hum1 ancient egypt report

8/7/2019 HUM1 Ancient Egypt Report

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Ancient EgyptAn Introduction


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Reporting Objectives

To share our knowledge of the following:

Ancient Egypt

Arts that represented each of the Egyptian

Division of Kingdoms

Meaning behind the Arts


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Intoduction

Geography

The Nile and its importance

The Pharaohs

Concept of Kingship


Hieroglyphs

Egyptian Clothes


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Egyptian Geography


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Egyptian Geography

Located in the Northeastern

part of the African Continent

The General landscape is

bare like a desert. It was defined by its most

important geographical

feature, the River Nile.


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The Nile River

It is the longest river in

the World.

Runs approximately 4000

miles from East Africa to

the Mediterranean

The River flows from

South to North

3 rivers from the South

flows in The Nile: TheBlue Nile, The White

Nile and the Arbara


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Importance ofThe Nile River

A list of Why the Nile River isimportant to Egypt

Credit: http://www.bbc.co.uk


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Importance of The Nile River

1) Source of Water used as irrigation

2) Source of Fish, Flax, Game, Papyrus

3) The Delta and its mouth posed obstacles to invaders

4) Created Political unity (Shaped Political Thought)


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Flax

Game (Ducks inNile Marshes)

Papyrus


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The Pharaohs

Egypt was ruled by Pharaohs

And vast scale Egyptian Monumental Art began with

Pharaonic Rule


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The Egyptian Concept of Kingship

Kings or their so-called Pharaohs are also considered to

be gods.

They ruled according to maat, a divinely establishedorder ( Maat also refers to the goddess of truth, right and

orderly conduct.).

Example: The god Ra (Re) was guised as the Third

Dynasty Pharaoh

Incestuous marriages, monogamous, grounds for divorce


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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period

Old Kingdom

- First Intermediate Period

Middle Kingdom

- Second Intermediate Period

New Kingdom

- Third Intermediate Period

FirstMillennium Period BCE


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Hieroglyphs


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Hieroglyphs

Greek words, Hieros (sacred) and Glyphos (words or

signs)

Egyptians called it, Mdju Netjer or Words of theGods

Knowledge of the hieroglyphic was lost until Jean-

Francois Champollion used the Rosetta Stone to

decipher the script.


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Hieroglyphs

The Rosetta Stone

- It contains 3 different scripts ortexts (Hieroglyphics, Demotic and

Greek) which means the same in

all 3 different scripts except for

minor differences.


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Egyptian Clothing

MaleNobility

Female

Nobility

Priest


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Egyptian Clothing

Female Peasants

Male Peasants

Children


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The Gods andGoddesses of Egypt


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Gods and Goddesses

Egptians believed that before the beginning of time, the

primeval waters, called Nun, existed alone in the

darkness. At the moment of creation a mound rose out of

the limitless waters where the creator god appeared andbrought light to the world .

In later times, the mound was formalized as a pyramidal

stone called the ben-ben supporting the supreme god ,

Amen , the god of the sun (Re).


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Gods and Goddesses

Shu and Tefnut- the primary male and female forces in

the universe. They coupled to give birth to Geb(earth)

and Nut (sky) who bore Osiris, Seth , Isis , and

Nephthys.

Osiris- the eldest was the god of order and was revered

as the king who brought civilization to Egypt.

Seth- brother and evil opposite of Osiris, is the god ofchaos. He murdered Osiris and cut him into pieces

which he scattered across Egypt.


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Osiris

Anubis

Maat


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Gods and Goddesses

Isis (wife of Osiris) and Nephthys(wife of Seth) succeeded incollecting Osiris body parts, and with Isis powerful magic,Osiris was brought back to life.

The resurrected Osiris fathered a son with Isis named Horuswho avenged his fathers death and displaces seth as king ofEgypt.

Osiris then became the lord of the Underworld.

Horus- represented in art as either a falcon, considered thenoblest bird of the sky, or as a falcon-headed man.

All Egyptian pharaohs were identified with Horus when aliveand with Osiris when dead.


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Gods and Goddesses

Other gods

Mut- the consort of the sun god Amen

Khonsu- the moon god and the son of Mut and Amen

Thoth- another lunar deity and the god of knowledge

and writing. He appears in art as an ibis, a baboon, or an

ibis-headed man crowned with the crescent moon andthe moon disk. When Seth tore out Horuss falcon-

eye(wedjat), Thoth restored it. Thoth was also associated

with rebirth and the afterlife.


