human factor issues of driving assistance systems meetings...human factor issues of driving...
TRANSCRIPT
Forum on Advanced Vehicle Safety Technology
Jan. 25 & 26, 2007
Human Factor Issues of Driving Assistance Systems
David BenedictGeneral Manager
Vehicle Performance & DevelopmentToyota Technical Center, U.S.A
Human Factor Issues of Driving Human Factor Issues of Driving Assistance SystemAssistance System
• Background• Assessment of Pre-Collision Driver Factors• Current Pre-collision System Capabilities• Development of a Driver Monitor System• Development Challenges• Future Research Needs
0020XX20XX
Nu
mbe
r of
cas
ual
ties
Nu
mbe
r of
cas
ual
ties
Zero-fatalities
Zero-fatalities
VehicleVehicle
Trafficenvironment
Trafficenvironment
BackgroundBackground
PeoplePeople
Fata
litie
s
Years
Seatbelt
AirbagMultiple airbags
Potential Fatality Reduction by Safety DevicesPotential Fatality Reduction by Safety Devices
Active Safety has a significant potential to reduce fatalities
Fata
litie
s
Passive Passive SafetySafety
Active Active SafetySafety
Driver visibility assistanceDriver visibility assistance--Blind corner monitorBlind corner monitor
--Adaptive Front light systemAdaptive Front light system
Driver assistanceDriver assistance--Lane departure warningLane departure warning--Lane Keeping assistLane Keeping assist
Advancement of Active Safety SystemsAdvancement of Active Safety Systems
2000
Safe drivingSafe driving
Accident Accident avoidanceavoidance
Accidentoccurs
Crash Crash predictionprediction --ABSABS
--TRCTRC--Brake assistBrake assist
--VSCVSC
Integrated controlIntegrated control
--VDVDIIMM
--NavigationNavigation--coordinated shift coordinated shift controlcontrol
AutonomousAutonomoussafety supportsafety support--Forward collisionForward collision
avoidance assistavoidance assistsystemsystem
Improvement of passive safetyImprovement of passive safetyby prognosticationby prognostication--PrePre--collision safety systemcollision safety system
Active safety
Dynamic Limit controlDynamic Limit control
ONOFF
Lane keeping assist
Pre-collisionsafety
Forward vehicle
Forward collision avoidance assist system
Obstacles
V V ––V & V & V V –– I Coop.I Coop.
SafetySafety
VSC & VDIM
VSC
VDIM
ITARDA Japan 2001
Total fatal/serious injury accidents (61,531 cases)Insufficient attentionto the road ahead
28%
71%Inadequate safety precautions
43%
Mis-judgement20%
Mis-operation 9%
(Frontal crash ;1,031 vehicles)No operation
39% Braking44%
Steering6%
Braking + Steering11%
Accident Cause Analysis in JapanAccident Cause Analysis in Japan
Relevant U.S Accident DataRelevant U.S Accident Data
No Avoidance
47%Braking47%
Braking & Strg6%
Perceptual Errors
17%Decision
Errors11%
Vehicle Speed
21%
Alcohol Impairment
20%
Driver Inattention
24%
Incapac.7%
“Relative Frequency of Unsafe Driving Acts…”Veridian/ NHTSA
n= 732 (NASS)
“100 Car Study”VTTI/ NHTSA
n= 15
HMI Principle of PreHMI Principle of Pre--Collision SafetyCollision Safety
1. The warning system should only be activated when a collision is imminent.
2. Warnings should be provided at the appropriate time so that the driver can perform an evasive maneuver
Pre-collision Brake Assist
Pre-collision Seat Belts
Suspension ControlThe pre-collision sensor detects forward obstacles and determines in advance whether a crash is imminent.
Pre-collision Sensor
Pre-Collision System – Reducing collision damage
•Near Infrared Camera
•Near Infrared LED
•Image Processor
Driver face direction sensor
Time to collision
Collision▼
01234
FrontNon-Front
Advance warning
Monitoring the driver
Warning Timing of Advanced PCS
0
10
20
30
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80Ho rizontal Ang le (deg)
0
10
20
30
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80Horizontal Angle (deg)
Freq
uenc
y (%
) Outside Rear View(P assenger's Side)
Inside Rear ViewOutside Rear View (Driver's Side)
0
10
20
30
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80Horizontal Angle (deg)
Freq
uenc
y (%
)
In-VehicleDisplay
Side View(Passenger's Side)
Side View(Driver's Side)
Non-front status
Front status
Example of Human Factor Research
Some Challenges of Developing a Driver Face Monitor
• Robust driving scenarios• Differentiation of mirror checks and
secondary task or outside glances.• Repeatable, accurate visual images
– Facial differences– Varying lighting conditions– Corrective or sunglasses
Future HMI Research Needs Related to AVST
• Improved human models to more accurately define driver mental/physical condition (inattention, drowsiness, drunk,)
• Data regarding human behavior & information needs with cooperative safety systems (V-V, V-I, etc.)
• Pre-collision driver behavior data and interaction with AVST
• Recommendations for optimal stimulus for restoration of drivers’ attention ( voice, vibration, smell, etc).
• Enhanced & accessible research databases
END