obvious fact that everywhere were great races meet each other vast areas of contact forms can be found. Even at the time of the emergences of the modern races – which are anything but static and stable constants – in those areas those various tendencies of differentiatial development already interacted. This does not concern, like it was already hinted at withthe blond hair of the Nordics, the groups of todaywe can unite as races because of their trait combinations, but simply a form circle that has the biological and geographical potential to develop into them. As strictly as one must deny the term “Mongolian admixture” when it comes to the Osteuropids of today; when it comes to racial history itis entirely possible (and in my opinion the only explanation of the obvious facts) that the early occurance of heritage tendencies we can call “Mongoloidisms” played a part inthe formation of the Osteuropid type. Transistional traits and races exist, there is no clear cut in nature in the way we would want to have (and need) it when working in our labratories or at our desks. Followng the racial movements in the European space wil provide the geographical opposition to the described genetic approach. The Osteuropids are thus a typical intermediate form, an independently differentiated and developed body form group out of the contact area of the North-Europid-directed and “East Asian”-influenced proto-Hominids. That this Osteuropid race is entirely Mongolid has only been proposed once, as a counterargument against my contact form theory. But thiswas widely denied.

Type. The most important body traits have already been mentioned. Most defining are the ash-blond, plain and soft hair (Günther says: taut-ish hair, the question is still open), the grey or grey-ish blue eyes, often watery (which is why Russians talk about white-eyed Finns), the upturned nose with the broad, bony and somewhat flat face and finally a moderately short square head with a stocky, medium-sized body.

The head is big, compared to the body, what reminds one of child-like proportions. Alsothe body build itself, although very sturdy and muscular, shows infantile resemblances, because of the long torso and short extremeties. Because of the broad forehead and the massive jaw the face often appears square and crude. Compared to this the nose is primitive: it is of small size, the tip is round, upturned and relatively broad. Because of the low root the impression of flatness is strengthened, although the main cause of this is the (not very strong) frontality of the cheekbones. That already becomes clear when looking at a skull. Because of the small and (less frequent) oblique eye-openings the eyes appear small. The mouth is big. Like the Nordics, the Osteuropids are late-blooming, but they age faster. Sometimes they develop very strong wrinkles, comparable to those of the Bushman and Tibetian faces. Their traits are less progressive than those of the other European races, with the expection of the Alpines. Thus, they area phylogenetically ancient type of the Europids.

2. The Central Belt of Short-Heads

The assumption that the European groups of short-heads pushed between the groups of long-heads like a wedge, coming from the East, is often made. This image is plastic but wrong. The European long-headed forms were not seperated from each other by short-heads, instead they had been genetically and geographically seperated forms for a long time. The deceiving wedge-like shape resulted out of the racially-historically younger movements in the Russian space. The dark short-headed groups go from the South-East towards Europe like a broad ribbon, towards the West more and more dissolved, in the East more tenaciously far-reaching in younger times. Originally they were a form of the mountainous forest lands, just like the Nordics were one of the flat terrains and the Osteuropids one of the humid depths. It is not the environment that influenced the spreading of the race through some mysterious mechanisms. It is rather bound bound to a specific feeding ground through its own way of doing economics; the recent historical movements of the old races have not reached a degree that would blurry the discovery of the ethnogeographically proto-homelands (the areas where the differentiations happened in younger racial history).

The Central European belt of the dark short-headed races, which were called simply „Alpine“ by Ripley (what is also still done by many English-speaking authors), is, for practical reasons, best seperated into two races. Those are the Alpines (in the true sense)and the Dinarics (Dinarids). There is a fundamental difference between them: One is primitive, as much as one can even talk about primitive forms considering the strong selection and the consequences of the lack of post-glacial protection of Europe against the East. The other one is progressive, and that to a degree that is otherwise only reached by the Nordics and perhaps some Mediterranean local types. Thus, here in the short-head belt we find a return of the phylogenetic relationships of the Northern belt: here and there we find a more strongly differentiatied, and a phlyogentically more ancient form.

