Human Factors in the Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Organization of SAR

ServicesServices

International Civil Aviation OrganizationInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationAir Traffic Management SectionAir Traffic Management Section

Air Navigation BureauAir Navigation Bureau

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THE GLOBAL CONCEPTTHE GLOBAL CONCEPT

ICAO Goal:ICAO Goal: To provide a world-wide SAR To provide a world-wide SAR system that will provide assistance to all system that will provide assistance to all persons in distress regardless of persons in distress regardless of nationality or circumstance …nationality or circumstance …

The fastest, most effective and practical The fastest, most effective and practical way to achieve this goal is to develop way to achieve this goal is to develop regional systems associated with each regional systems associated with each ocean area and continent.ocean area and continent.

INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SAR (IAMSAR) MANUALMARITIME SAR (IAMSAR) MANUAL

expoundsexpounds • SHARED USE of ASSETS, SHARED USE of ASSETS, andand• COOPERATION,COOPERATION, between between

government & industry,

civilian and military,

aeronautical & maritime,

ATC & SAR.

1

Some States have special Some States have special challenges.challenges.

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Regionalization providesRegionalization provides

standardized services,avoidance of duplication,access to shared,

more plentiful assets, andwider coverage at

contributory cost.

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ICAO UNIVERSAL SAFETY ICAO UNIVERSAL SAFETY OVERSIGHT & AUDIT PROGRAMME OVERSIGHT & AUDIT PROGRAMME

Many administrations lack an appropriate Many administrations lack an appropriate legislative framework, including:legislative framework, including:basic civil aviation law,appropriate regulations,procedures, documentation andguidance material

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Still deeper shortcomings…..Still deeper shortcomings…..

There is a lack of:•qualified and experienced technical personnel;

..adequate certification and licensing systems; and

..authorities to oversee & regulate service providers and resolve safety issues.

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lack of commitment by governments is lack of commitment by governments is resulting in...resulting in...

•an inability to recruit an inability to recruit & retain staff,& retain staff,•job insecurity,job insecurity,•low staff morale, andlow staff morale, and•lack of adequate lack of adequate support staff, support staff, equipment and equipment and facilities.facilities.

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AUDIT/EVALUATION FINDINGSAUDIT/EVALUATION FINDINGS

    MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS:MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS:

air law;air law;

regulations;regulations;

operational documents;operational documents;

committees of management;committees of management;

letters of agreement; letters of agreement;

equipment;equipment;

experienced & qualified staff, experienced & qualified staff,

training;training;

regulatory oversight.regulatory oversight.

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RISK!RISK!

……that some States’ interests may be paid that some States’ interests may be paid too little regard.too little regard.

Enlightenment, sensitivity and humility must be the cornerstones of global SAR development.

The challenge is to provide for minimum system requirements while preserving national identity, sovereignty and cultural distinction.

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Culture affects Communication.

beliefs and attitudes affect one’s interaction with others, that is, how we talk to them, how we delegate, how we accept orders, how we negotiate differences of opinion, how decisions are made, how risks are evaluated, and other aviation-related issues

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To design an effective SAR operations training course

requires

• the development of a communication training course

• to include a segment on inter-cultural communication

or

there will be serious risk of failure.

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regional air traffic control system

……will be dependent upon:will be dependent upon:

1. New technology,1. New technology,

2. New procedures, and2. New procedures, and

3. New practices3. New practices

and the effectiveness of the way and the effectiveness of the way humans humans and machines interact.and machines interact.

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Optimising the human operator/ environment relationship

1. 1. by altering aspects of human behaviour to meet the demands of a particular task

2. 2. by altering aspects of the environment to meet the particular needs of the operator

1

Human Human SOVEREIGNTY SOVEREIGNTY

in the in the RCCRCC

Human Human SOVEREIGNTY SOVEREIGNTY

in the in the RCCRCC

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Human-centred approach

...provides the operator with automated assistance that saves time and effort.

The operator’s task is supported, not managed, by computing machinery.

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HUMAN OPERATORSHUMAN OPERATORS

……..are the ultimate integrators of system ..are the ultimate integrators of system elements …elements …

This dependence is unlikely to decreaseThis dependence is unlikely to decrease

and may increase in unanticipated ways, and may increase in unanticipated ways, so ...so ...

UNDERSTAND AND ACCOUNT FOR UNDERSTAND AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMANS!HUMANS!

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issues of an institutional and legal nature

SAR is already ahead of the game with highly effective, consensual arrangements for the Cospas-Sarsat system.

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TechnologyTechnology

changes role of workers from “hands on” to thinkers and controllers and

introduces new realm for error.Cause & effect

are more difficult

to find out.

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Two kinds of ACCIDENTSTwo kinds of ACCIDENTS

INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

...the greater number...the greater number

ORGANIZATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS•rare; rare; •can be catastrophic in can be catastrophic in complex industries;complex industries;•recently identified;recently identified;•product of technical product of technical innovations.innovations.

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The events in an accident chain:The events in an accident chain:

are difficult to discern ahead are difficult to discern ahead

of time & therefore difficult to of time & therefore difficult to

control; frequently obscured control; frequently obscured

by time, tradition & the by time, tradition & the

common-place; BUT there iscommon-place; BUT there is

a logic to them, anda logic to them, and

safety can be enhanced safety can be enhanced

by timely adjustments.by timely adjustments.

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DANGER

Hazards

Defences

Losses

Figure 1.1 The relationship between hazards, defences andlosses

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Protection

High hazardventures

Low hazardventures

Parity zone

Production

Bankruptcy

Catastrophe

Figure 1.2 Outline of the relationship between productionand protection

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We are more driven...We are more driven...

...to produce than protect....to produce than protect.

We have more productive skills than We have more productive skills than protective.protective.

To produce is more amenable to our To produce is more amenable to our professional natures.professional natures.

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Protection

Production

Better defencesconvertedto increasedproduction

unrockedboat

Bankruptcy

Catastrophe

Figure 1.3 The lifespan of a hypothetical organizationthrough the production-protection space

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LAYERS OF DEFENCELAYERS OF DEFENCE

• to create understanding and awareness

• to give clear guidance

• to provide alarms and warnings

• to restore the system

• to interpose safety barriers

• to contain and eliminate the hazards

• to provide the means of escape and rescue

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SOFT APPLICATIONSSOFT APPLICATIONS

PAPER AND PEOPLE • legislation, • regulatory surveillance, • rules and procedures, • training,• drills and briefings, • administrative controls, • licensing & certification, • supervisory oversight and • front line work force.

RELEVANT TO SAR

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LAYERS OF DEFENCELAYERS OF DEFENCE

• to create understanding and awareness

• to give clear guidance

• to provide alarms and warnings

• to restore the system

• to interpose safety barriers

• to contain and eliminate the hazards

• to provide the means of escape and rescue

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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

1. An arrangement of several regional 1. An arrangement of several regional organizations could provide essential organizations could provide essential elements beyond the capacity of elements beyond the capacity of individual States;individual States;

2. Barriers & safeguards must be set in 2. Barriers & safeguards must be set in place; they must be comprehensive & place; they must be comprehensive & mutually supportive.mutually supportive.

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LATENT FAILURESLATENT FAILURES

DELUSIVE because they seem DELUSIVE because they seem INNOCUOUS & BENIGNINNOCUOUS & BENIGN

• imprecise procedures, • shortfalls in training, • inadequate equipment, • bad strategic decisions by regulators,

organizational managers or international organizations

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CHERNOBYLCHERNOBYL

Valeri Legaslov: Valeri Legaslov: “After being at “After being at Chernobyl, I drew the unequivocal Chernobyl, I drew the unequivocal conclusion that the accident was … the conclusion that the accident was … the summit of all the incorrect running of summit of all the incorrect running of the economy which had been going on the economy which had been going on in our country for many years”.in our country for many years”.

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Close attention needs to be paid to:Close attention needs to be paid to:

lelegislation, gislation,

regulatory surveillance,regulatory surveillance,

rules and procedures,rules and procedures,

documentation,documentation,

training,training,

administrative controls,administrative controls,

operator proficiency standards, operator proficiency standards,

supervisory oversight.supervisory oversight.

A safe and effective SAR A safe and effective SAR system in Asia- and the system in Asia- and the

worldworld

International Civil Aviation OrganizationInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationAir Traffic Management SectionAir Traffic Management Section

Air Navigation BureauAir Navigation Bureau