human anatomy & physiology chapter 1 the...
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Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1The Human Body: An Orientation
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Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
Ex. Heart beating
Ex. Nerve sending electrical impulse
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
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Organ System Overview1. Integumentary System (skin)
Functions:
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue frominjury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
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2. Skeletal System
Functions:
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation
Stores minerals
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Figure 1.2c
3. Muscular
Functions:
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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4. Nervous
Fast-acting control system
Functions:
Responds to internal andexternal changes
Activates muscles andglands Figure 1.2d
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5. Endocrine
Secretes hormones
Functions:
Regulation of
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism Figure 1.2e
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Figure 1.2f
6. Cardiovascular
Function:
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
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7. Lymphatic
Functions:
Returns fluid to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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8. Respiratory
Functions:
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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9. Digestive
Functions:
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material (feces)
Figure 1.2i
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10. Urinary
Functions:
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes (ex. Urea)
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j
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11. Reproductive
Function:
Produce offspring
Males - produce sperm in testes
Females - produce eggs in ovaries
- serve as site of fertilization & fetal development