2.1 The Dinaric Race

was defined by Deniker in 1989 which was not opposed by Ripley. But because of didactic reasons – and it is this didactics that brought lots of progress to racial science – the latter decided not to include the Dinaric (or „Adriatic“) type into his European three-way scheme as a new race. But especially contrasted to the Alpines no one can doubt the justification of the Dinarics as a seperate race. Not only are there large differences inthe degree of progressive differentiations between the two body form groups – both are extremes within the European racial circle – but also when it comes to unique traits, e.g.when it comes to the skull, nose shape, chin and facial profile. Thus one can safely seperate Dinarics from their Western short-headed neighbors. Another matter is their relationship to their Eastern neighbors in the short-head belt, the Armenids. Following Eugen Fischer almost all authors consider both „sister races“. Kern gives them the umbrella name „Tauric group“, and all highlight the great similarities, the geographical closeness and the obvious biodynamic connection. Thus, why seperate them into two races?

Now, the situation is not like one can simply view both body form groups as identical twins. Certainly both are part of the central short-head belt of the greater Europid race, and they are certainly closer to each other – including many Turanids – than they are to modern Alpines. But they are not only geographically separated but they also took different paths when it comes to differentiations. Looking at the Dinarics, we will find lean, very tall individuals. Compared to this the Armenids are stocky and only of medium height. In the former we find hooked noses, in the later bulbous ones. In Dinarics we find roughness, while Armenids are more fleshy. The former have longer facial profiles, the latter ones’ are shorter. The habit of both groups is totally different. Wooded areas here, dry steppe there. They do not have a common history. Thus, one may find it justified to talk about two races and not only of two local forms.

Type. The most remarkable trait of the Dinaric body build is its considerable height, the extremely short back of the head and the extraordinarily high, long and often hooked nose. In all those traits the Dinaric reaches the most possible extremes within the hominids; it is one of its highest specialized form.

The lean and tall appearance is accompied by a long and narrow face, a long and high nose, long ears, long legs and a narrow torso. Thus the body build is highly harmonious.It is a racial maximum of the normal, constitutional longitypes (the most extreme in thatregard are the Nilotids). This harmony can be occassionally disrupted by their pronounced racial special traits (which would not be the case in Nordics and Mediterraneans). That is especially true when it comes to the, as Montandon remarks, their (literally) most „prominent“ trait – their square and hook-like noses. Additionally, this can also be true for the high and often massive chin. Such individuals can appear almost pathological, resembling acromegaly. The height of the head and its extremely flat „planoccipital“ back – one can usually make Dinaric skulls stand on it – not seldomly reach the forms that we call „tower skulls“ and not consider the result of normal development. In earlier days, the shortheadness of the Dinarics were often pronounced through the uniforms of Austrian officers (who often came from Dinaric areas). One could draw a vertical line from the upper edge of the back of the high hat to the ground without touching something. That was especially true when it came to Bosniaks. In the Dinaric „textbook population of Montenegro“ the group average of the

cephalic index reaches 88.6 which is unmatched.

The eye (the opening) is of medium size. The lower face is supposed to be fleshy, according to some observers, which I cannot confirm. The lips of the large mouth are relatively small but not as small as in the Nordics. The nasolabial folds show – as it is common in individuals with a long lower face (compare it to the English national type) – are often strongly pronounced. The ears are big.

Compared to the South-Europid forms the Dinaric type is, in most of its expressions, is rough and sturdy. even more than the Nordics. That is also true when it comes to women. When it comes to these traits the Dinarics are tendencially closer the the more massive, Northern body form groups of Europe. But their pigmentation shows a stronger transistion to the Southern forms. Not only are the iris and the usually smooth hair colored dark-brow-ish, also the skin shows a brown-ish tinge and a remarkable ability to create pigments. This is why the Southern Dinarics often show very brown skin. Living under the same conditions, individuals of the Northern forms would show reddish flushing. Dinarics exhibit strong hairiness; even in Dinaric women slight cases of mustache growth are not rare at higher age. The Tyrol (male) beards turned this trait into a feature of beauty, if not as a racial one at least as one of the local type. Bavaria has its own „Defregger“ types.

2.2 The Alpine Race

was described as the Dissentis type, in the older German anthropological literature, named after a Swiss canton of the Alps, were the most recognizable traits of the Alpines occurred to a large degree. At the same time, v. Hölder used the term Sarmatic race, Beddoe talked about the Avernian type and Pruner Bey of a „Lappanoid“ race. The later name is interesting because it shows that the Lappoid connections to the Southern Alpines (or „Alpines in the narrow sense“) had been recognized by earlier researchers. In the following era, his insights were mostly ignored because the Lapps were regarded as Mongolids, as a result of linguistic speculations. The Mongolidness of the Lapps is even still believed by many people today. Just in more recent times, the author (Eickstedt – remark.) got his point of view – that the Lapps are nothing else than an Alpinoid short-headed variant in the North – verified by Polish researchers who call their own territorial Alpine special form „Lapponoid“.

