HUM 2461Humanities of Latin

America

SFC Fall 2013Week 6

Today’s AgendaDay 10

• Attendance• CANVAS• South American Civilization:

The Incas• 2nd Assignment due on week 7• Pop Quiz

Attendance

CANVAS

Inca Civilization

Cultural periods1150 – 1493 CE

TIMELINE FOR THE INCA CIVILIZATION

Pacha (world/realm)

Religion/Cosmology

INCAS

PACHAS (realm) MEANINGS CONNECTIONS AMONG PACHAS

HANAN PACHA Upper realm: sky, sun, stars, planets, constellations, milky way.

Rainbows and lightening serve as connection between THE Hanan and Kay Pachas

KAY PACHA Perceptible world where humans, animals, plants inhabit. Kay Pacha is often impacted by the struggle between Hanan Pacha and Uku Pacha

(Rainbows and lightening )Caves and springs serve as connection between Kay and Uku Pachas

UKU PACHA Inner world. Uku Pacha is associated with the dead as well as with new life. As the realm of new life, the realm is associated with harvesting and Pachamama, the fertility goddess.

(Caves and springs)Human spirits after death could inhabit any of the levels.

Inca Mythology

2 Inca Legends

1. Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo were brought up from the depths of Lake Titicaca (Perú & Bolivia) by Inti (sun).

2. Manco Capac and his brothers (Ayar Auca, Ayar Cachi, Ayar Uchu) and sisters (Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Raua, Mama Cura) lived near Cuzco (Paccari Tampu) and uniting their people and the ten ayllus they encountered in their travels to conquer the tribes of the Cuzco Valley.

Main DeitiesApu Spirit of mountains.Kon Rain and wind that came from the south. He was a son of Inti

and Mama Quilla.

Illapa Thunder and lightening. Weather god.Inti Sun. Source of warmth and light and a protector of the

people.Mama Pacha Deity who presided over planting and harvesting. She caused

earthquakes.

Mama Cocha ("sea mother") Sea and fish goddess, protectress of sailors and fishermen.

Mama Quilla Mother moon or Golden mother.

Pacha Camac Earth-maker. He was a chthonic creator god.Supay God of death and ruler of the Uku Pacha as well as a race of

demons.

Viracocha God of everything. THE CREATOR.

Main Deities (2) Viracocha Mama Cocha

Inti Mama Quilla

Manco Cápac Mama Ocllo Kon Pacha Camac Mama Pacha

Viracocha

Inca religious symbols

Chakana Inca cross (Tree of Life) Through a central axis a shaman journeyed

in trance to Uku Pacha and Hanan Pacha to enquire about misfortunes in Kay Pacha.

Snake, puma, and condor are totemic representatives of the three realms.

Chakana

• Location: Andes mountain chain (3,000 and 14,000 feet above sea level)

• Origen: 1200 C.E. • 1438 Incas had formed an empire (Quechua:

Tawantinsuyu)• 1438 started expansion with Inca Pachacutec. • 1532 Civil war between the Inca emperor Huáscar

(Cuzco) and his brother Atahuallpa (Cajamarca)• 1532 Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco

Pizarro conquest the entire Inca empire.

Inca Empire (facts 1)

• 1526 Francisco Pizarro reached Inca territory.• In1529 in Spain Pizarro received royal approval to

conquer the region and be its viceroy:• "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter

allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land.”

• In 1532 Pizarro returns. The two-brothers war.• 168 soldiers with guns, 27 horses and 1 canon.

Inca Empire (facts 2)

• Battle of Puná (Guayaquil, Ecuador)• Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto inland.• Soto got Atahualpa’s invitation.• Atahuallpa won civil war against Huáscar.• Vicente de Valverde meets Atahuallpa.• Bible – requerimiento.• Atahuallpa is prisoned.• For freedom: 1 room full of gold and twice the

amount in silver.• Pizarro sent to kill Huáscar and blamed Atahuallpa.• Pizarro killed Atahuallpa.

Inca Empire (facts 3)

Expansion1438Inca

Pachacutec

Tawantinsuyofour cardinal points

Four Suyos (side/location):1. Collasuyo (S)2. Chinchaysuyo (N) 3. Contisuyo (SW)4. Antisuyo (NE)

Inti = sun

Inca Architecture (1)1. Inca architecture is widely known for its fine masonry,

which features precisely cut and shaped stones closely fitted without mortar..

2. Rectangular building without any internal walls and roofed with wooden beams and thatch.

3. Two-story buildings were infrequent.

4. Wall apertures, including doors, niches and windows, usually had a trapezoidal shape.

5. Other kinds of decoration were scarce.

6. Rectangular buildings were used for quite different functions in almost all Inca buildings, from humble houses to palaces and temples…

Inca Architecture (2)6. The most common composite form in Inca architecture was the

kancha.

7. Testimonies of this type of architecture are:

… Cuzco (Qusqu'Qosqo) consisted of large kancha.

--- The Temple of the Sun (Qorikancha)

--- The Inca palaces.

… Ollantaytambo (near Cusco: Urubamba river).

--- Temple of the Sun and The Mañacaray or Royal Hall.

--- The Incahuatana and The Baños de la Princesa (Princess’ tub baths)

Population

Debates about the number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak.

As few as 4 million people, to more than 37 million.

The reason for these various estimates is that in spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipu.

Quipu

Ollantaytambo (La Fortaleza)

Top of La Fortaleza

Wiracochan / Tunupa

Wall of Six monoliths

Storehouses qollqa

The bath of the Princess

Chakana

Lintel and double jamb

Lintel

Jamb

Machu Picchu• Pachacutec (Pachacuti) built Cuzco and Machu Picchu

in 1438.• Means old mountain.• Ancients work systems:1. Minca2. Mita3. Ayni

MINKA

Machu Picchu

Terraced structures

Agricultural sector

Residential area: gabled roofs

Interior of a house / windows

Temple of the Sun or Torreon

Intihuatana / Inti watana

In the Sun Temple

1400-1700 CE

The Inca Empire

2nd Assigment Week 5: HW#4 (1-15)

due on week 7.

Points off if HW is not typed

Pop Quiz