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Amun

Isis

Ra (Re)


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Pre-Dynastic and

Dynastic Period


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Pre-Dynastic Period

corresponds to the Late Neolithic (Stone Age), and

covers the cultural and social changes which occurred

between the late Palaeolithic period (hunter

gatherers)and the early Pharaonic era (the EarlyDynastic Period)

developed a written language and an institutionalised

religion

developed a settled, agricultural civilization along the

fertile, dark soils (kemetor black lands) of the Nile


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Pre-Dynastic Period

divided into four separate phases: the Early Predynastic

which ranges from the 6th to 5th millennium BCE

(approximately 5500 - 4000 BCE), the Old Predynastic

which ranges from 4500 to 3500 BCE (the time overlap isdue to diversity along the length of the Nile), the Middle

Predynastic which roughly goes form 3500 - 3200 BCE,

and the Late Predynastic which takes us up to the First

Dynasty at around 3100 BCE.


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Narmer

very first king

from a big ceremonial

siltstone palette

catfish (Nar) and a chisel

(mer) made up his name father of the next pharaoh to

be Aha

Pharaohs


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Pharaohs

Scorpion II

the king famous for his two

ceremonial mace-heads made

of stone

refer to the scorpion

goddess Serket


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Egyptian Art

The term predynastic denotes the period of emerging

cultures that preceded the establishment of the 1st

dynasty in Egypt.


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Painting and Sculpture

Copy of a Wall Painting From Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, Egypt


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Painting and Sculpture

Palette of King Narmer


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Elaborate, formalized version of a utilitarian object

commonly used in Pre-Dynastic Period to prepare eye

make up

Commemorate the unification of Upper and Lower

Egypt

Shows that Narmer effortlessly defeats a foe on one side

On the other surveys the beheaded enemy


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Architecture

Section (top), plan (center), and

restored view (bottom) of typicalEgyptian mastaba tombs.


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Architecture

Imhotep, Stepped Pyramid


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Imhotep Pyramid

Imhotep, the first artist whose name is recorded, built the first pyramid

during the Third Dynasty for King Djoser. Djosers pyramid resembles a

series of stacked mastabas of diminishing size.


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Djoser PyramidPlan (top) and restored view (bottom) of the mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqqara,

Egypt, Third Dynasty, ca. 2630-2611 BCE.

Djosers pyramid was the centerpiece of an immense funerary complex

that included a mortuary temple, other buildings, and courtyards. Its

network of underground galleries resembled a palace.


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PharoahsClothing

Fabric

False Beard

Nemes

Shendyt

Robe

Khol

Scepters and Staff

The Uraeus


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Pharaohs Clothing

Fabric - pharaohs wore clothing made of linen

False Beard - attached using thin leather wraps encircling

the head

Nemes - head piece

- originally made of a single-colored piece of

linen and evolved in complexity over time


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Pharaohs Clothing

Shendyt - a royal apron

- main piece of clothing in a pharaoh's ensemble

Robe Most transparent

Khol Substance made with a dark dye

Scepters and Staff General Sign of authority in

Ancient Egypt


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Pharaohs Clothing

Uraeus A rearing cobra

- Cobra represents a serpent goddess who rears up

and spits fire at the enemies of the king


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Old Kingdom


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Old Kingdom

First of the 3 Great periods

Was one of the most dynamic period for Egyptian Art

Architects and Masons mastered the techniques

necessary to build monumental structures in stone.

Sculptors created the earliest portraits of individuals and

first life-size statues.


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Architecture and Sculpture

2 principal functions of these images and structures

were:

1) To ensure an ordered existence

2) And to defeat death by preserving life into the next world

which simply means that they were made to last


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Pyramids

Was a monumental expression of the Egyptian

Pharaohs power, his burial place and zone of passage

into the afterlife

Before the great Pyramids, there were the Mastabas

The next major development in pyramid design was the

purely geometric type.

An example of this is the Giza Pyramids


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The Pyramids of Giza


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Pyramids of Giza

All three pyramids were built in a span of about 75 years

These pyramids were for the Fourth Dynasty Pharaohs

Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure

This kind of construction is called ashlar masonry.