Lapouge created the name Homo alpinus, which replaced the unlucky and almost completely wrong term „Celtic race“, and was then popularized globally by Ripley. The Celtic error happened because Broca (and others) connected the relics of the Celtic language to the short-statured short-heads existing in same „retreat areas“ (e.g. Bretagne). Out of this they concluded that there was once a common bond between them. But the only thing that connected them was the disaster of being excluded from the more fertile areas by more dynamic-animalistic forms (of humans – remark.). Today „alpine“ has been replaced with „ostisch“ (Eastern) by Günther and „dark-eastern“ by H. Pöch because it is assumed that Alpines came from the East. But that is true for almost all European races.

Type. The body traits of the Alpines form a strong somatic contrast to those of the Dinarics. Everything that is high and long in Dinarics is low and broad in the Alpines. The stature is short, the body build is stocky, the arms are short, the face is low, the noseis short and small. The only thing uniting Alpines and Dinarics are only the dark pigmentation and short-headedness. But not even those traits do that in an unrestricted

way. On average the Alpine has a lighter brown than those of a Dinaric, the eyes are also not just dark-brown and often almost overwhelmingly grey. The head is not planoccipital but curvoccipital, which means the back of the head is curved (not flat likein the Dinarics – remark.) Thus, here we have two truly different races.

That the proportions (short-legged with a long torso) and the small low nose have to be considered as being relatively primitive – as long as we can even talk about different phylogenetic degrees when it comes to the Europids – was already mentioned in the description of the Osteuropid traits. This is even more true when it comes to the Alpines. But the child-like (infantile) type is a lot more common in female examples. From an ontogenetic point of view this is not hard to understand. Because in women growth, and thus the individual differentiation, stops earlier than in men. The Alpine male is thus more heavily specialized than the Alpine woman which shows more well-developed Alpine traits. They can be more easily recongized in them than in the other sex. What happens there is basically an aggregration of the racially primitive traits (of an infantile kind) and the female sexual nature, which also points towards infantile directions. That is why in primitive races women are the „better“ (more typical) representants, be it the Alpines, Weddids or Paleo-Mongolids. Vice versae this is true forthe progressive races where the males are the more „typical“, be it Dinarics, Sinids or Silvids.

In the Alpine woman the face is especially low and round-ish; the head is equally especially round and globular, which is especially true when it comes to the area of the forehead and the bumps at the parting of the head; the mouth is especially soft and oftenconvexly curved, in a child-like way. Finally the nose is not only low and small but also broad. Real snub-noses usually only occur in Alpine women, then the nosal bridge is curved too. The same is true when it comes to proportions: the toros is short and stocky, almost ton-like, and does not show the elegant shapes of the Europid longitypes (Dinarics, Nordics, Mediterraneans). While in Central Alpine men the nose can also be relatively small, although not as big as in the more progressive types, they are still defining racial traits in them, just as the large eye distance and the small browridges, just like the roundness, smoothness, the portliness (but not sluggishness) of the general appearance. The eye openings of the Alpines are small. The skin is less pink-ish than in the Northern forms, more pale. It also appears to be thicker. Günther even called their skin „necrotic-like“.

3. The Southern Forms of the Cis- and Transmediterranean area

From the East two races reach into the European space, like we have described earlier. One of them is the Mediterranean race. It occupies the coasts of the Mediterranean sea but not in an equal distribution as there point of gravity lies more to the West. There are all its larger areas of distribution. In the East usually the races that trailed behind them took control of the space: the Armenids in Asian Minor, the Orientalids in streaks all over „North Africa“. The latter of the two is the second Europid Southern form of the European space. It was already discussed in connection with its real center in Arabia, and thus the only description left is the most Western of the Europid dark longheaded forms.

3.1 The Mediterranean Race

Older synonyms for it are the Iberian and the Liguarian race. Deniker talks about a Ibero-Insular, Atlanto-Mediterranean and a Berber race living near the Mediterranean sea. Haddon distinguished between an more ancient Eurafrikanid layer an a younger Mediterreanean one. Günther germanized Mediterranean with „Western“. Already by just looking at those names a row of subtypes can be recognized. To which degree they are justified and to which degree we can already define somatic subtypes (just as in the Nordics) is questionable. The situation is here even more complex than in the North. Letus begin with a description of the most defining and most widespread racial type.

