1DISCOVERY AND ISSUES

ZIKV first isolated from Rhesus monkeys in

Uganda in 1947 which causes ZIKA fever

Propagated to Pacific in 2007 and 2013

Then to the Americas and Africa in 2015

Now more than 13 countries in the America

have reported sporadic Zika virus infections

indicating rapid geographic expansion of Zika

virus

2TAXANOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

Family Flaviviridae

Order Unassingned

Genus Flavivirus

Species Zika virus

It is so called ldquoZIKArdquo where it is found

Zika virus bears a striking resemblance to

chikungunya

Same clade of ZIKA are Spondweni virus St Louis

encephalitis virus Ilheus virus and Rocio virus

3STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION

It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral structure

Contains non segmented Single-stranded positive

sense RNA

Complete genome sequence of ZIKA has been

published

The open reading frame of the Zika virus reads as

follows

5prime-C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5-

3prime

3STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION-CONTD

Fig 31 ZIKA VIRUS

4TRANSMISSION

Transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes

Major contribution by A aegypti

This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue

chikungunya and yellow fever

This usually bite during the morning and late

afternoonevening hours

Incubation period is about three to 12 days after the

bite of an infected mosquito

4TRANSMISSION-CONTD

Fig 41

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION

This ZIKA has enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito

cycle with only occasional transmission to humans

Dermal fibroblasts epidermal keratinocytes are

permissible to ZIKV

The virion attaches to host cell membrane receptors

via envelope protein E which induces virion

endocytosis

The virus membrane fuses with the endosomal

membrane

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

2TAXANOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

Family Flaviviridae

Order Unassingned

Genus Flavivirus

Species Zika virus

It is so called ldquoZIKArdquo where it is found

Zika virus bears a striking resemblance to

chikungunya

Same clade of ZIKA are Spondweni virus St Louis

encephalitis virus Ilheus virus and Rocio virus

3STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION

It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral structure

Contains non segmented Single-stranded positive

sense RNA

Complete genome sequence of ZIKA has been

published

The open reading frame of the Zika virus reads as

follows

5prime-C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5-

3prime

3STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION-CONTD

Fig 31 ZIKA VIRUS

4TRANSMISSION

Transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes

Major contribution by A aegypti

This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue

chikungunya and yellow fever

This usually bite during the morning and late

afternoonevening hours

Incubation period is about three to 12 days after the

bite of an infected mosquito

4TRANSMISSION-CONTD

Fig 41

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION

This ZIKA has enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito

cycle with only occasional transmission to humans

Dermal fibroblasts epidermal keratinocytes are

permissible to ZIKV

The virion attaches to host cell membrane receptors

via envelope protein E which induces virion

endocytosis

The virus membrane fuses with the endosomal

membrane

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

3STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION

It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral structure

Contains non segmented Single-stranded positive

sense RNA

Complete genome sequence of ZIKA has been

published

The open reading frame of the Zika virus reads as

follows

5prime-C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5-

3prime

3STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION-CONTD

Fig 31 ZIKA VIRUS

4TRANSMISSION

Transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes

Major contribution by A aegypti

This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue

chikungunya and yellow fever

This usually bite during the morning and late

afternoonevening hours

Incubation period is about three to 12 days after the

bite of an infected mosquito

4TRANSMISSION-CONTD

Fig 41

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION

This ZIKA has enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito

cycle with only occasional transmission to humans

Dermal fibroblasts epidermal keratinocytes are

permissible to ZIKV

The virion attaches to host cell membrane receptors

via envelope protein E which induces virion

endocytosis

The virus membrane fuses with the endosomal

membrane

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

3STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION-CONTD

Fig 31 ZIKA VIRUS

4TRANSMISSION

Transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes

Major contribution by A aegypti

This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue

chikungunya and yellow fever

This usually bite during the morning and late

afternoonevening hours

Incubation period is about three to 12 days after the

bite of an infected mosquito

4TRANSMISSION-CONTD

Fig 41

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION

This ZIKA has enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito

cycle with only occasional transmission to humans

Dermal fibroblasts epidermal keratinocytes are

permissible to ZIKV

The virion attaches to host cell membrane receptors

via envelope protein E which induces virion

endocytosis

The virus membrane fuses with the endosomal

membrane

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

4TRANSMISSION

Transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes

Major contribution by A aegypti

This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue

chikungunya and yellow fever

This usually bite during the morning and late

afternoonevening hours

Incubation period is about three to 12 days after the

bite of an infected mosquito

4TRANSMISSION-CONTD

Fig 41

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION

This ZIKA has enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito

cycle with only occasional transmission to humans

Dermal fibroblasts epidermal keratinocytes are

permissible to ZIKV

The virion attaches to host cell membrane receptors

via envelope protein E which induces virion

endocytosis

The virus membrane fuses with the endosomal

membrane

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

4TRANSMISSION-CONTD

Fig 41

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION

This ZIKA has enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito

cycle with only occasional transmission to humans

Dermal fibroblasts epidermal keratinocytes are

