UsingDNATes,ngforGenealogy

Dr.DanielC.Hyde

AssociateProfessorofComputerScience

BucknellUniversity

PresentedatJacksonBrigadeReunion,MarieFa,OhioonAugust5,2016

DanHyde UsingDNATes,ngforGenealogy 1

ThreeDNATestsusefulforGenealogy

•  Y-DNAtest–looksatmarkersonYchromosome

•  Mitochondrialtest(mtDNA)–looksatmarkerson

MitochondrialDNA

•  AutosomalDNAtest(atDNA)–looksatmarkerson

chromosomes1-22(nonsexones).

First,somebackgroundinBiologytodescribeterms.

DanHyde UsingDNATes,ngforGenealogy 2

Called“Gene,cGenealogy”

HumanChromosomes–23pairs

DanHyde UsingDNATes,ngforGenealogy 3

Pairs1-22are

theAutosomal

Chromosomes

SexChromosomes

FactsaboutNuclearDNA

•  23pairsofChromosomesmakeupNuclearDNA

– Over3billionbasepairsornucleo,des.•  Adenine(A),Cytosine(C),Guanine(G),andThymine(T)

– DNAislongsequenceofthenucleo,des.•  TheA-C-G-TleFers

– SingleNucleo,dePolymorphism(SNP)“snip”–asmall

gene,cchangethatoccurswithinaDNAsequence,

e.g.,anAtoaG.Occursinfrequently,e.g.,oncein

severalthousandyears-usedtodetermine

Haplogroup(yourancientancestry).

– Allhumansshare99.5%ofsameDNA.

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Cell’sMitochondriahasownDNA

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23pairsofChromosomes

makeupNuclearDNA

MitochondriahasseparateDNA

FactsaboutaCell’sMitochondria

•  Inacell’scytoplasm,theyprovideenergyforthecell.

Hundredsinacell.

•  MitochondrialDNA(mtDNA)–gene,cmaterial

passedfrommotherstotheirchildren,butonly

daughterspassiton.

•  About16,000basepairsandSNPsoccur.•  Usefulfortracingdirectmaternalline.

•  Valuableforiden,fica,onofdegradedremains,e.g.,

athousand-yearoldtooth.

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ThreeDNATestsusefulforGenealogy

•  Y-DNAtest–looksatmarkersonYchromosome

•  Mitochondrialtest(mtDNA)–looksatmarkerson

MitochondrialDNA

•  AutosomalDNAtest(atDNA)–looksatmarkerson

chromosomes1-22(nonsexones).

Eachtestisdis,nctwithownstrengthsandlimita,ons.

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Called“Gene,cGenealogy”

FirstTest:Y-DNAtest

•  MenpasstheirY-chromosomeononlytosons.

•  Testlooksatmarkersonman’sY-chromosome.

•  Cantest12,25,37,67,111markers.

•  MarkersareShortTandemRepeats(STR)

–  Inanon-codingregion,apaFernsuchas“AGAT”isrepeated.E.g.,AGATAGATAGAThas3repeats.

–  STRsmutaterela,velyfast,say,oncein150years.

–  Ex:markerDYS393isknowntorepeat“AGAT”from9

to17,mes.JohnandLeeJacksonbothhave13.

•  OnlymalescantakeY-DNAtest.

•  Y-DNA67testcostsabout$265.

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DNAY-chromosomeSequence

PedigreeChart

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MoreonY-DNATest

Advantage:Y-DNAfollowssurnamepathinmostcultures.

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Limita4on:Onlysuppliesinforma,ononafewancestors!

Ex:5genera,onsback,amalehas62ancestors(parents,grandparents,etc.).

Y-DNAtestisonlyusefulforthesixdirectmales(man,hisDad,hisDad,etc.).

Y-DNAtes,ngprovidesnoinforma,onontheother56ancestors!

ResultonitsownrevealsliFle.Matcheswithothersarekey!

Y-DNAtestiss,llveryuseful!

-Canverifypapertrailalongsurnamepath.

-Canshowtwosurnamelinesarecloselyrelated.

-Canhelpdeterminefatherinanadop,onorillegi,macycase.