Type. In their entirety they are the most gracile, the most elegant and the most pigmented, darkest race of Europe. Thus, the more Southern a racial belt lies the darker it is. The Mediterrenans usually show more harmonious traits on a regular basis than those in the North, the body build, although of lower height, is lean and well-proportioned, not stocky as in, e.g., the Alpines. Lively is the expression of the big, darkand sparkling eyes. Within the circle of the European racial aesthetes the Mediterreaneans and the Nordics fight for the title of the most beautiful race on Earth. But that is a very relative term.

The head of the Mediterreanean is often long and narrow, much more often than in the Nordics of today. But the cephalic index, even considering the projecting back of the head, usually only reaches medium numbers. Also the face is narrow, harmonious and fine-featured and of an oval, smooth and – downwardly – often a little bit retreading silhouette. The bridge of the nose is relatively high and is relatively narrow but not to the same degree as it is in the Nordics and Dinarics. But just as in them the cheekbones are malar bones are adjoining. The jaw angle is often rounded softly, the ears are small. The mouth is more soft and fuller compared to the other European races, but the chin is equally strong (which is not the case in the related Indids). Altogether the type is gracile, harmonious, agile but certainly not frail or delicate (see the „Conquistador type“of the Castilian, illustration X).

The hair of the Mediterraneans is wavy and dark-brown, often almost black-brown and always abundant. That is also true for younger individuals, who are maturing earlier than the Northern forms, and also for the women who already show a small mustache at middle age, occasionally even in younger years. Also the eyelashes grow long. Altogether there is a larger differences in the sexes than in the Northern forms. All feminine secondary sex attributes – gracility, fat padding, infantilisms – are more pronounced in Mediterreanean women, especially the biologically very important sexualtrait of hip breadth. This pronounces the already racially-based, stronger body contouring even more. Large hip breadth is seen as beautiful, truly feminine and desirable in culturally Mediterranean areas. There is nothing that makes a Catalonian woman more proud than her swaying hips. One must compare this to the Indid female ideal of beauty and contrast it with the Nordic ideal of thinness.

The above description is mainly about the general Mediterranean type which may also be called Gracile-Mediterranean type. (1.)., which is common in Southern Italy, in someareas on the Iberian Peninsular and on the islands of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Next to them (2.) there also exists are taller and also coarser type, which can be seen strongly especially in Northern Spain. A special type of them seems to be the Valencian local type with its very long face and very long nose. On the other hand there seems to be (3.) a general Mediterranean foundation of the Transmediterranean Europids –

especially in Egypt, Algier and Tunis – which is an intermediate of the other two forms. Here the skin is also darker, often slightly yellow-ish like in the Indids and very often also with softer traits.

But all those types are hard to recognize in this large and widely distributed mixture. Wedo not know much about the details at this moment. Deniker’s groups, mentioned in the beginning, cannot be united with those types, they seem to be too abstract and were created out of sparse knowledge of only a low number of traits. Haddon, e.g., considers the Atlanto-Mediterraneans a mixed type. But his own types, the Eurafrican and the Mediterranean, are also not very transparent when it comes to distribution and layering. They were only based on found skulls, not living people. But they can already be seen as parrallels to our observations made above. The first one, the Eurafrican, has been described as relatively tall and corresponds more or less to the North Spanish-Ligurian sturdy local type (2.). It shows a coarser body build, strong browridges, a broader nose, and a large width of the molar bone of the face and is supposed to be connected to the pre-historic discoveries of Combe Capelle, Galley Hill and Brunn I. Also similarities to Cromagnon were noticed*. According to Fleure this is an ancient type which occurs all over the Mediterranean area from North-Abyssinia to Plynlymon in Wales. A subtype ofit often shows Negroid affilations like prognathy and tightly curly hair. The second one, according to Haddon the Mediterranean type in the narrow, real sense, represents the younger or more differentiated layer and corresponds to our Gracile-Mediterranean (1.).It shows a more gracile body build, much smaller height and a long-ish oval face.

Summarizing the knowledge about the somatic subgroups of the Mediterraneans we have at this point we may have to distinguish, just like in the Nordics, between three subraces:

1. The Mediterraneans in the narrow sense, the Gracile Mediterraneans, especially in theNorthern Mediterreneis and the Western insular area.2. The bigger and coarser Eurafrikanids of Haddon in various retreat areas3. the softer, medium-sized Transmediterranids from Marocco to Egypt.