permissible to ZIKV

The virion attaches to host cell membrane receptors

via envelope protein E which induces virion

endocytosis

The virus membrane fuses with the endosomal

membrane

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION

This ZIKA has enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito

cycle with only occasional transmission to humans

Dermal fibroblasts epidermal keratinocytes are

permissible to ZIKV

The virion attaches to host cell membrane receptors

via envelope protein E which induces virion

endocytosis

The virus membrane fuses with the endosomal

membrane

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the

cytoplasm

It is then translated into a polyprotein Translation

takes place by viral initiation

Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus

replication model and takes place as a cytoplasmic

viral factory in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in

a dsRNA genome

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

The dsRNA genome is then transcribed to ssRNA

New virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus

and then excreted by budding into the intracellular

space where the new virions cause infection

ZIKV activates an antiviral innate immune

response with type 1 interferon in infected cells

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5MECHANISM OF INFECTION-CONTDhellip

Fig 51 flavivirus ndashhost cell interaction

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are

not persistent

The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is

determined by a balance between the speed of viral

replication and spread and the immune system

response

Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade

the innate and adaptive immune response

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses have genomic size constraints and are

unable to acquire exogenous genes

Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that

regulate viral life cycle yet also modulate the host

response

The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes

where arise early immune response

Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues leading to

entry into the circulation via the efferent lymphatic

system and thoracic duct

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Now spread to visceral organs then to neurotropic

flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous system

The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being

targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains

unclear

There is an assumption that the virus enters via a

haematogenous route

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Flaviviruses may cross the bloodndashbrain barrier by

passive transport across the endothelium by active

replication in endothelial cells

Trojan horse mechanism in which the virus is

carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells

The IFN-dependent innate immune response is

essential for protection against flavivirus infections

Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

5HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE-CONTD

Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by

preventing translation and replication of infectious viral RNA

Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the

generation of proinflammatory and antiviral

molecules including nitric oxide

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE

Fever

Skin rashes

Conjunctivitis

Muscle and joint pain

Malaise or headache

These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days

Affects nervous system egmicrocephaly in foetus

Fig 61 microcephaly head IMR

image

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 62 symptoms

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 63 skin rashes and Aedes spp mosquito

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

6SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE-CONTD

Fig 64

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

7DIAGNOSIS

Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in

the blood or other body fluids such as urine or saliva

Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10

days after onset of the disease

From day five post onset of disease serological

investigations can be conducted by detection of

Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by

neutralisation seroconversion or four-fold antibody

titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in paired

serum samples

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

8AVAILABLE TREATMENT

There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic

treatment

Bharat biotech international company of India

declared that they patented for medicine for ZIKV

The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based

on pain relief fever reduction and anti-histamines

for pruritic rash

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

9PREVENTION

The best form of prevention is protection against

mosquito bites

Repellents should contain DEET (N N-diethyl-3-

methylbenzamide) IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-

aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-

piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

methylpropylester)

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

10EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT

The Bharath biotech produced one inactivated and

one recombinant vaccines which are seeking for

patent

People sick with Zika virus get plenty of rest drink

enough fluids and treat pain and fever with common

medicines

Hypochlorite is a natural product for human

organism and elaborated by immune cells for

protection against infection

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

REFERENCES

1R M Kofler J H Aberle S W Aberle S L Allison F X Heinz and C W Mandl

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71951-1956 2004

2Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flavivirusesMichael

S Diamond11Departments of Medicine Molecular Microbiology and Pathology amp

Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

3 Oliveira Melo A S Malinger G Ximenes R Szejnfeld P O Alves Sampaio

S Bispo de Filippis A M (2016-01-01) Zika virus intrauterine infection causes

fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly tip of the iceberg Ultrasound in

Obstetrics amp Gynecology 47 (1) 6ndash7 doi101002uog15831 ISSN 1469-

0705 PMID 26731034

4 Tick-borne flaviviruses dissecting host immune responses and virus

countermeasures

Robertson SJ1 Mitzel DN Taylor RT Best SM Bloom ME

REFERENCES5 Immune evasion strategies of flaviviruses

Ye J1 Zhu B Fu ZF Chen H Cao S

6 Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by

S Diamond1Departments of Medicine Molecular

Microbiology and Pathology amp Immunology Washington

University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA