human anatomy and physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/csuf-cancer... · cancer death rates...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LECTURE #5
1
![Page 2: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
![Page 3: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
OBESITY AND CANCERNEW FINDINGS
• ~30% of adults are obese (BMI > 30)
• ~35% of adults are overweight (BMI 25 - 30)
• Women: Uterine cancer 6-fold
Kidney cancer 5-fod
• Men: Liver cancer 6-fold
Colorectal cancer ~1.75-fold
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 5: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body
Weight (BMI < 25)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
30.0-34.9 35.0-39.9 40 or more
Men
Women52%
62%
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 6: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
CANCER TREATMENT
![Page 7: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Cancer is no longer the most lethal of chronic
diseases
Cancer is now the most chronic of lethal
diseases
![Page 9: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 9
![Page 10: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 10
![Page 11: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 11
![Page 12: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CANCER TREATMENTPRINCIPLES
Localized – Adjuvant ChemoRx. + Surgery +/- RT
Regional (N+) – Surgery + Adjuvant RT + CT +/-
ImmunoRx.
Metastatic (spread +) – ChemoRx, Biologicals,
Immunotherapy +/- Surgery for “debulking” +
ChemoRx. +/- Radiation
E. MORAN - 2018 12
![Page 13: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 13
Patient’s general condition, co-morbidities
Performance status
Psychological index
Tumor histology, grade of aggressiveness
Tumor stage (T, N, and M)
Treatment modality available
Responsiveness to treatment
Cancer is no longer the most lethal of chronic diseases.
Cancer is now the most chronic of lethal diseases.
Cancer Prognosis and Survival
![Page 14: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 14
![Page 15: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 15
What should we know?
• Disease control - rates?
• Side effects?
• Indicated for the particular patient?
• Quality of life?
Radical prostatectomy with removal of seminal vesicles
• Retropubic prostatectomy
• Perineal prostatectomy
• Laparoscopic/robotic prostatectomy
(Nerve-sparing technique and Pelvic lymph node sampling are necessary)
SURGERY
![Page 16: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 16
Debulking the tumor mass
Removal of the primary tumor in presence of
metastases
Removal of metastases in liver, lungs, brain
NEW SURGICAL TREATMENTS
![Page 17: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CANCER CHEMOTHERAPYFIRST FINDINGS
17
![Page 18: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Principles of Combination Chemotherapy
19
![Page 20: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
E. MORAN - 2018 20
![Page 21: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
T-lymphocytes identify aggressors and try to destroy
them through the production of lymphokines
(synthesized proteins)
• Killer T-cells
• Helper T-cells
• Suppressor cells
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
E. MORAN - 2017 21
![Page 22: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
B-lymphocytes synthesize immunoglobulins which
function as antibodies combining with foreign
antigens (bacteria and viruses):
IgG – major immunoglobulin (80%)
IgM – mostly intravascular
IgA – in body secretions, GI and respiratory tract
IgE – active in hypersensitivity (allergy)
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
E. MORAN - 2018 22
![Page 23: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 23
![Page 24: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
CELL MEMBRANE RECEPTORS
![Page 25: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Antibody
Antigen
Antigen binding site
Immunoglobulin Molecule, Antigen, and
Antibody
![Page 26: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 26
Active immunotherapy:
Non-specific: BCG
Levamisole
Interferon
Interleukin 2
Specific: Tumor antigen vaccines
IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (1)
![Page 27: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 27
Passive immunotherapy
Antibodies: Monoclonal or Polyclonal Antibodies
Conjugated with toxins
Radiolabeled
Cells: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
Immunotherapy of Cancer (2)
![Page 28: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 28
%
Urinary bladder 60-70
Kidney cancer 15-20
Malignant melanoma 10-15
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma 80
Lymphoma 40-50
Multiple myeloma 50
Response to Cancer Immunotherapy
![Page 29: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Monoclonal Antibodies to Cancer
Cell
![Page 30: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Development of a Malignant Tumor
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 32: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
TREATMENT OF FEMALE BREAST
CANCER
32
![Page 33: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
BREAST CANCER - Risk Factors (1)
• Previous breast cancer, atypical hyperplasia.
• Family history: 1st degree relative x 2-3 fold
• Susceptibility genes: risk = 50% - 85%
• BRCA-1 occurs in 5% of women <70 y.o. w/ ovarian ca.