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Pyramid of Giza (cross-section)


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Great Sphinx

- A lion with a human head

- Associated with the sun god which makes it an

appropriate image of the pharaoh


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Sculpture

Seated Statue of

Khafre from Giza- Standing Lions on the Throne

- Horus protecting the back of

Khafres head

- Pharaonic Portraiture was NOTto record individual features but

rather to proclaim the divine

nature of Egyptian Kingship.


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Sculpture

The Scribe

- An example of a paintedsculpture

- Conveys a highly intelligent and

alert individual


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Middle Kingdom


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Mentuhotep II unite Egypt and established

the so called Middle Kingdom.

Sculpture

Senusret III one of Mentuhotep II's

successors- his portraits represent a sharp

break from old Kingdom practice.


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Fragmentary head

of Senusret III,

12th Dynasty, ca .

1860 BCE. RedQuartzite, 61/2"

high. Metropolitan

Museum of Art,

New York.

The portraits of Senusret

III exhibit an

unprecedented realism.

The kings brooding

expression reflects the

dominant mood of thetime and contrasts

sharply with the

impassive faces of Old

Kingdom pharoahs.


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Rock- cut tombs BH 3-5, Beni

Hasan Egypt, 12th Dynasty, ca.

1950 - 1900 BCE.

The tombs of Beni Hasan

are charateristic of

Middle Kingdom.Hollowed out of the cliffs,

these tombs often have a

shallow columnar porch,

which leads into a

columned hall and burial

chamber.


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The columnar

hall of

Amenemhets

tomb was carvedout of the living

rock, which

explains the

suspended brokencolumn at the

rear. The shafts

are fluted in a

manner Greek

architects later emulated.

Interior hall of the rock-cut

tomb of Amenemhet (tomb BH2), Beni Hasan, Egypt, 12th

Dynasty, ca. 1950 1900 BCE.


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New Kingdom


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During the New Kingdom, Egypt extended its borders to

the Euphrates River in the east and deep into Nubia in

the south.


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ARCHITECTURE


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Temple of Hatshepsut


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The most majestic of royal mortuarytemples at Deir el-Bahri, Egypt of the 18th

Dynasty

Created to honor one of the mostremarkable women of the ancient world,

female pharaoh Hapshetsut

It was designed by the royal architectSenmut


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Faade of the Temple ofRamses II,Abu

Simbel, Egypt, 19th Dynasty


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Interior of the Temple

ofRamses II


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Ramses was Egypts last great warrior pharaoh and he

ruled for two-thirds of a century.

He proclaimed his greatness by placing four colossalimages of himself on the temple faade.


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For the family ofRamses II:

At Abu Simbel, north of his temple, he ordered a

construction of a grand temple for his principal wife,

Nefertari. (with four standing images of the king and two

of the queen at the temples faade.)

For his sons, he constructed a huge underground tomb

complex in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes.

Temple of Amen Re


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Temple of Amen-Re,

Karnak, Egypt


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Hypostyle Hall, temple of Amen-Re,

Karnak, Egypt , 19th Dynasty


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The work of the 18th dynasty pharaohs including

Thutmose I and III and Hapshetsut. Ramses II(19th

dyanasty) also contributed sections.

Chapels were added to the complex as late as 26th

dynasty.

Artificial sacred lake- refers to the primeval waters before

creation

Only the pharaohs and priests can enter the temple


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SCULPTURE AND

PAINTING


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Hatshepsuts chancellor, Senmut, holds the pharaohs

daughter by Thutmose II in his lap and envelops the girl

in his cloak.

The frequent depiction of Senmut with Nefrura was

meant to enhance Senmuts stature trough his

association with the princess(he was her tutor) and by

implication, with hapshetsut.


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Fowling Scene from the Tomb of Nebamun,

Thebes, Egypt


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Musicians and dancers from the tomb of Nebamun


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Musicians and dancers:

4 women, two of them was represented by the artist at

the left conventionally but the other two face theobserver(frontal pose. They sat cross-legged.- this

informality constituted a relaxation of the Old

Kingdoms stiff rules of representation.

The profile view of the two dancing women is consistentwith their lower stature in the Egyptian hierarchy.


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The mural paintings in the tomb of nebamun testify the

luxurious life of the Egyptian nobility, filled with good

food and drink, fine musicians, lithe dancers, and leisure

time to hunt and fish in the marshes.

