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Christian Cajochen, PhD Centre for Chronobiology
Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Switzerland
Human Centric Lighting - beyond our eyes: the non-visual impact of light
European Lighting Summit, Brussels, 30.03.2017
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Thomas Edison was probably wrong
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Buttgereit, Smolen, Coogan, Cajochen, Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2015
Light is the most important Zeitgeber !
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Induction of a Phase Delay in the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm by Light (10’000 lux for 6.5 h)
Khalsa et al., J Physiol (London) 2003
Time of Day
12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 12
Pla
sma
Me
lato
nin
(p
Mo
l/L)
0
100
200
300
400 Light
Midpoint 4:45
Midpoint 8:21
Light and human circadian rhythms Melatonin as the best circadian marker in humans
Sleep period
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Retina -4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 -3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18
Initial Phase (time relative to DLMO=0)
Ph
ase
sh
ift
(h)
Khalsa, et al., J Physiol (London) 2003
6.7 hours 10’000 lux polychromatic white light
Phase-Response Curve
Light and circadian phase
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«Light impacts on our circadian rhythms more powerfully than any drug»
Charles Czeisler «Casting light on sleep deficiency» Nature, 2013
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Suppression of melatonin in a totally blind person with bright light
Sighted Person
Time of Day (h)
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
200
300
100 Plasma Melatonin
(pmol/liter)
Core Body Temperature (°C)
Blind Person
12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
200
300
100
Core Body Temperature (°C)
Plasma Melatonin (pmol/liter)
12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12
Czeisler et al., New Engl Med 1995
Time of Day (h)
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Light is more than vision non-visual / non-image forming light effects
Light can be «seen» without conscious vision
*
«Forced choice» test in a totally blind person
100
80
60
40
20
0 420 460 481 500 506 515 540 560 580
Wavelength (nm)
Co
rre
ct A
nsw
er
(%)
Nach Zaidi et al., Curr Biol, 2007
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SCN (circadian Pacemaker)
Retina Cones
Eye A dual sensory organ
Rods
Non-classical Photoreceptor intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion
cells (iPRGs, Melanopsin)
Hattar et al. Science, 2002 Berson et al. Science, 2002
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Retina -4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 -3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18
Initial Phase (time relative to DLMO=0)
Ph
ase
sh
ift
(h)
Khalsa, et al., J Physiol (London) 2003
6.7 hours 10’000 lux polychromatic white light
Rüger, et al., J Physiol (London) 2013
75 % of the resetting response
6.5 hours blue light (480 nm) 11.8 μWcm−2, 11.2 lux)
Phase-Response Curve
Light and circadian phase
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0 1 2 3
Time elapsed from light onset (h)
Sle
ep
Re
spo
nse
(m
in)
0
30
60
Lights ON Lights OFF
Wildtype
Melanopsin knockout
According to Muindi et al., Front Syst Neurosci, 2014
Melanopsin aDTA
Acute sleep induction by light in nocturnal mice
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Illuminance (lux)
10 100 1000 10000
Subjective Alertness
5
10
15
20
25
mo
re a
lert
Cajochen et al., Beh Brain Res. 2000
120 lux !
Acute alerting effects of light in diurnal humans
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Kar
olin
ska
Sle
ep
ine
ss S
cale
(K
SS)
6
7
8
The human alerting response to light is blue-shifted
% S
leep
ines
s C
han
ge
0 =
pre
-lig
ht
0
10
20
30
40
50
4
5
6
Kar
olin
ska
Sle
ep
ine
ss S
cale
(K
SS)
Cajochen et al., Sleepiness and human impact assessment Book chapter, Springer, 2014
Monochromatic light Energy Saving Lamps Computer Screens
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Declarative Learning (Word pairs)
Non-LED
LED Screen
Cajochen et al., J Appl Physiol. 2011
Correctly identified new word pairs
45
50
55
60
65
70
*
* P <0.05
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Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength (nm)
Re
lati
ve C
on
trib
uti
on
R
ela
tive
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n
Why is this relevant: Light bulb versus LED
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Ja
nicht beantwortet
Use of smartphones 1 hour prior bedtime
99% yes
irgendwo in derWohnung
irgendwo im Zimmer
auf dem Nachttisch
im Bett
nicht beantwortet
Where do you keep your smartphone during night?