-Canhelpiden,fytheMostRecentCommonAncestor(MRCA).

MostRecentCommonAncestor

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Y-DNAResultsofJohnM.andLee

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First25markersof67forLeeJackson(firstline)andJohnM.Jackson(secondline):

Seethefull67markerY-DNAresultsatFTDNA’sJacksonDNAGroup’swebsite:

hFp://www.familytreedna.com/public/Jackson/default.aspx?sec,on=yresults

LookforlabelnearboFom:StonewallBrigade

66of67markersarethesame.MarkerDSY534differsLee:14John:15

66/67meanswith95%probabilityMRCAinlast8genera,ons.

Confirmspapertrail–no“hidden”adop,ons,hanky-panky,surnamechanges,or

majorresearcherrors.ConfirmsY-DNAforJohnJacksonandallhisdirectmale

descendantsincludingStonewallJackson.

Frompapertrail:

LeeisdescendantfromJohnJackson,Jr.and6genera,onsfromJohnJackson.

JohnM.isdescendantfromHenryJacksonand8genera,onsfromJohnJackson.

SamuelLewisHaysCase

•  Familytradi,on-SamuelLewisHays(1794-1871)wasillegi,mate

sonofGeorgeJackson,sonofJohnJackson.

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•  DancontactedbyJasonHickman,descendantofSamuelLewisHays.

ExcitementaboutresolvingSamuelLewisHays’case.

•  Jason’spaternalgrandmotherwasHannahMace.Hergrandfather

wastheillegi,matesonofPeregrineHays,sonofSamuelLewis

Hays.

•  Jason’scousinDonMacetookDNAtestandtoeveryone’s

surpriseheexactlymatchesseveralSharpes!

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SamuelLewisHaysCase(cont.)

•  GilmerCo.,WVdivorceproceedingsdissolvedJason’s3rd

GreatGrandmother,AnneHelmick’smarriagetoTimothy

McCune.Init,Anne’shusbandTimothyMcCuneandseveral

witnessestes,fyingonhisbehalfrevealthatshewasliving

withPeregrineHaysandhadbeenforseveralyears.Fromthis

affairseveralchildrenwereborn.Jason’s2ndGreat

GrandfatherPeregrineMace’sbirthentrylistsPerryHaysas

hisfather.

•  TherecentDNAmatchwiththeSharpesprovesthisfalse

andmakesJasonbelievethatAnnewasfamiliarwithher

finalhusbandDanielSharpelongbeforetheyweremarried

inthe1860s.

SecondTest:mtDNATest

•  LooksatmarkersinMitochondrialDNA.

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•  Gene,cmaterialpassedfrommotherstotheir

children,butonlydaughterspassiton.

•  About16,000basepairsandSNPsoccur.•  Somewhatusefulfortracingdirectmaternalline.

BUTmutatestooslowlyforgenealogy.

•  Usedbygene,canthropologiststotracefemale

migra,onpaths.

•  Morestableover,me.Valuableforiden,fica,onof

degradedremains,e.g.,atenthousand-yearoldtooth.

•  Bothmalesandfemalescantaketest.Cost$200

HumanMigra,onPaths-Males

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Gene,cAdam

~150,000yearsago

Jackson

Line

AncientAncestry–Y-DNAHaplogroups

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JohnandLee’sY-DNA

haplogroup:R1b1a2 ~30,000yearsago

~25,000yearsago

Lastglacialperiod

20,000–12,000

yearsago

Test3:AutosomalDNATest-Newest

•  Looksatmarkersonchromosomes1-22(nonsexones).

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•  WeinheritamixofautosomalDNAfrombothparents(about50%

each)butitisshuffledanddilutedwitheachnewgenera,on.

•  Youshareabout50%atDNAwithasisterorbrotherbutadifferent50%witheachsibling!

•  atDNAisscrambledwhenwoman’seggandman’sspermaremade.

•  Backmorethan5genera,onstoodilutedtobeuseful.

•  Candetermineifcloserela,ve,e.g.,g-aunt,isafullorhalfrela,ve.

•  Candetermineifg-grandpaandg-grandmawerefirstcousins.

