human-computer interaction laboratory interdisciplinary research community
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Leonardo's Laptop: Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New ComputingHuman Needs and the New Computing
Ben Shneiderman Ben Shneiderman ([email protected])([email protected])
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer ScienceProfessor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchSystems Research
University of MarylandUniversity of [email protected]@cs.umd.edu
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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Scientific ApproachScientific Approach (beyond user friendly)(beyond user friendly)
• Specify users and tasksSpecify users and tasks• Predict and measurePredict and measure
time to learntime to learn speed of performancespeed of performance rate of human errorsrate of human errors human retention over timehuman retention over time
• Assess subjective satisfactionAssess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
• Accommodate individual differencesAccommodate individual differences• Consider social, organizational & cultural contextConsider social, organizational & cultural context
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Design IssuesDesign Issues
• Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands
• Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help
• Collaboration & communities• Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com
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Library of CongressLibrary of Congress
• Scholars, Journalists, CitizensScholars, Journalists, Citizens
• Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students
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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
• DoctorsDoctors
• SurgeonsSurgeons
• ResearchersResearchers
• StudentsStudents
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NASA Environmental DataNASA Environmental Data
• ScientistsScientists
• FarmersFarmers
• Land plannersLand planners
• StudentsStudents
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Bureau of CensusBureau of Census
• Economists, Policy Economists, Policy makers, Journalistsmakers, Journalists
• Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students
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NSF Digital Government InitiativeNSF Digital Government Initiative
• Find what you needFind what you need• Understand what you FindUnderstand what you Find
UMd & UNC
www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/
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Information VisualizationInformation Visualization
The eye…
the window of the soul,
is the principal means
by which the central sense
can most completely and
abundantly appreciate
the infinite works of nature.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
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Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think
• Visual bandwidth is enormous Human perceptual skills are remarkable
Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... Color, size, shape, proximity...
Human image storage is fast and vast
• Opportunities Spatial layouts & coordination Information visualization Scientific visualization & simulation Telepresence & augmented reality Virtual environments
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Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industryTreemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
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Current Research - TimeSearcherCurrent Research - TimeSearcher
• Time series Stocks Weather Genes
• User-specified patterns
• Rapid search
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Leonardo’s LaptopLeonardo’s Laptop
The old computing is about what computers can do,
The New Computing is about what people can do
mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
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An Inspirational Muse:An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Renaissance Man• Combined Combined
science & art science & art• Integrated Integrated
engineering & esthetics engineering & esthetics• Balanced Balanced
technology advances technology advances & human values & human values
• Merged Merged visionary & practical visionary & practical
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Mona LisaMona Lisa
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Lady with Ermine & Leda with SwanLady with Ermine & Leda with Swan
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Remarkable Drawing SkillRemarkable Drawing Skill
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Faces of Old MenFaces of Old Men
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Anatomical DrawingsAnatomical Drawings
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Machine Gun and Giant CrossbowMachine Gun and Giant Crossbow
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Why Leonardo Inspires UsWhy Leonardo Inspires Us
He integrated - Scientific outlook - Practical technology - Artistic skill
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Goals for The New ComputingGoals for The New Computing
1) Usable: Reliable& comprehensible
2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment
3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
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1) Usable: Ending User Frustration 1) Usable: Ending User Frustration
• Goal - make computer usage less frustrating• Identify top ten frustrations • Measure severity & frequency in lost time• Determine if the situation is improving
• Related areas • Errors• Time delays• Emotional reactions
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1) Frequent frustrating experiences1) Frequent frustrating experiences
Networking & WebNetworking & Web
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Application & System CrashesApplication & System Crashes
1) Frequent frustrating experiences1) Frequent frustrating experiences
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1) Time diary study1) Time diary study
Self reports & observations (64 UMD & 47 Towson)• Pre-session survey:
• demographic information• computer experience and attitudes• level of computer anxiety, mood
• Users spent 1 hour & report their frustrating experiences• Post-session survey:
• assess mood after the session• overall frustration level• loss of time
Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Institute of Technology (e3.se.fit.edu:5335/ufse3.se.fit.edu:5335/ufs))
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1) Results1) Results
Frustration scale
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Internet Applications Operating Systemtimed out/dropped/refused connections (32)
error messages (35) crashes (16)
long download time (23) freezes (24) wrong response (10)
web page/site not found (17) missing/ hard to find features (23)
slow response (8)
email (15) crashes (13) unexpected message boxes (6)
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1) Minutes lost – UMD & Towson1) Minutes lost – UMD & Towson
EmailOSWeb browsingOther minutes lostProductive minutes
Total minutes: 9485
7968
Total minutes lost: 4250
3652
1513
568UMD
Towson 353294
902 877
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1) Next Steps1) Next Steps
• Validate results with other users• professional • elderly• novice
• Develop more precise monitoring software e.g. www.bugtoaster.com
• Explore ways to improve:• Online help & help desks• Customer service & online communities• Education & training• Software & interface re-design
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2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling
U.S. Department of Commercewww.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Less ThanHigh School
High SchoolDiploma / GED
Some College BachelorsDegree
BeyondBachelors
Degree
Perc
ent
Sept. 2001
Aug. 2000
Dec. 1998
Oct. 1997
Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment
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2) Universal Usability in Practice2) Universal Usability in Practice
www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/
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• User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc.
• Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access
• Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment
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3) Useful: Generative Theories3) Useful: Generative Theories
Predictive & explanatory theories are useful, but the big step forward will be generative theories
Theories of human needs to guide our invention of new technologies
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• Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness
• Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear
• Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs• Physiological
• Safety
• Love
• Esteem
• Self-Actualization
• Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy
3) Theories of Human Needs3) Theories of Human Needs
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Relationships• Self: working on your own
• Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates • Colleagues & Neighbors: 50-5000 acquaintances • Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more
3) Human Needs 3) Human Needs forfor Relationships Relationships
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Activities
• Collect: Information
• Relate: Communication
• Create: Innovation
• Donate: Dissemination
3) Human Needs for Activities3) Human Needs for Activities
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3) Activities and Relationship Table (ART)3) Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Relationships Relationships
SelfSelf
Family & FriendsFamily & Friends
Colleagues & NeighborsColleagues & Neighbors
Citizenry & MarketsCitizenry & Markets
Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate
Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex?
- Are these useful activities?
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Relationships
Self
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Citizenry & Markets
Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate
IdenticamIdenticam PhotoDiaryPhotoDiary
PhotoFinderPhotoFinder
PhotoMesaPhotoMesa
AlbumAlbum sharing sharing
StoryStarterStoryStarter Family Family photo photo history history
PhotoFinderPhotoFinder Kiosk Kiosk
PhotoWallPhotoWall
PhotoFinderPhotoFinder Webstarter Webstarter
PhotoQuiltPhotoQuilt PhotoPhoto sharing sharing
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Relationships
Self
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Citizenry & Markets
Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate
Medical logMedical log DiaryDiary
Find-a- Find-a- Friend Friend
MusicListsMusicLists Family Family vacation vacation history history
InfoDoorsInfoDoors
GatherEmailGatherEmail
Send-a-LinkSend-a-Link
WebBushesWebBushes
WorldWideWorldWide Med Med
Million Million person person communitiescommunities
MedicalMedical diagnosis diagnosis
TouristTourist sharing sharing
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3) Future Directions3) Future Directions
• E-learning: The new education
• E-business: The new commerce
• E-healthcare: The new medicine
• E-government: The new politics
• Mega-creativity
• Grander Goals & The Next Leonardowww.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
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• Action Items• Developers: Apply usability guidelines
& testing methods• Web producers: Develop UU statements• Managers: Provide responsible leadership• Journalists: Raise public expectations• Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements• Funders: Expand research on usability• Educators: Disseminate scientific results • Researchers: Explore bold new visions
Getting to the Golden Age of UsabilityGetting to the Golden Age of Usability
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Three lessons
1) Usable: Reliable&
comprehensible
2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment
3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory20th Anniversary – May 29-30, 2003
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
The old computing is about what computers can do,
The New Computing is about what people can do
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ACM Code of EthicsACM Code of Ethics
In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.
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1) Results1) Results
• Frustrating experiences: 228 145• Top problem sources:
• web browsing• email• system (OS)• word processing• other internet use• video/audio software• chat and instant messaging
• Top 3 approaches • knew how to solve • unable to solve• figured out
• file browsers• programming tools• spreadsheet programs• graphic design programs• presentation software• database programs• hardware
• Bottom 3 approaches• consulted manual/book• consulted online help• restarted the program
UMD Towson
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• Universal Usability Statement• Browser Requirements • Basic System Requirements • Input Devices• Display• Audio/Video• Network Connection• Access for users with disabilities• Diverse Users • User support • Contact Information
www.universalusability.org
2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment