human evolutionhuman evolution -...
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Human EvolutionHuman Evolution
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Cantius, ca 55 myaThe continent hopping habits of early primatesThe continent-hopping habits of early primates have long puzzled scientists, and several scenarios have been proposed to explain how the first true members of the group appeared virtually simultaneously on Asia Europe and
Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), one of the most rapid and extreme global warming
virtually simultaneously on Asia, Europe and North America some 55 million years ago.
one of the most rapid and extreme global warming events recorded in geologic history.
Originated in Africa and spread across Europe and Greenland to reach North America. Originated in North America and traveled across a temporary land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. Originated in Asia and fanned out eastward to North America and westward to Europe.
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Darwinius masillae
• Ida• Primate
fossil fromfossil from Messel pit in Germanyin Germany
• Ca.47 M years oldyears old
Franzen et al., PloS One 2009
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Placement of Darwinius among the primates
Darwinius
• Primate phylogeny (Rem: Our species)
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Primates• Distinct group• Distinct group
within the mammalsmammals
PETM
K/T
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Which are our closest relatives?
Hominoidea Superfamily
aka Hominids
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•About 1 % of bp•About 1 % of bp differ between chimps and humans
•Proteins are extremely similar, but differencesbut differences exist
•Is it all in the regulatory sequence?
Hominids have a very similar genomic organization!
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Evolution of homininsEvolution of hominins
aka Hominins
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Species uncertainty within the homininshominins
• Drawing species limits between fossils is veryDrawing species limits between fossils is very tricky
Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)
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Hominin radiation
~5 species @ 2 Mya
Height of our diversity?(in Africa)( )
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The approximate temporal extent of named hominin taxa in the fossil recordtaxa in the fossil record
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Australopithecus sedibathe dawn of Homo?- the dawn of Homo?
Additional fossils were described in 5 papers in September 9, 2011 issue of Science
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http://www.mnh.si.edu
For most of the last 4 Mya, hominid species have co-occurred.E.g., Australopithecus boisei (left) and Homo ergaster (right) g , p ( ) g ( g )
both lived ~2.0 Mya at Koobi Fora, Kenya.
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First manufactured stone tools
Upright walking
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis H. sapiens sapiensp6-7 MyaNot clear if it was bipedalSome suggest this was ancestral to chimps
p p
Some suggest this was ancestral to chimps
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A: Chimpanzee, modernB: A africanus 2 6 My
H. H. ergaster, 1.75 MyI: H heidelbergensis 125K-300K
http://www.talkorigins.org
B: A. africanus, 2.6 MyC: A. africanus, 2.5 MyD: Homo habilis, 1.9 MyE H h bili 1 8 M
I: H. heidelbergensis, 125K-300KJ: H. s. neanderthalensis, 70KK: H. s. neanderthalensis, 60KL H d h l i 45KE: H. habilis, 1.8 My
F: H. rodolfensis, 1.8 MyG: H. erectus, 1.75 My
L: H. s. neanderthalensis, 45KM. H. s. sapiens (Cro-Magnon), 30KN. H. s. sapiens, modern
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Social evolution may have drivenSocial evolution may have driven increased brain size
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How did we people Earth?
When?
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Homo erectus spread (~1.8 Mya) from Africato Europe and Asia (the first wave) in Redto Europe and Asia (the first wave) in Red
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Two hypotheses on the origin of modern humans:
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Two hypotheses on the origin of modern humans:
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The Mostly-Out-of-Africa Hypothesis
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Biogeography of Homo sapiens
?
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Tree based on mtDNA
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The movement of human populations from about 50,000 to 10,000 years agoy g
Tree based on Y-chromosome
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Higher Female Migration Rate
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Genetic Evidence of Geographical Groups amongNeanderthals – based on mitochondrial evidence.
Fabre et al., 2009 PloS One
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Neanderthals and modern humans f t h l tiform separate monophyletic groups
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Can we really exclude sapiens-d th l i i t b di ?neanderthalensis interbreeding?
Serre et al., 2004 PLoS Biology Krings et al., 1997 Cell
N E id f N d l DNA C ib iNo Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contributionto Early Modern Humans
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No we cannot after all!No we cannot after all!
Green et al 2010 ScienceGreen et al., 2010 Science
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Could four (or even five) species of homo co existed until 40 50KYA?homo co-existed until 40-50KYA?
• Reich et al., Nature 2010
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Denisovans are a sister group t N d th lto Neanderthals
Neanderthal fossils
Genome sequence of finger bone
Modern humans
Phylogeny using multiple autosomal genes
• How can we explain the discrepancy?
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Are the DenisovansDenisovans
separate from thethe
Neanderthals?
• Population history• Tooth morphology
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FOXP2 implicated in capacity forFOXP2 implicated in capacity for language
Broca’s Area
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Homo neanderthalensis and hspeech
FOXP2 i th l th t i k (t d t ) t b• FOXP2 is the only gene that is known (to date) to be implicated in human speech– Inactive copy leads to difficulties in speech (Broca’s aphasia)
• Neanderthals share unique human nonsynonymous mutations in this gene
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Gene flow with neanderthalensis
• Only “out of Africa” humans show Neanderthal alleles!
• ~3% Neanderthal introgression
• Gene flow after split and not ancient polymorphism
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What about flgene flow
fromfrom Denisovans?
• ~ 4% of Melanesian genome shows evidence of Denisovanintrogression!
• How do we explain this biogeographically?biogeographically?
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Bottlenecks in human historyy
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Current hypothesis for expansionCurrent hypothesis for expansion mostly out of Africa
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Recent Ancestry of Humansy• Hominid - chimp split occurred ~5 Mya• Gracile australopithecines ~4.4 to 2.4 Mya• Robust australopithecines ~2.5 to 1.5 Myap y• Genus Homo ~1.8-2.0 Mya• Modern Humans ~180 200 Kya to present• Modern Humans ~180-200 Kya to present• Bottleneck of ~14K pop size @ ~40Kya • Homo sapiens are the lone survivors of a
an otherwise extinct radiation of bipedal African hominins
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Take Home Message• Mitochondria good from tracking
phylogeography.• Genomics necessary to catch a glimpse
of gene flow.• More diversity (of late) that we thought
possible. Now = Mostly out of Africa!possible. Now Mostly out of Africa!• Many human fossils are now submerged
(last ice age; ~80K to 11K ago)(last ice age; 80K to 11K ago).