HUMAN ANATOMY 101HUMAN ANATOMY 101

Sports Medicine IISports Medicine IIMrs. Marr

OBJECTIVES!OBJECTIVES!• Review of major bones, muscles,

ligaments and terminology

• Identify and name major muscles

• Identify and name major bones

• Identify and name major ligaments

• Correctly define and use common anatomical terminology

Basic Structural LevelsBasic Structural LevelsHUMAN BODY

Systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Integumentary

Skeletal

Respiratory

Heart

Brain

Liver

Lungs Muscular

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGYANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY• The standard reference body position is called

“anatomical position”. All things we discuss in class refer to the body in this position

Postures and Direction of Movement

• Supine – Someone in the supine

position is lying on his or her back.

• Prone – Someone in the prone

position is lying face down

• Right Lateral Recumbent – The Right lateral

recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient is lying on their right side.

• Left Lateral Recumbent – The left lateral

recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient is lying on their left side.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

• Fowler's Position – A person in the Fowler's

position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent.

• Trendelenberg Position – A person in the

Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.

PLANEPLANES S

In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference

PLANESPLANES FRONTAL (or coronal)

separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts

HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts

SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane– Parasagittal plane-

Longitudinal section that divides the body in unequal left and right sections

Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition

Directional Terms- paired terms, each indication opposite directions. There are different terms when relating to humans and other animals

Superior (closer to the head)Inferior (closer to the feet)

reference point -- horizontal plane

Medial (lying closer to the midline)

Lateral (lying further away from the midline)

reference point -- sagittal plane

Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body

– reference point -- frontal or coronal plane Proximal- closer to the origin of a structure Distal- further away from the origin of a structure

– reference point -- the origin of a structure

Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition

Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position

Superficial or Deep reference point -- surface of body or organ 

Median- midlinereference point -- along the midsagittal or median plane

Intermediate -between two other structures

Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position

External or Internal refers to a hollow structure (external being outside and internal being inside) 

Supine - face or palm up when lying on back

Prone- face or palm down when lying on

anterior surface of body

Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position

Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position)

Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position) 

Regional TermsRegional TermsRegional Terms-refer to

special areas of the body

Cervical- refer to the neck

Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface

Regional TermsRegional Terms

Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax

Dorsum- the top of the foot

Plantar- the sole of the foot

Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk

Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

Regional TermsRegional Terms

Groin (inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall

Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee

Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

Regional TermsRegional Terms

Low BackLow Backo Lumbar- the

portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis

o Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks

MUSCLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONCONTRACTION

Postures and Direction of Movement

• Flexion – Flexion is to bend at a joint,

or to reduce the angle Flexion increasing angle with frontal plane.

• Extension – Extension is to straighten at

a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees. Extension decreasing angle with frontal plane 

Postures and Direction of Movement

• Abduction – Abduction is movement

away from the midline, or to abduct. Abduction moving away from the sagittal plane

• Adduction – Adduction is movement

toward the midline, or to add. Adduction toward the sagittal plane

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Protraction moving forward along

a surface 

Retraction backward along a surface

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Elevation raising a structure 

(Shoulder Shrugs)

Depression lowering a structure 

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement

Medial Rotation movement around an axis of a bone

Lateral Rotation movement around an axis of a bone 

Postures and Direction of Movement

• Supination – Supination is to rotate the

forearm so that the palm faces forward. Supination placing palm forward (in anatomical position)

• Pronation – Pronation is to rotate the

forearm so that the palm faces backward. Pronation placing palm backward (in anatomical position)

Postures and Direction of MovementPostures and Direction of Movement

• Medial/ Lateral Rotation is at the Tibia (knee Joint)- not Inversion/ Eversion which occurs at the Ankle Joint

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Circumduction-combined

movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone) 

Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

AbdomenAbdomenBefore getting into the nitty gritty of

the abdomen, keep in mind that you want to be able to use your knowledge to project the anatomy onto the surface of the abdomen. You will want to be able to visualize the relative positions of abdominal organs as they lie within the abdomen. Clinicians might use several different ways of subdividing the surface of the anterior abdominal wall but I will only present two of them here. By subdividing the surface into regions, one person can tell another person exactly where to look for possible problems.

Abdominopelvic area is

divided into four quadrants

:

Right Upper Right Lower Left Upper Left Lower

                                                     

               

1.upper left quadrant ULQ

2.lower left quadrant LLQ

3.upper right quadrant URQ

4.lower right quadrant LRQ

These quadrants are developed by dropping a vertical line down the middle of the sternum MSP

and a horizontal line across and through the umbilicus TUP

The abdominal cavity can also be The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it divided into nine regions to make it

easier to identify organseasier to identify organs1. Right hypochondriac

2. Epigastric 3. Left hypochondriac4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar7. Right iliac (inguinal)

8. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac (inguinal)

1. right hypochondriac RH 2. epigastric E 3. left hypochondriac LH 4. right lumbar RL 5. umbilical U6. left lumbar LL 7. right iliac RI 8. hypogastric H 9. left iliac LI

These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes.

The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process.

The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.

9 abdominal regions: 9 abdominal regions:

Body CavitiesBody CavitiesBody cavities- lined with

membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities.

Dorsal (posterior) Cavity- contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

Ventral (anterior) Cavity- thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural (left & right lungs) cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity- consists of the abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).

QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?

What will you have to

know…

Skeletal System• You should be able to locate and identify the following bones in the

human body.– Skull - Ribs - Talus– Nasal bone - Xyphoid process - Phalanges– Zygomatic arch - Sternum - Lumbar vertebrate– Mandible - Humerus– Maxilla - Ulna– Cervical vertebrate - Radius– Clavicle - Carpals– Scapula - Metacarpals– Thoracic vertebrate - Phalanges– Ilium - Ischium– Pubis - Sacrum– Coccyx - Femur– Patella - Tibia– Fibula - Calcaneus– Metatarsals - Tarsals

Muscular System• You should be able to locate and identify the

following muscles or muscle groups:Trapezius Anterior Tibialis Biceps Brachii

Triceps Brachii Deltoid Sternocleidomastoid

Gluteus Maximus Semitendonosis Vastus Medialis

Vastus Lateralis Semimembranosis Biceps Femoris

Vastus Intermedius Gastrocnemius Soleus

Rectus Abdominus External Obliques Serratus Anterior

Latissimus Dorsi Achilles Tendon Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis

Rectus Femoris

Major Ligaments

• You should be able to locate and identify the following ligaments:– Acromioclavicular Lig. - Iliofemoral Lig. – Sternoclavicular Lig. - Medial Collateral Lig.– Ulnar Collateral Lig. - Lateral Collateral Lig.– Radial Collateral Lig. - Anterior Talofibular Lig.– Glenohumeral Lig. - Deltoid Lig.– Annular Lig. - Posterior Talofibular Lig.– Coracoclavicular Lig. - Posterior Cruciate Lig.– Anterior Cruciate Lig.

Posterior View

Rhomboids

Paraspinals

Spine ofthe Scapula

SpinousProcess

(T12)

Teres Major/Minor

Infraspinatus

Anterior View of the Thorax

AcromionTrapezius

LatissimusDorsi

Rectus Abdominis

Serratus Anterior

Oblique

Sternum

SC Joint

Sternocleidomastoid

Rectus Femoris Sartorius

Illiac Crest

Vastus Lateralis

Vastus Medialis

Gracilis

Adductor Longus

Pectineus

Lateral FemoralCondyle

Tibia

Patellar Tendon

Patella

Tibialis Anterior

Peroneus

ExtensorDigitorum

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Fibular Head

Calcaneus

Gluteus MaximusGluteus Medius

AchillesTendon

Gastrocnemius

Semimembranosus

PopitealFossa

BicepsFemoris

Semiteninosus

Medial Malleolus

Lateral Malleolus

Gracilis

AdductorMagnus

Vastus Lateralis

Greater Trochanter(Femur)

Hamstrings (Semiteninosus,Semimembranosus, Biceps Femoris)

Hip Flexors (Illopsoas, Rectus Femoris,Tensor Fac iae LataePec tineus ,G rac ilis , Sartor ius )

Tensor FaciaeLatae

Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris,Vastus Lateralis,Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis)

Lateral JointLine

Medial Joint Line

Groin/Anterior Thigh (Adductors,Pectineus, Gracilis)

Plantar Fascia