*:“There still remains another very ancient element that has to be noticed whose formal characteristics are close to the discoveries of Hominid fossils from late Mesolithic France. It is the so-called Cromagnon race which is also very important when it comes to the Mediterraneans. Main traits are the extremely low, rectangular eye sockets, the low, broad and square face, the very long, big and characteristically curved back of the head and a remarkable height. Individuals that show these combinations can be found these days, in larger numbers, also in Central France (Dordogne) and the Canary Islands, sporadically all over the Northern areas connected to the Mediterranean Sea where the author has seen them with his own eyes, e.g. in Corsica, and also quite often in Algiers. Here, as with the Berbers in general, they have been recognized very early and this was also interpreted correctly. Their direct connection with the blondness of theDalics (Dalo-Nordics, – remark.) and thus their relationship to the late-Diluvial swarming out of the Cromagnids or the Dalic race has been recently proved by Fischer. It is likely that this old component played a part in the formation of the Eurafrican and Transmediterranean type.“

EUROPID OR WHITE PRIMARY RACE: Thin to medium-thick, more or less light skin. Soft, smooth to wavy or curly hair and (most often) strong growth of beard, quite narrow nose. Types of body build: mostly juvenile (virile) and boreal, occasionally mature.

A. Caspid southeastern high-skulled racial group.

I. Boreal.

a) Face robust or somewhat protomorphic.

1. Eye sockets often somewhat slanted. More-or-less high in frequency of blood type B.

+ Volgid: dark pigmented, very short-statured, stocky, long- to medium-skulled,

+ + East-Baltid: very light pigmented, taller, however thickset, round-headed with flat occiput. Eyesoften situated somewhat flat in the face.

2. Eyes direct, large upper iris:

Pre-Pontid (extinct).

b) Face almost infantile.

1. Lappid: very short-statured, with very low face and round skull, rather dark pigmented. Low frequency of blood type B and very high frequency of blood type A. Also very unique in other serological traits.

2. East-Alpinid: Similar, but less pronounced, traits. Much higher frequency of blood type B.

II. Progressive eumorphic types. All extremely long-skulled:

a) East-Mediterranid: dark pigmented, with many subtypes.

1. The Pontid (in southern Russia). 2. The Iranid: partly influenced by the Arabid with narrow rectangular face. 3. The North-Indid: very tall, heavily bearded, large nose and a high frequency of blood type B. 4. The Indid: small, very gracile, small cranial capacity, with thin, sparse beard and a high frequency of blood type B. 5. The Nesiotid (in the South Seas) with somewhat convex nose. 6. The Saharid or South-Mediterranid (in North Africa): rather tall and juvenile. 7. The Aegyptid: very closely related to the Saharid, but with a high frequency of blood type B.

b) The East-Nordid subrace (of the low-skulled, fair North Race): similar to the North race in anthropological traits (almost disappeared through crossing).

III. Taurid: mature-boreal, with very high and round skull, very flat occiput and larger nose. At leasttwo subtypes:

1. The very tall Dinarid with short arms. 2. The mature-boreal, medium-sized Anatolid or Armenid. + The somewhat less pronounced Mtebidin the Caucasus.

B. Atlantid northwestern low-skulled racial group (always with low frequencies of blood type B).

I. Long-skulled (dolichocephalic).

a. Palaeo-Atlantid or Cromagnid: somewhat protomorphic, broad-nosed, very broad-faced, tall and robust, light-mixed in pigmentation. Low in the frequency of blood type A and high in blood type O. b. Nordid: virile, more progressive, lighter in pigmentation. Three subtypes:

1. The broader-faced, more robust Faelish subtype. 2. The narrow-faced, more gracile Scando-Nordid subtype, rather light-haired. 3. The North-Atlantid subtype which is morphologically similar to the Scando-Nordid, more dark-haired but at the same time light-eyed, higher frequency of blood type O and a lower frequency of Athan the other two subtypes.

c. Southern, dark-pigmented, short-statured group:

1. Berid: paedo-protomorph, with low frequencies of the blood types A and B. 2. Juvenile.

+ West-Mediterranid: horizontal eye-orbits.- With a more virile Basquid subtype typical of the Basques. The ABO-allelic relationships, and also the Rh-system, are very unique in several ways in this subtype.

+ + Arabid subtype: slanted orbits and almond eyes. Differentiated from the preceding types in facial morphology and facial dynamics. Also a very narrow and sloping forehead, with a distinct rhombic face.- Syrid subtype: broad-formed, with a lower frequency of blood type O.

II. Round-skulled (brachycephalic):

- (West-) Alpinid: infantile-boreal, short-statured, brunet, round-faced, inflated temples. MONGOLID PRIMARY RACE: High subcutaneous fat, tense somewhat yellowish skin, stiff hair, weak beard growth, often moderately broad nose, pink portion of the lips moderately thick to thin.

A. Mongolids of Asia: more pronounced traits, more yellowish skin and flat-nosed.

I. Northern Mongolid group: very low-skulled and larger-faced.

a) Long- (or medium-) skulled, somewhat more protomorphic:

- Siberid, variform with in particular two subtypes:

+ Obid with broad noses.

++ North-Siberid (Korjakid) with narrower noses.

b) Short-skulled; Mongol traits very pronounced:

- Tungid. + A Kumid subtype with an even coarser and broader, somewhat larger face, often snub-nosed.

II. Southeastern Mongolid group: significantly high-skulled.

a) Medium-skulled (mesocephalic):

1. Sinid: characteristic facial flatness, short legs and long but narrow trunk, feminized. A taller North-Sinid or Hoid subtype at the Yellow River with partly long faces.

++ A shorter Middle-Sinid or Kiangid subtype at the Yangtze River (and a half-Malaid South-Sinid race in Southern China).

2. Less pronounced facial flatness, i.e. with more projecting nose:

Dayakid (many variants).

b) Palaungid: somewhat short-skulled, very paedomorphic, almost midget-like in proportions. c) Malaid: high- and short-skulled with (alveolar-) prognathous broad face.

B. Indianid racial group, with less pronounced Mongoloid traits, especially more or less large, somewhat convex nose and less yellowish skin (almost exclusively blood type O).

I. Low-skulled:

a) Fuegid: small nose with straight profile. b) Californid: moderately tall (many variants). (Apart from these two types, also others which are already to a greater degree extinct).

II. High-skulled:

a) Eskimid: face very Mongoloid, very high, extremely broad and especially large face, very long-skulled, narrow-nosed, short-statured, higher frequency of blood type A (which is not found among the Amerindians). b) Less pronounced Mongolid traits.

1. (Long- and) Medium-skulled.

+ Lagid: moderately tall stature, individual protomorphic traits (short and broad nose, prominent browridge, etc.), narrow eye-slits. - In North America a similar but stockier Margid subtype

++ Silvid: very tall with progressive (dinariomorphic) traits.

2. (Pronouncedly) Short-skulled:

+ Centralid: small and infantile, with round face, somewhat stocky build and quite atypical (for Amerindians) child nose etc.

++ Andid: Barely moderately tall but very robust with mighty thorax and large, dinariomorphic face.

+++ Patagonid: Very tall and dinariomorph, also overweight.

In addition others, not yet systematized Amerind groups.

BLACK OR NEGRID PRIMARY RACE: Lax, coarsely porous, black-brown skin. Hair more or less woolly. Bulging lips. Long- (and medium-) skulled.

A. Tall, dark skin.

I. High-skulled, very long legged:

- Sudanid.

+ Senegalid: gracile stature, very dark skin, small but prognathous face, very long-skulled, wide interorbital distance.

++ Nilid: extremely tall, also gracile, very long extremities - especially shanks, face and nose not narrower than Sudanid. II. Low-skulled:

- Hyle-negrid (certainly many variants): quite tall (but not extremely long legged), somewhat narrower-faced, broader nose (also at the skull), narrower interorbital distance, blood type O predominates.

B. Less dark-skinned midgets:

I. Bambutid: on average 142 cm body height, (very) open eyes, broad mouth with thin lips, considerable protomorphic traits. II: Mongoliform eye-folds: also quite deviating as a whole:

- Sanid: puerile, narrow eye-slits, often blood type O, never blood type B, with two subtypes: + A very short, stockier (almost extinct) one from the Karoo.

++ From the Kalahari: gracilized.

INDO-OCEANIC ARCHAIC RACIAL GROUP:

A. More or less short-statured, partly reduced (southern and southeastern Asiatic archaic racial group).

I. More or less curly-haired, long-skulled.

a) More or less light-skinned.

1. Heavily bearded, coarse body build:

Ainuid.

2. Less bearded, paedo-protomorph (face, etc.), feeble body build, small cranial capacity:

Veddid. b) Indomelanid: dark-skinned, straight-haired.

II. Woolly-haired, (often) thick lips, more or less short-statured.

a) Malid: very long-skulled. b) Negritid: (medium- and) short-skulled, multiple subtypes, especially the Andamanid, which is almost leptosomic (not as usual for Siberids infantile-built) and thin-lipped.

B. More or less medium-tall (Australian-Oceanic archaic racial group).

I. Curly-haired, very protomorphic: Australid.

a) South-Australid: low-skulled, somewhat stocky. b) North-Australid: high-skulled, very leptosomic.

II. Curly haired, very dark skin, almost entirely Negroid traits, high-skulled:

Bukaid.

Notice also the following hybrid types:

Litorid: Armenid+West (and South-) Mediterranid. Turanid: Kumid (and other Mongoloids)+East-Mediterranid+Armenid. Tibetid: Sinid (+East-Mediterranid?). Cambodid: Malaid+Veddid. Polynesid: Nesiotid+Dayakid (+Indianid of unknown affinity?). Arizonid: Very short-skulled. Brazilid: Lagid+? Ethiopid: often Sudanid+Saharid (also Arabid and Cafrid). Koid: Khoisanid+Europids of unknown affinity. Hyle-Negrid: Pygmid+Sudanid (+Cafrid). Melanesid: North-Australid+Bukaid (+Nesiotid).

Cephalic Indexes

C.I. = width / length

A long head (index of 75 or less) is Dolichocephalic.A medium head (index between 75 and 80) is Mesocephalic.A short or wide head (index over 80) is Brachycephalic.

You can estimate this by looking at a person's side view (profile). Does their head go back very far? If so, they are probably dolichocephalic (unless they have an unusually broad head as well). Is the head flat at the back, or rounded only slightly? Probably brachycephalic. This is why I always like people to have a profile picture in their classification thread. If they have only a front view, they cannot be classified accurately since we don't know what their cephalic index is.

Nordics and Mediterraneans are Dolichocephalic.Alpines, Baltics and Dinarics are Brachycephalic.Mixes of Dolichocephalic and Brachycephalic types are usually Mesocephalic.

NORDIC

data comes from Corded, Hallstat and Keltic plates

Head length: 202Head width: 151Bigonial: 106Facial Height: 130

MEDITERRANEAN

data comes from Small (gracile) Med, Atlanto-Med, and British (Atlantid) plates

Head length: 195Head width: 150Bigonial: 101Facial Height: 123

ALPINE

Head length: 189Head width: 159Bigonial: 110Facial Height: 123

DINARIC

Head length: 185Head width: 161Bigonial: 110Facial Height: 126

BALTIC

data comes from East Baltic and Neo-Danubian plates

Head length: 186Head width: 159Bigonial: 111Facial Height: 123

BORREBY

Head length: 201Head width: 166Bigonial: 120Facial Height: 126

BRUNN

Head length: 208Head width: 155Bigonial: 116Facial height: 135

Now, we can compare these types in absolute dimensions.

Head length:

Brunn > Nordic > Borreby > Mediterranean > Baltic > Alpine > Dinaric

Head width:

Borreby > Dinaric > Baltic = Alpine > Brunn > Nordic > Mediterranean

Bigonial:

Borreby > Brunn > Baltic > Dinaric = Alpine > Nordic > Mediterranean

Face length:

Brunn > Nordic > Borreby = Dinaric > Baltic = Mediterranean = Alpine

Another analysis:

Brunns have VERY LONG faces, WIDE jaws, VERY LONG heads, and MEDIUM WIDTH heads

Borrebies have MODERATELY LONG faces, VERY WIDE jaws, MODERATELY LONG heads, and VERY WIDE heads

Nordics have LONG faces, NARROW jaws, LONG heads, and NARROW heads

Alpines have SHORT faces, MEDIUM jaws, SHORT heads, and MODERATELY WIDE heads

Mediterraneans have SHORT FACES, VERY NARROW jaws, MODERATELY LONG heads, and VERY NARROW heads

Dinarics have MODERATELY LONG faces, MEDIUM jaws, VERY SHORT heads, and WIDE heads

Baltics have SHORT FACES, MODERATELY WIDE jaws, MODERATELY SHORT heads, and MODERATELY WIDE heads

APPENDIX