60%
14% 23%
97% in bedroom
nie
selten
gelegentlich
häufig
nicht beantwortet
How often do you use your smartphone after «Lights off»
49%
25%
15%
10%
74% occasionally-often
Smartphone use in adolescents (14-20 years)
Strube et al. Somnologie, 2016
99 %
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400 450 500 550 600 650 700
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 R
ela
tive
Am
plit
ud
e
Wavelength
“Ipad” versus “Blue-blockers” Transmission Spectra
iPad Orange-tinted glasses (blue blockers)
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Time of day
pg/
ml
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Dim Dim
Sle
ep
LED/glasses Dark
*
* *
* Blue Blockers for one week
Clear Lenses for one week
Evening Melatonin Levels in Adolescents
van der Lely et al., J Adolesc Health, 2014
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Sle
ep
Time of day
KSS
-sco
re
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Blue Blockers for one week
Clear Lenses for one week
* *
Dim LED/glasses Dim
Sle
ep
*
Subjective Sleepiness in Adolescents
Blocking blue light in the evening
Dark
van der Lely et al., J Adolesc Health, 2014
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Modified from Vandewalle et al. Trends Cogn Sci, 2009
Light is not just for vision
Cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem - Locus coeruleus
Limbic system - Amygdala - Hippocampus
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Light has many non-visual biological effects in humans (only peer reviewed data)
• Synchronization of circadian rhythms
• Suppression of the «darkness hormone» melatonin
• Alerting and enhancing of cognitive performance
• Regulation of pupil size
• Enhancing mood (antidepressant)
• Enhancing physical performance in top athletes
• Light color modulates mental effort
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• Light rules our body via its non-visual effects
• Blue wavelengths -- which are beneficial during daylight hours because they boost attention, reaction times, mood, and physical performance -- are most disruptive at night
• The proliferation of electronics with screens, as well as energy-efficient lighting, is increasing our exposure to blue wavelengths, especially after sundown
Conclusion
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Non-visual lighting solutions should be:
Dynamic • Intensity and duration • Spectral composition • According to time of day
Individual • Age • Gender • Chronotype (early vs.late people)
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Conventional LED vs. daylight LED
Daylight LED Conventional LED
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Blue is not blue
Wavelength (nm)
360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720 750 780
Arb
itra
ry U
nit
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Wavelength (nm)
360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720 750 780
Arb
itra
ry U
nit
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Difference
Conventional LED
Daylight LED
The same photopic lux: 100 and the same colour temperature: 3700 K
for both light conditions
melanopic lux [m-lx]
or [z-lx]
67.9
56.9
Intensity
illuminance
[lx, phot.]
Intensity
power density
[mW/cm2]
97 0.037
98 0.029Conv. LED
Daylight LED
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Conventional LED vs. daylight LED
Cognitive Test Battery
10 14 18 22
Baseline Night
Treatment Night
24 8 10 14 18 22 24 8
Conv. LED
10 14 18 22
18 22
Time of day
Baseline Night
Treatment Night
24 8 10 14 18 22 24 8
Daylight LED
10 14 18 22
18 22
Subjective Rating of Light Quality(Brightness and Colour Temperature)
Lig
ht
Qu
ality
wo
rse
b
ett
er
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Conv. LED
Daylight LED
*
The same photopic lux: 100 and the same colour temperature: 3700 K
for both light conditions
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Intelligent human centric lighting to adapt our illuminated surroundings such that we do not jeopardize quality of life and health but positively influence our
sleep, circadian physiology, cognition and well-being
Wanted
Human Centric Lighting
enter
the room by
Human centric lighting supports your health
and promotes
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Acknowledgements
Centre for Chronobiology • Antoine Viola, PhD
• Sarah Chellappa, PhD
• Virginie Gabel, PhD
• Mirjam Münch, PhD
• Vivien Bromundt, PhD
• Van der Lely, MS
• Sylvia Frey, PhD
• Doreen Anders, PhD
• Weibel, Janine, MS
• Basishvili, Tamar, PhD
• Christina Schmidt, PhD
• Micheline Maire, PhD
• Carolin Reichert, PhD
• Jakub Späti, PhD
Fraunhofer Institute • Oliver Stefani
Swiss Federal Office for Public Health Daimler-Benz Foundation EU IP