hukum pidana di belanda guest lecture 20 december 2012 fokke fernhout associate professor, faculty...
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HUKUM PIDANA DI BELANDA
Guest lecture20 December 2012
Fokke FernhoutAssociate Professor, Faculty of Law, Maastricht, Netherlands
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HISTORY
• Before 1805 Every state of the federation
had its own criminal law
(torture, medieval punishments)• 1805-1814 French occupation; Code Pénal;
Code de Procédure Pénal• 1 Dec 1813 Kingdom of the Netherlands;
plan to make new codes• 1838 Code of Criminal Procedure• 1881 (!) Adoption of Criminal Code (KUHP)• 1886 Criminal Code enters into force
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DEVELOPMENTS IN DUTCH-INDIES
• Early colonial times Medieval Dutch law, Roman law,adat law
• 1854 Plan to make new criminal code• 1867 Wetboek van Strafrecht voor
Europeanen (KUHP buat orang Eropa)• 1873 KUHP buat orang “inlander”• 1918 Wetboek van Strafrecht voor
Nederlandsch-Indië (translation of Dutch Criminal Code)
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DIFFERENCES
• Pasal 10: hukuman mati by hanging (considered to be necessary for colonial suppression)
• Colonial institutions, local authorities (residents, regents)
• Indonesian elements (buffaloe, desa, child marriage)
• Kejahatan ringan (pencurian/penggelapan ringan dsb)
• Different (higher!) punishments for same criminal offences
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DEVELOPMENTS IN INDONESIA• 8 March 1942 Japanese decide to keep Dutch Criminal Code
(di bahasa Belanda!) and to ban the use of Dutch (!)• 1942-1945 Japanese changes to criminal law• 18 August 1945 Pasal 2 Aturan Peralihan UUD 1945:
existing law will stay in force (di bahasa asli)• UU 1/1946 (Undang-undang tentang peraturan hukum pidana) a)
KUHP back to text in force on 8 March 1942b) many textual changes (di bahasa
Belanda!)• After 1946 many textual changes, but di bahasa
Indonesia
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REMARKS
• Changing a Criminal Code after an occupation takes a lot of time (Netherlands 73 years, Indonesia until now 67 years)
• Indonesia is the only country in the world where:- the Criminal Code is written in two different languages alternating in the same sentence- almost no lawyer or court can actually read the Criminal Code- no official translation of an inherited Criminal Code has been introdduced (Mahkamah Agung and Mahkamah Konstitusi use different texts)
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COURTS DEALING WITH CRIMINAL CASES
1838
Hoge Raad (Mahkamah Agung)
Gerechtshof (Pengadilan Tinggi)
Arrondissementsrechtbank (Pengadilan Negeri)
Kantonrechter (Hakim damai)
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COURTS DEALING WITH CRIMINAL CASES
1838
Hoge Raad (kasasi, 5 judges)
Gerechtshof (banding, 3 judges)
Arrondissementsrechtbank (TP, banding, 1/3)
Kantonrechter (TP, 1 judge)
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COURTS DEALING WITH CRIMINAL CASES
2002
Hoge Raad (3/5 judges)
Gerechtshof (1/3 judges) [more serious cases]
Rechtbank (PN, 1/3 judges)(sectors for civil, criminal, administrative and tax cases)
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European Convention
► European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)
► 1950► Treaty of Rome► Council of Europe (not European Union)► All European countries (from dwarfstate Andorra to giant
state Russian Republic) except Belarus and Kosovo (total: 47)
► Originally: formulation and confirmation of values already common to all European countries
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Instruments of enforcement► European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
- seated in Straatsburg (symbolic)- one judge for each country- committees (3), chambers (7), Grand Chamber (17)
- English and French as official languages
► Right of individual complaint (plus State complaints)- citizens, organizations, groups- exhaustion of local remedies[bypass for dualist national systems]
► Decisions (supranational)- inadmissible- violation- no violation- awarding of damages
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INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION► Art. 5 ECHR:
- par. 1: definition of lawful detention- par. 2: right to be informed immediately of charges and reason of arrest- par. 3/4: habeas corpus: right to be heard by a court when arrested or detained
► Art. 6 ECHR: - par. 1: right to a fair trial before a court within a reasonable time;- par. 2: presumption of innocence;- par. 3: right of a fair defense, including the right to question witnesses
► Art. 7 ECHR: principle of legality
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ACTORS IN CRIMINAL CASES
PUBLIC PROSECUTOR
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ACTORS IN CRIMINAL CASES
PUBLIC PROSECUTOR
PUBLIC/VICTIM
POLICE COURT
SUSPECTDEFENSE
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STEPS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDUREReport of a crime/finding of police
Investigation
Police transaction if allowed (end of case)Otherwise
File to Public Prosecutor
Case filed Prosecutionfor lack of evidence
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PROSECUTION
Prosecution by decision Prosecution by
(fine, community service only) indictment
No:
Yes: case ends
SUSPECT AGREES
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INDICTMENT► Three functions:
► 1) Convocation (court, place and date of trial)► 2) Charge (dakwaan)
- place and time- exact description of facts (cermat, jelas, lengkap)- legal provisions that are relevant to qualify the facts
► 3) Information of rights- right to a lawyer (sometimes free legal aid)- right to request to call witnesses and experts
► Separation of powers: dakwaan is the basis for the court
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COURT TRIAL
Judges, court recorder, lawyer, victim, court bailiff, press, public prosecutor
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JUDGMENT► 1) Indictment void► 2) Court lacks jurisdiction► 3) Public Prosecutor inadmissible► 4) Staying of proceedings because of mental illness of
suspect► 5) Acquittal (putusan bebas, no proof for dakwaan)► 6) Putusan lepas (discharge) because there is no criminal
offence to be associated with the dakwaan (2 reasons: dakwaan with insufficient facts and alasan pembenar)
► 7) Putusan lepas (discharge) because the offender cannot be held responsible [alasan pemaaf]
► 8) Punishment
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES► Principle of legality in procedural law
- court is bound by every rule in the Code of Criminal Procedure
► Principle of legality in substantive law- no retroactivity- no analogy- lex certa
► Presumption of innocence
► Fair trial