• Chromosome #17q = lifetime risk of 85% for breast ca. and 45% for ovarian cancer in families with multiple cases of cancer
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 34: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
BREAST CANCER – Risk Factors (2)
• Older age at pregnancy, nulliparity
• High socioeconomic status (diet? lifestyle?)
• History of high-dose radiation exposure
• Oral contraceptives, long-term estrogen treatment
• Obesity, high-fat diet
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 35: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
BREAST CANCER - Early Detection
• 2-view mammography Clinical Breast Examination
Mortality 20-30% in 50-69 y.o. women
• In women 40-49 y.o. = no significant benefit (?)
• Yearly CBE only vs. no screening = no data.
E. MORAN - 2018 35
![Page 36: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 37: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 38: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 39: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 40: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 40
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Hormonal therapy (anti-estrogens): TamoxifenAromatase inhibitors
Biologicals:
Monoclonal antibodiesTyrosine kinase inhibitors
Chemotherapy
TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
![Page 41: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 41
![Page 42: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 42
Halsted, 1894 – Radical mastectomy (removal
of breast, pectoral muscles, lymph nodes)
Handley, 1954 – Int. mammary lymph nodes involvement
Urban, 1964 – Extended radical mastectomy
Modified radical mastectomy – Preservation of pectoral
muscles
Simple mastectomy – Removal of breast and axil. LN’s
“Lumpectomy”, sentinel LN’s + Radiation
Surgery of the Breast
![Page 43: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
State after Left Total Mastectomy
![Page 44: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Lymphedema of the Arm after
Radical Mastectomy
![Page 45: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Lymphatic Spread of Breast Cancer
![Page 46: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 46
Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes
Metastases
![Page 47: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Modified Radical Mastectomy
E. MORAN - 2018 47
![Page 48: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
48
![Page 49: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Treatment of Breast Cancer
49
![Page 50: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
BREAST CANCER - LIMITED DISEASE
50
![Page 51: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
BREAST CANCERHORMONAL DEPENDENCY
• Urinary estrogen excretion
• Urinary 11-deoxy-17-oxysteroids
• Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids
• Steroid hormones in breast cancer tissue
• Hormone receptors in breast tissue
E. MORAN - 2018 51
![Page 52: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 52
![Page 53: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 53
Estrogen and Progesterone
Receptors in Breast Cancer Tissue
![Page 54: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
HERCEPTIN
• Recombinant DNA-derived monoclonal antibody.
• Binds selectively to Human Epidermal Growth
Factor Receptor 2 protein (HER2).
• Effective mostly in tumors overexpressing the
HER2 protein.
• Cardiac toxicity (cardiomyopathy).
E. MORAN - 2018 54
![Page 55: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 55
![Page 56: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 56
![Page 57: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
BREAST CANCER
INDICATIONS FOR IRRADIATION
• Breast mass < 5 cm
• Fixation of tumor to pectoral fascia
• Skin fixation, edema
• Multiple foci of invasive tumor
• Vascular or lymphatic invasion
• 20% or more positive axillary nodes
E. MORAN - 2018 57
![Page 58: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Various combinations of drugs.
The duration depends on extent of tumor and response.
1. Neoadjuvant ChemoRx: To shrink the tumor for easier surgical removal.
2. Adjuvant ChemoRx: To remove any cancer not seen but thought of remaining after surgery.
3. For Advanced Cancer: To treat metastases.
BREAST CANCERCHEMOTHERAPY
E. MORAN - 2018 58
![Page 59: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
PROSTATE CANCER
59
![Page 60: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 60
Difficulty to urinate Urinary difficulties
Blood in the urine are similar with
those of BPH
Impotence
Bone pain in hips, spine, ribs
Nerve pain in legs
Prostate Cancer Warning Signs
![Page 61: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
61
![Page 62: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
![Page 63: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Prostate Needle Biopsy/ies
![Page 64: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
PROSTATE CANCER
OCCULT LYMPHNODE METASTASESVS. TUMOR STAGE AND GRADE
Clinical Stage Tumor Grade (Gleason)
(Localized Dis.) Well Intermediate Poor
(2-4) (5-7) (8-10)
% % %
T1, N0, M0 5 23 50
T2, N0, M0 5-28 20-27 27-38
T3, N0, M0 18 42 68
E. MORAN - 2018 64
![Page 65: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Prostate Cancer Metastases
65
![Page 66: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Metastatic Prostate Cancer to the Bones
![Page 67: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 67
![Page 68: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 68
What should we know?
