HUMAN ELECTIVEPopulation-migration/urban problems

Explain the following terms: Emigration Immigration Refugee Asylum seeker Donor country Host country

Push factors Pull factors Barriers to

migration Forced/voluntary Internal International

Effects of rural –urban migration(developed)BMW- GDA- BRAINDRAIN-ECONOMICALLY

ACTIVE AGE GROUP LEAVING.GREYING POP LEFT BEHIND-rural depopulation

AMALGATION OF SERVICES-P.O,SCHOOLS,BUSES

ABANDONMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

LOWERING BIRTH,MARRIAGE RATES

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISOLATION

Remember push factors

URBAN SPRAWL-growth of dormitory towns (few high rise buildings in Dublin)-commuters

Increased cost of living TRAFFIC CONGESTION PRESSURE ON SERVICES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY ECONOMIC IMBALANCE INWARD MIGRATION OF

YOUNG,SKILLED WORKERS. Remember pull factors

Effects of rural-urban migration(developing)Rural India Kolkata Migration of young

people,elderly left behind.

Less pressure on the land

Lowering of marriage and birth rates

Rural depopulation

Growth of mega cities-Mumbai(20m),Kolkata(16m)

Urban sprawl Pressure on services-

water,sewage,refuse, transport.

Development of bustees/pavement dwellers-very high poulation density

Child labour Social stratification

Impact of migration on donor and host countries-positiveDonor Host Remittance home-

especially poorer countries.

Bringing home learnt skills-benefit local economy eg.medicine-nurses doctors,education etc

Solution to unemployment in donor country,less people on social welfare.

Need workers -skills shortage(nurses),unskilled workers lower paid(waitresses) Ireland 2005 needed 45,000-construction workers.

New market for businesses here-taxes,need services goods etc.

Ethnic diversity-multicultural society, enhance us less conservative

Negative effects

Donor Host Braindrain of best

skilled,young eg.Poland one doctor skilled in particular area nobody to replace.

Smaller home market-ones with disposable income

Rural depopulation-leading to closure of services for pop left behind.

Pressure on services(hospitals)

Exploitation-lower paid etc-Irish ferries

Integration-racism Schools-language Also see notes on

economic & cultural effects of membership of E.U.

PROBLEMS CAN DEVELOP FROM THE GROWTH OF URBAN CENTRES-DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING WORLD.

Urban problems

Urban sprawl Traffic congestion

Urban problems and solutions pg: Traffic congestion Urban sprawl,urban decay and the

absence of community Heritage issues Environmental quality

Traffic movement and congestion-causes pg.87/88 Inadequate public transport system-needs to be integrated

Car dependent society,Increase in car ownership-Dublin pop of 1.6 million-most heavily populated county in Ireland-nodal/ focal point(over 402 cars per 1,000 people in Ireland)

Economic growth-greater number of H.G.V

Commuters-dormitory towns(highest rate in E.U)-urban sprawl-cost of living in Dublin

Effects-social,economic,environmental problems-noise,safety,loss of profits,air pollution

Strategies /solutions

Congestion charge-london 2003(reduced traffic by 30%)

Permit system-mexico city-no drive days depending on digit of your plate-unsuccessful

Strategies in Ireland under planning : Transport 21(2005-2010) and N.D.P.

Solutions cont.

Traffic management methods: Ban on HGV through Dublin city centre at certain times -2007 Port tunnel(2006) Removal of toll on M50 Widening/upgrading of M50 New interchange at red cow roundabout Other measures-roundabouts,by-

passes,park and ride

Solutions cont.

A well Integrated efficient ,reliable and cheap public transport system contributes to lowering traffic congestion-

Luas(2004),Dart,Bus lanes-QBC ,Metro North(postponed due to downturn in the economy)

New leap card Cycle to work scheme,bicycle lanes Bike rental operation-Dublin Bikes-self service

bike rental system-42 stations,pay using a smartcard-extremely successful. Dublin Bike Rental

Urban sprawl-pg.91,92

Urban sprawl is the rapid spread of housing from cities into the surrounding countryside.

2006 Dublin was cited by the E.E.A as an example of the worst case of urban planning.

Dublin has nearly the same surface area as Los Angeles (4 million pop).

Copenhagen has ½ land area of Dublin yet the same pop-Dublin has 8 houses per hectare-low compared to Europe.

Dublin “all over Leinster”

Urban sprawl

Reasons for urban sprawl-

Rural to urban migration

Immigration Economic growth Increase in car

ownership-commuter belt.

Overspill of pop need to be accomodated

Urban sprawl-consequences

Rezoned farmland-new ”cash crop” during the boom.land on the edge is rezoned for residential,commercial and industrial use.Small villages on edge swallowed up-Tallaght and Swords.Division between rural and urban becomes blurred.

Monotonous suburban area-Concrete jungle of housing estates.

Increased traffic congestion-from commuter belt.

Pressure on services-waste disposal,sewerage,telecommunications and water supplies.

Consequences of sprawl for rural areas. Loss of agricultural land Loss of wildlife habitats Loss of ancient monuments and

historic landscapes(carrickmines castle m50)

Growth of dormitory towns.

Urban problems

Urban decay Absence of community

Urban problems

Urban decay Absence of community

Old inner city buildings in need of demolition or repair.

Many problems-heating,damp,unemployment,crime,vandalism.anti social behaviour

New sprawling housing estates-young move, older left behind-ageing population-leading to areas of urban decay.

Commuters too tired to get involved in community in housing estates-some of these now “ghost estates”

Solutions to urban problemsUrban renewal Urban redevelopment Replaces ,upgrades

decaying buildings,landuse is not changed.

Case study-Ballymun pg.90,98

Moyross in limerick

People rehoused, old buildings demolished and rebuilt for commercial use.

Paris –schema directeur Docklands in most cities-

quays in Waterford IFSC in Dublin along the Quays.

NDP and NSS-gateways and hubs

solutions

Ballymun regeneration

Paris-schema directeur

Urban solutionsNational spatial strategy 2002-2020Balanced regional developmentGateways and hubsNew towns-Adamstown