Successful hunts/nebamun hunting in his afterlife

reminded Egyptians of Horus, the son of Osiris, who

hunted his fathers murderer, Seth, the god of disorder.

Successful hunts are also metaphors for triumphing overdeath and disorder, ensuring a happy existence in the

afterlife.


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Music and dance-sacred to Hathor who aided the dead

in their passage to the other world.

Sensual women at the banquet represents fertility, rebirthand regeneration.


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Akhenaton initiated a

religious revolution, andhis art is also a deliberate

reaction against tradition.

This curious

androgynous image may

be an attempt to portray

the pharaoh as Aton, the

sexless sun disk.

Akhenaton, from the

temple of Aton, Karnak,

Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca.

1353-1335 BCE.

Sandstone, 13 high.

Egyptian Museum, Cairo


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Tiye from Ghurab Egypt 18th Dynasty ca 1353 1335 BCE Wood


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This portrait ofAkhenatons mother is

carved of dark yew

wood, probably to

match the queens

complexion. The headwas remodeled during

her sons reign to

remove all references

to traditional deities.

Tiye, from Ghurab, Egypt, 18 Dynasty, ca. 1353 1335 BCE. Wood,

with gold, silver, alabaster, and lapis lazuli, 3 '' high. Agyptisches

Musuem, Berlin


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The Tomb of Tutankhamen and the Post-Armana Period

Tutankhamen most famous figure of the Post-Armanaperiod.

- probably Akhenatons son by a minorwife.

- ruled for a decade and died at 18

Howard Carter discovered the boy-kings tomb in 1922with its fabulously rich treasure ofsculpture, furniture, and jewelry largely

intact.


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Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters, from Amarna, Egypt, 18th

Dynasty, ca. 1353-1335 BCE. Limestone, 1 1/4 high. Agyptisches

Museum, Berlin.

In this sunken relief

the Amarna artist

provided a rareintimate look at th

royal family in a

domestic settting.

Akhenaton, Nefertiti,

and three of theirdaughters bask in the

life-giving rays of

Aton, the sun disk.


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The boy-king Tutankmens

fame today is due to the

discovery of his treasure-laden tomb. His mummy

was encased in three nested

coffins. The innermost one,

made of gold, portrays thepharaoh as Osiris.

Innermost coffin of Tutankhamen, from

his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty,

ca. 1323 BCE. Gold with inlay of

enamel and semiprecious stones, 6' 1''long. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.


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Tutankhamen is here represented triumphing over Asianenemies. The artist contrasted the orderly registers of

Egyptian chariots with the chaotic pile of foreign soldiers

who fall before the king.

Painted chest, from

the tomb of

Tutankhamen,Thebes, Egypt, 18th

Dynasty, ca. 1333-

1323 BCE. Wood, 1 '

8'' long. Egyptian

Museum, Cairo

Last judgement of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb at Thebes,


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The Book of the Dead contained spells and prayers. This scroll

depicts the weighing of Hu-Nefers heart against Maats feather

before the deceased can be brought before Osiris, god of the

Underworld.

Last judgement of Hu Nefer, from his tomb at Thebes,

Egypt, 19th Dynasty, ca. 1290-1280 BCE. Painted papyrus

scroll, 1 ' 6'' high BritishMuseum, London.


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Millennium BCE

S C


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FIRST MILLENNIUM BCE

Kingdom of Kush

During the New Kingdom, the pharaohs colonizedNubia and appointed a viceroy to administer the Kushite

kingdom. But in the eight century BCE, the Nubians

conquered Egypt and ruled the land of the Nile as the 25th

Dynasty.

T h hi f


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Nubian Kings ruled Egypt

during the 25th Dynasty and

adopted traditional Egyptian

artistic types, but the sculptor

of the Taharqo sphinx

reproduced the Kushite

pharaohs distinctly Africanfeatures.

Taharqo as a sphinx, from

temple T, Kawa, Sudan, 25th

Dynasty, ca. 680 BCE.

Granite, 1' 4'' by 2' 43/4''.British Museum, London


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Temple of Horus, Edfu, Egypt, ca. 237-47 BCE.


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Temple of Horus, Edfu, Egypt, ca. 237-47 BCE.


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Ancient Egypt

End

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