• Disease control - rates?
• Side effects?
• Indicated for the particular patient?
• Quality of life?
Radical prostatectomy with removal of seminal vesicles
• Retropubic prostatectomy
• Perineal prostatectomy
• Laparoscopic/robotic prostatectomy
(Nerve-sparing technique and pelvic lymph node sampling are
necessary)
SURGERY
![Page 69: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 69
![Page 70: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 70
![Page 71: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 71
Prostate cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) Study
Prostatectomy vs. Observation
1994 – 2002 - 731 men, mean age 67 y.o.
Localized prostate cancer;
PSA median 7.8 ng/ml;
Any Gleason score;
Follow-up 8 yrs.
Conclusion: Prostatectomy did not reduce mortality
rate
Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
![Page 72: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
![Page 73: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 73
![Page 74: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 74
![Page 75: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 75
LHRH agonists – Turn off the testicle production of male
hormone. Shots given q. 3 – 12 months (Lupron™, Zoladex™)
Combined Androgen Blockade – LHRH agonist + antiandrogen
(Flutamide™)
Side effects:
• Decreased libido
• Hot flashes
• Breasts enlargement
• Loss of muscle and increase in body fat
• Osteoporosis
• Risk of coronary heart disease and of Type 2 diabetes
Androgen Deprivation Therapy
![Page 76: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
UPPER GI CANCER
76
![Page 77: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Limit Alcohol and Tobacco
40x
30x
20x
10x
Alcoholic Drinks Consumed per Day
Packs of Cigarettes Consumed per Day
Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus
Risk Increase
AND
N. C. I. 77
![Page 78: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 78
Difficulty swallowing solid foods
Later difficulty and pain swallowing fluids
Weight loss
Change in taste
CANCER of the ESOPHAGUS
Symptoms
![Page 79: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Endoscopy – Esophageal cancer
79
![Page 80: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 80
Lack of appetite and Unexplained weight loss is a common
sign of cancer.
Nausea & vomiting: Sometimes the vomit may have blood
in it.
Stomach pain in the upper abdomen.
Early satiety (Feeling full after a small meal).
Heartburn.
In general, the symptoms occur when the cancer is
advanced.
STOMACH CANCER
Symptoms
![Page 82: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 82
Surgery with dissection and removal of the
satellite lymph nodes.
Adjuvant chemotherapy.
5-year survival rates: 18% - 94%, depending
on the stage
STOMACH CANCERTreatment
![Page 83: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
COLORECTAL CANCER
83
![Page 84: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2015 84
![Page 85: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Colon Cancer
• Obesity increases risk of colon cancer
• Physical exercise decreases the risk
• Red meat increases the risk. Heterocycle amines?
• Other dietary fat does not increase the risk
E. MORAN - 2018 85
![Page 86: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Stages in colon cancer development
86
![Page 87: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2015 87
![Page 88: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2015
FIBERSCOPE
88
![Page 89: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
COLONOSCOPY
89
![Page 90: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
COLONOSCOPY – COLON POLYPS
90
![Page 91: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 91
Surgery:
• Surgical removal of the area involved
• Careful dissection of satellite lymph nodes (N1-N3
• sites)
• Examination of the liver
Chemotherapy
• If N+ (Stage 2) adjuvant
• If distant mets. (Stage 4)
Treatment of Colon Cancer
![Page 92: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 92
![Page 93: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
TREATMENT of TESTICULAR
CANCER
93
![Page 94: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
TESTICULAR CANCERPresentation
• Symptoms:
• Painless swelling in one testicle
• Scrotal pain (rare)
• Occasional: symptoms related to mets.
• Signs:
• Firm testicular nodule or mass
• Epididymis involvement
• Hydrocele
E. MORAN - 2018 94
![Page 95: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Staging: Is the disease limited to the testicle?
