human biology
DESCRIPTION
Human Biology. Bio 130 Nickolas V. Kapp Ph.D. We have organized life and assume some relationships. A look at Human Biology. Human Beings are related structurally and physically to animals. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Biology
Bio 130
Nickolas V. Kapp Ph.D.
![Page 2: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
We have organized life and assume some relationships.
![Page 3: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A look at Human Biology
• Human Beings are related structurally and physically to animals.
• In order to understand ourselves better we study every living thing from viruses, bacteria to mice and monkeys
• Science gives a best guess as to what is going on in our bodies
![Page 5: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Life Is able to…7 things.
• Be organized from simple parts by basic rules.
• Obtain energy and matter from the environment
• Sense and respond• Reproduce, grow,
develop
• Have inheritance• Evolve• Maintain Homeostasis
• Our Culture separates us from other living things
![Page 6: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How do we know these things?The Scientific method
Hypothetico-deductive approach
• Making Observations• Asking questions• Forming hypothesis• Making Predictions • Testing by conducting
experiments• Draw a conclusion
based on your results
• Things required– The question must
have an answer
– You can only test a single variable
– You need to use a control.
– Perform double blind tests.
![Page 7: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• If the data from observation and experimentation support the hypothesis
• We test it again.
• Hypotheses that are not supported are abandoned.
• A THEORY is supported by an overwhelming number of lines of evidence.
![Page 8: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Critical Thinking Helps Us Make Informed Decisions
![Page 14: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
What is not science?
• It happened to one person it can happen to me.
• That’s the way its always been done so it should work.
• ???
![Page 15: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
We are living organisms. The Human Body is designed to
• Maintain internal operating conditions within a set limits.
• Locate,acquire nutrients, process and dispose of waste.
• Protect from injury, attack and wear and tear.
• Reproduce successfully.
• Laugh at bad jokes.
![Page 16: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Homeostasis
• The adjustments that every living organism must do to preserve their internal environment
![Page 17: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Modes of homeostatic control
• Negative feedback– Thermoregulation
– At a setpoint the effector is turned off
• A signal causes an effect that reduces the signal.
• Positive feedback– Birth
– Only removal of the stimulus reduces the signal
• A signal causes an effect that increases the signal.
![Page 18: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
11 organ systems that help maintain homeostatic control
• Integumentary system• Skeletal system• Muscular system• Nervous system• Endocrine system• Cardiovascular system• Lymphatic system• Respiratory system
• Digestive system• Urinary system• Reproductive
system
![Page 19: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Discussion
What does science and Technology mean to you?
![Page 20: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Topic 2 The Chemistry of Life
It’s the small things that make life good. Nick Kapp 2000
![Page 21: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Natural World Consists of Matter and Energy
• Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Energy: the capacity to do work
• Which of these can be recycled?
![Page 22: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The 4 most abundant elements of life
• Elements, are the fundamental (smallest) particles of matter.
– Nitrogen
– Oxygen
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
![Page 23: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Some basic chemistry
• Isotopes: all have same number of protons but different number of neutrons
• use?– Radiodating
– Radiation therapy
– X-ray emission
• Important chemical bonds– Ionic: opposites attract
– Covalent: atoms share electrons
– The polar covalent bonds of water
• Why is water so important to life?
![Page 25: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The human body is 2/3 water
• Hydrophobic
• Hydrophilic
• Water hating
• Water loving (soluble)
![Page 27: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hydrogen ions play an important role in life
• Molecules that donate a hydrogen ion (H+) are called acids.
• Molecules that accept hydrogen ions are called bases.
• The hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is called the pH.
• Buffers minimize changes in ph.
![Page 29: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The molecules of life:organic molecules
• Monomer: one of something.
• Dimer: two of something.
• Polymer: many of something.
![Page 30: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
4 types of organic molecules make up the human body
2 or more atoms together make a molecule
You are what you eat
Estrogen (Estradiol)
Glucosewater
![Page 33: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Carbohydrates: quick energy
• Monomers are sugar (glucose)– saccaride = sugar
• Oligosaccaride- sucrose or dextrins made of a few monomers
• Polysaccharides- starch, fiber
• CH2O
![Page 34: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lipids
• Oils, fats, waxes, sterols
• Energy storage, insulation, water proofing
• Hormones
• Hardening of membranes
• CHO
![Page 36: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Amino Acids, Proteins
• AA is the monomer, Polymer is protein• Enzymes- catalysts that speed up reactions• Are sensitive to temperature, pressure, pH• Structural unit of hair, nails, cells, bone, cartilage
and skin
• Protease (All@ the detergent with protein)
• NOCH (some S)
![Page 39: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Proteins are enzymes
• And how do enzymes work?
![Page 43: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nucleic acids
• DNA: Information storage, double stranded.
• RNA: Information transfer.
• ATP: Energy intermediates.
• Enzyme cofactors (NADH2).
• NOCH
![Page 47: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
SummaryYou are what you eat. Your body requires that you consume all of its
subunits in your diet, or you use some of your energy to make those
subunits.
Bad bricks make a bad house
![Page 50: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Topic 3: The Cell
The smallest unit of life it the cell.
Can you think of anything smaller?
What is alive?
![Page 51: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The cell theory of life
• All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.
• The cell is the smallest functional unit of life.
• Cells only come from other cells.• Cells maintain homeostasis.
– Cytology is the study of the structure and function of a cell.
![Page 52: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Two types of cells
• Eukaryotic– Have internal
membrane bound organelles
– Usually larger
– Usually individuals are much more complex
– Most things you can see
• Prokaryotic– No internal membrane
bound organelles
– Individuals are simple
– Bacteria, most are too small to see, most do not cause disease
![Page 53: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Physical properties that we will use all semester long.
![Page 54: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Diffusion
• Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient
![Page 55: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
OsmosisMovement of water across a semi
permeable membrane
![Page 56: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Tonicity
![Page 57: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Transport Mechanisms
• Passive transport: works by diffusion.
• Active transport: energy required to move molecules across the membrane.
• Endocytosis: membrane wrap around materials that go into cells.
• Exocytosis: membrane wrap around materials that go out the cells.
Fig 2.8
![Page 58: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Parts of the cell that you need to know
• Cell membrane• Cytosol• Cytoskeleton• Microvilli• Cilia• Centrioles• Ribosomes• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Lysosome• Mitochondria• Nucleus
• page 42
• link
![Page 64: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Pick your organelles
• Take 5 minutes in groups and research an organelle
• Draw a picture and write it out on a card.
• Hand it in to Nick.
• Discuss
![Page 66: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The cell membrane
• Function: gateway to life, the portals of the cell, sticking together of tissue
• Structure:– Phospholipids– Hydrophobic– Bilayer– Gateway proteins are embedded like a mosaic
Fig 3.3
![Page 67: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fluid Mosaic Model
![Page 68: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Why are cells small?
![Page 69: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Know the arrangement of Organells and what they do
![Page 70: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Metabolism
• The controlled capacity to acquire energy, break apart and eliminate substances.– Biosynthetic pathway: anabolism making molecules
– Degradative pathways: catabolism, breaking molecules apart and harvesting the energy
• The sum of the chemical events that occur in the body– Substrate and Product
![Page 71: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Substrates are products to the next enzyme
![Page 72: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Enzymes
• Serve as catalysts, and speed up reactions.• A series of enzymes together perform the
metabolic processes– Make reactions happen faster– Are reused– Are reversible– Are specific– Use cofactors (in order to function)
![Page 73: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Enzymes are proteins so are susceptible to
• Heat
• Cold
• pH
• Presence of cofactors
![Page 74: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Summary of energy harvests
• Aerobic reactions.– Glucose and Oxygen are combined to make
Carbon Dioxide and energy is transferred to ATP (roughly 34) In mitochondria
• Anaerobic reactions– Without Oxygen Glucose is converted to
Lactose and energy is transferred to ATP (only2)
![Page 75: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Alternative energy sources
• While the body is set up to harvest energy from glucose, it can also use other molecules.
![Page 78: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Human Biology](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813e75550346895da88e4d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)