human behavior in the infantry warrior simulation (iwars)

1616thth BRIMS Conference 26-29 March 2007 BRIMS Conference 26-29 March 2007

Human Behavior in the Infantry Warrior Simulation (IWARS)

Applications of BRIMSAlicia Borgman

General Dynamics Information Technology


Objectives

IWARS Overview HBR in IWARS Future HBR Development Directions


IWARS is… The only M&S Army Technology

Objective… Constructive, agent-based,

force-on-force combat simulation… Focused on individual and small-unit

dismounted combatants and their equipment…

Used to assess operational effectiveness across a spectrum of missions, environments and threats.

IWARS OverviewWhat is IWARS?


Through V&V and Sensitivity Analysis, IWARS Version 1.0 found suitable for use in direct-fire, small-unit engagement analyses: Soldier Sensor Performance Soldier Small-arms Lethality Soldier Survivability Situational Awareness / Battle Command (Limited)

IWARS V1.0 approved by the Army’s V&V agency for small arms RDA analyses and adopted by Army and international community

IWARS OverviewV1.0 Applications


Represent Elements of the Real World Important to RDA Studies

Cannot Exceed Technical Limitations of Target Simulations

Scientific Basis / Data for Algorithms

HBR in IWARS Modeling Imperatives


CP1

CP2

CP3

CP4

CURRENT AREA OF

OPERATIONS

SP

• CONDUCT TACTICAL ROAD MARCH

SCHEDULED HALT

TRAIL PARTY RECOVERS DISABLED

VEHICLE(S)CROSS

CONTAMINATED AREA

REACT TO AMBUSH ROAD NOT BLOCKED

URBAN AREA

REACT TO AIR ATTACK

• ANAYLZE MISSION • COORDINATE SUPPORT • DEPLOY ADVANCE PARTY • PLAN MOVE

UNSCHEDULED HALT

OCCUPY NEW AREA OF

OPERATIONS

SUP

• SET UP AREA • SET UP DEFENSE • CONDUCT SUPPLY OPERATIONS

PROVIDE SUPPLIES

RP

C

MISSION PROFILE

Agents Perform

Individual and Small-

unit Missions

Operational Effectiveness of Equipment and

Tactics

Essential Tasks

Actions, Activities, and

Conditions

MoPs

MoEs

HBR in IWARS Approach


Ground soldiers and small units User-defined units – not Army-centric

Decisions and actions required at individual and small unit levels

HBR in IWARS Focus


1. Identify Soldier capabilities to be evaluated E.g., helmet-mounted fused sensor, NLOS firing

capability

2. Research behaviors and processes necessary for Soldier to use capabilities Field manuals, SMEs, use cases, field experiments,

existing data Required equipment characteristics include both

physical parameters and how the equipment affects the behaviors of the individual and small unit

HBR in IWARS Process


3. Create flow chart of process, identifying compound activities, actions (primitives), and conditions (rule sets) Philosophy: as much as possible, use compound

activities and keep relatively few primitives – gives user greater flexibility

4. Develop algorithms and code to represent primitives and rule sets Algorithms based on input from SMEs, FMs, and

relevant data

HBR in IWARS Process


Agent Knowledge Information received from other agents

Shared information, data for following commands

Information about other agents Possibly incomplete information

Information about self E.g., available weapons, unit knowledge

Information can be perceived from the environment or received from a sensor or another agent

HBR in IWARS Behavior Engine

Agent knowledge enables situation awareness


Behaviors Agent actions in the environment

Move, shoot, communicate, sense, decide Decide: use information gained to determine which course of

action to take based on a set of rules Act alone or in groups according to mission parameters

Agents react to battlefield circumstances Allows scenario to play out in a way we hadn’t anticipated

when building the scenario Enables analysts to capture unexpected consequences of

behaviors associated with equipment of interest

HBR in IWARS Behavior Engine


Behaviors associated with proposed Ground Soldier System (GSS) equipment and capabilities Explicit representation of netted fires Situational awareness (User-defined Operating

Picture) Interoperability with Army vehicle systems Other characteristics of the networked battlefield

Future DirectionsDevelopment Needs

Leverage existing efforts to enhance individual and small-unit behavior models in IWARS


Performance effects of physical and cognitive workloads

Use of, and interaction with, larger set of battlefield sensors of different types Data fusion (multiple sensors, multiple individuals)

Improved target acquisition and engagement behaviors Improved definition of area targets, differentiation of

target types, uncertainty in perception, minimum information necessary to engage



Decision-making based on more complex factors Ease of building use case scenarios even as set

of use cases grows Behaviors include wider range of factors

Inferences about environment and other agents Individual proficiency with different equipment

types and items Manipulation of objects in the terrain Equipment handoff and unit reorganization



IWARS… Focus is analysis of ground soldier systems modeling Complex model of individuals and combat environment Continued HBR development is important for IWARS Recognized by Army, NATO and others as useful tool

for acquisition analyses Leverages existing efforts to enhance the

representation of tasks and capabilities of ground soldiers

Summary

human behavior in the infantry warrior simulation (iwars)

Documents