Chest X-ray and abdominal CT scan
Biomarkers: Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin
(beta-hCG)
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
All biomarkers must became normal after orchiectomy
TESTICULAR CANCERManagement
E. MORAN - 2018 95
![Page 96: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
TESTICULAR CANCERTumor Markers
• After orchiectomy, markers should become normal
• Persistent elevation = residual disease
• Useful in dx. of relapse (clinical f/u)
E. MORAN - 2018 96
![Page 97: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
RADICAL ORCHIECTOMY (Removal of the testicle and of
the spermatic cord = “the only acceptable
diagnostic and therapeutic procedure”
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Radiation therapy for pure seminoma
Chemotherapy for extra-testicular disease
TESTICULAR CANCERTreatment
E. MORAN - 2018 97
![Page 98: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
CANCER of the UTERUS
98
![Page 99: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
CANCER OF THE UTERUS
Risk Factors
E. MORAN - 2018 99
• Menstruating at an early age.
• Starting menopause at a later age.
• Never giving birth.
• Taking estrogen only (HRT) after menopause.
• Taking tamoxifen to prevent or treat breast cancer.
• Obesity and Metabolic syndrome.
• Having type 2 diabetes.
• Having polycystic ovarian syndrome.
• Having a family history of endometrial cancer in a
first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter).
• Having certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch
syndrome.
• Having endometrial hyperplasia.
![Page 100: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 100
Irregular periods
Menorrhagia
Abundant blood discharge – Metrorrhagia
Pelvic pain
Cancer of the Uterus - Symptoms
![Page 101: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101
Endometrial Cancer - Ultrasound
![Page 102: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Cancer of the Uterus - Treatment
102
![Page 103: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
CANCER OF THE UTERINE
CERVIX
103
![Page 105: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Cervical Cancer (invasive carcinoma)
©University of Alabama at Birmingham
Cervical Cancer (Invasive Carcinoma)
105
![Page 106: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING
RECOMMENDATIONS
• All women who are or have been sexually active
• Papanicolaou (Pap.) test 3 yrs. after first vaginal intercourse
and no later than 21 y.o.
• Pap. q. yr. in hi-risk cases
• After 30 y.o., if Pap. negative (x 3), screening with Pap. and
HPV DNA testing q. 3 yrs.
• Pap. may be discontinued at 70 y.o. if previously normal
E. MORAN - 2018 106
![Page 107: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
CANCER of the URINARY
BLADDER
107
![Page 108: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
E. MORAN - 2018 108
Blood in the urine
Having to urinate more often than usual
Pain or burning during urination
Urgency = feeling that one needs to go right away, although the bladder
is not full
Having trouble urinating or having a weak urine stream
Late symptoms:
Being unable to urinate
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Feeling tired or weak
Bone pain
Cancer of the Urinary Bladder.
Symptoms are not specific
![Page 109: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
BLADDER CANCER STAGES
![Page 110: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
SKIN CANCER
![Page 111: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
E. MORAN 2018
2017 - >5 million new cases in U.S.
>95% are basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma
Organ transplant patients x 100 times more likely
90% of non-melanoma are associated with exposure to
UV radiation
Actinic keratosis most common precancer
2017 – 87,000 malignant melanoma cases
2017 – 9,700 deaths
SKIN CANCER SCREENING Burden of Suffering
![Page 112: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
SKIN CANCER SCREENING Risk Factors
• Atypical moles (dysplastic nevi)
• Congenital moles
• Large number of common moles
• Immunosuppression
• Family/personal history of skin cancer
• Fair skin, poor tanning ability
• Intense sun exposure
• Severe sun burns in childhood
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 113: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Malignant melanoma vs. Benign nevi (moles)
Asymmetry
Borders
Color
Diameter changing
113
![Page 114: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
SKIN CANCER SCREENING
Recommendations
• Public education
• Avoidance of skin exposure
(protective clothing, sun screens)
• Biopsy of suspicious lesions
E. MORAN 2018
![Page 115: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
STAGES OF MELANOMA
115
![Page 116: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Malignant melanoma – Stage and SurvivalFive-Year Survival Rates for
Patients with Melanoma (by stage)
Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis
100%
50%
I II III
E. MORAN - 2018 116
![Page 117: Human Anatomy and Physiologyolli.fullerton.edu/_resources/pdfs/CSUF-CANCER... · Cancer Death Rates of Obese Compared to that of Individuals with Normal Body Weight (BMI < 25) 0%](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604dab41510f42278455ccef/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
END OF LECTURE #5
END OF THIS CLASS
THANK YOU
☺
117