•  Share25%ofagrandparent’s;12.5%g-grandparent’s;etc.

•  Share12.5%with1stcousin;3%with2ndcousin;0.05%5thcousin

•  Goodforfindingmatchesupto5thcousins.

•  Commonancestorwitha5thcousinisaggg-grandparent.

•  Problem:Needtodetermineasmanydescendantsfrom

your32ggg-grandparentsaspossible.

–  Say,onaverage,5childrenfromeachunionlivetomarryand

havechildrenthat’s12,480possiblepeopletoresearchinthe

resul,ngfourgenera,ons!Yipes!

•  Bothmalesandfemalescantaketest.Cost$99atFTDNA.

–  FTDNAcallsFamilyFinder

–  23andMecallsRela,veFinder

–  Ancestry.comcallsAncestryDNA

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AutosomalDNATest(cont.)TakingDNATestisEasy!

•  DNAtestsusedinGenealogyusesspecialmarkers

thatrevealnosensi,vemedicalinforma,onor

informa,onusefultoPolice.NofearofPolice

poundingonyourdoor!

•  Scrapeinsideofcheekandmailtheswabin.

– Somecompaniesusesalivasample.

•  Doneincomfortofyourhome.

•  Hardestpartisnotea,ngordrinkingforthehourbefore!☺

DanHyde UsingDNATes,ngforGenealogy 20

TakingDNATestisEasy!

DanHyde UsingDNATes,ngforGenealogy 21

KitfromFamilyTreeDNA

DNATes,ngCompanies

•  FamilyTreeDNA–focusesonDNAforgenealogy.

–  Y-DNA;mtDNA;haplogroups;SNPs;atDNA(FamilyFinder)700,000markers;swabtest

•  Ancestry.com–focusesongenealogy.

–  atDNA(AncestryDNA),700,000markers;salivasample.

•  23andMe–focusesonhealthissuesandgenealogy.

–  atDNA(Rela4veFinder),haplogroups-tensofthousandsofmarkers;salivasample.

•  Gen2.0–focusesonhumanmigra,onpaFerns.

– Na,onalGeographicProject–  SNPteststodeterminehaplogroups(ancientancestry)

–  swabtest

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ResourcesWebsites

JacksonBrigade’sDNAProject-hFp://www.jacksonbrigade.com/dna-project/

Interna,onalSocietyofGene,cGenealogy(ISOGG)-hFp://www.isogg.org

FamilyTreeDNA-hFps://www.familytreedna.com

AncestryDNA-hFp://dna.ancestry.com

23andMe-hFps://www.23andme.com

Geno2.0-hFps://genographic.na,onalgeographic.com

BooksonGene4cGenealogy1.   TraceYourRootswithDNA:UsingGene:cTeststoExploreyourFamilyTreeby

MeganSmolenyakandAnnTurner,Rodale,2004.Bestsinglebookonsubject.

2.   Hey,America,YourRootsareShowingbyMeganSmolenyak,CitadelPress,2012.

VerygoodfollowupofMegan’sfirstbook.

3.   DNAandSocialNetworking:AGuidetoGenealogyintheTwenty-FirstCenturybyDebbieKenneF,TheHistoryPress,2011.Verygoodbook.

4.   Gene:cGenealogy:TheBasicsandBeyondbyEmilyD.Aulicino,AuthorHouse,

2014.NotasgoodasMeganandAnn’sbookbutdiscussesrecentdevelopments.

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ResourcesBooksonAncientAncestry

•  TheSevenDaughtersofEvebyBryanSykes,NortonPress,2001.Na,onalBestseller,veryreadablebookonthesciencethat

revealsourgene,cancestry.

•  Saxons,Vikings,andCeltsbyBryanSykes,NortonPress,2006.Thegene,crootsofBritainandIreland.Veryreadable.

•  JourneyofMan:AGene:cOdysseybySpencerWells,Random

House,2002.StoryofhumanoriginsinAfricaanddispersals

acrosstheworld.

•  DeepAncestry:InsidetheGenographicProjectbySpencerWells,

Na,onalGeographic,2007.DescribestheNa,onalGeographic’s

GenographicProject.

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