http:// ap hg – spring 2015
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAYUuspQ6BY
LanguageLanguage
AP HG – Spring 2015AP HG – Spring 2015
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LanguageKey Issues
• Where are English Language Speakers Where are English Language Speakers Distributed?Distributed?
• Why is English Related to Other Why is English Related to Other Languages?Languages?
• Where Are Other Language Families Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Distributed?
• Why Do People Preserve Languages?Why Do People Preserve Languages?
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Where Are English Language Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?Speakers Distributed?
• Origin and diffusion of EnglishOrigin and diffusion of English– English is spoken by 328 million as a first English is spoken by 328 million as a first
languagelanguage– English coloniesEnglish colonies– Origin of English in EnglandOrigin of English in England
• German InvasionsGerman Invasions• Norman InvasionsNorman Invasions
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English Speaking CountriesEnglish Speaking Countries
English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in whichEnglish is the official language in 42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used andit is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and
understood in many others.understood in many others.
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Invasions of EnglandInvasions of England55thth–11–11th th centuriescenturies
The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles,The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles,
Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.
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Where Are English Language Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?Speakers Distributed?
• Dialects of EnglishDialects of English– Dialect = a regional variation of a languageDialect = a regional variation of a language– Isogloss = a word-usage boundaryIsogloss = a word-usage boundary– Standard language = a well-established Standard language = a well-established
dialectdialect– Dialects Dialects
• In EnglandIn England• Differences between British and American Differences between British and American
EnglishEnglish
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UgpfSp2t6k&feature=player_embedded#!
dialects
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Old and Middle English DialectsOld and Middle English Dialects
The main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasionThe main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasion persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.
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Where Are English Language Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?Speakers Distributed?
• Dialects of EnglishDialects of English– Dialects in the United StatesDialects in the United States
• Settlement in the eastern United StatesSettlement in the eastern United States– Current differences in the eastern United Current differences in the eastern United
StatesStates» Pronunciation differencesPronunciation differences
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Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distributionHans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution
is similar to that of house types.is similar to that of house types.
Dialects in the Eastern U. S.
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Soft Drink DifferencesSoft Drink Differences
Looking at language usage.
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Why Is English Related to Why Is English Related to Other Languages?Other Languages?
• Indo-European branchesIndo-European branches– Language branch = collected of related Language branch = collected of related
languageslanguages– Indo-European = eight branchesIndo-European = eight branches
• Four branches have a large number of Four branches have a large number of speakers:speakers:
– GermanicGermanic– Indo-IranianIndo-Iranian– Balto-SlavicBalto-Slavic– RomanceRomance
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Branches of the Indo-European Branches of the Indo-European FamilyFamily
The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.
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Linguistic Differences in Europe Linguistic Differences in Europe and Indiaand India
The Germanic branch today is divided The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.English is in the West Germanic group.
Indo-European is the largest of four Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. main language families in South Asia.
The country of India has 18 official The country of India has 18 official languageslanguages..
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Romance Branch of Indo-EuropeanRomance Branch of Indo-European
The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spokenThe Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number oflanguages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of
smaller languages and dialects.smaller languages and dialects.
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Why Is English Related to Why Is English Related to Other Languages?Other Languages?
• Origin and diffusion of Indo-Origin and diffusion of Indo-EuropeanEuropean– A “Proto-Indo-European” language?A “Proto-Indo-European” language?
• Internal evidenceInternal evidence• Nomadic warrior theoryNomadic warrior theory• Sedentary farmer theorySedentary farmer theory
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Nomadic Warrior Theory Nomadic Warrior Theory
In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the KurganIn the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.
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Sedentary Farmer Theory Sedentary Farmer Theory
In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey beforeIn the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.
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Where Are Other Language Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Families Distributed?
• Classification of languagesClassification of languages– Indo-European = the largest language family Indo-European = the largest language family
• 46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European languageEuropean language
– Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language familyfamily• 21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-
Tibetan languageTibetan language– Mandarin = the most used language in the worldMandarin = the most used language in the world
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Language Families of the WorldLanguage Families of the World
Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages withDistribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than100 million speakers are named.more than100 million speakers are named.
The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families.The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s
people. people.
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Chinese IdeogramsChinese Ideograms
Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather thanChinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more
complex words.complex words.
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Where Are Other Language Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Families Distributed?
• Languages of the Middle East and Languages of the Middle East and Central AsiaCentral Asia– Afro-AsiaticAfro-Asiatic
• Arabic = most widely spokenArabic = most widely spoken
– AltaicAltaic• Turkish = most widely spokenTurkish = most widely spoken
– UralicUralic• Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish
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Language Family TreesLanguage Family Trees
Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.language families.
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Where Are Other Language Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?Families Distributed?
• African language familiesAfrican language families– Extensive linguistic diversityExtensive linguistic diversity
• 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of dialectsdialects
– Niger-CongoNiger-Congo• 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a
Niger-Congo languageNiger-Congo language
– Nilo-SaharanNilo-Saharan– Khoisan Khoisan
• ““Click” languagesClick” languageshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w
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Language Families of AfricaLanguage Families of Africa
The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main languageThe 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language
families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar. families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.
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Languages of NigeriaLanguages of Nigeria
More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by
population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.
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Why Do People Preserve Why Do People Preserve Languages?Languages?
• Preserving language diversityPreserving language diversity– Extinct languagesExtinct languages
• 473 “endangered” languages today473 “endangered” languages today
– ExamplesExamples• Reviving extinct languages: HebrewReviving extinct languages: Hebrew• Preserving endangered languages: CelticPreserving endangered languages: Celtic
– Multilingual statesMultilingual states• Walloons and Flemings in BelgiumWalloons and Flemings in Belgium
– Isolated languagesIsolated languages• BasqueBasque• IcelandicIcelandic
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/02/pictures/120217-talking-dictionaries-vanishing-languages-science-hear-audio/?source=link_fb20120221news-disappearinglanguage
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Language Divisions in BelgiumLanguage Divisions in Belgium
There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in theThere has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the
south and speak French.south and speak French.
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Languages in BelgiumLanguages in Belgium
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Language Areas in SwitzerlandLanguage Areas in Switzerland
Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and aSwitzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.decentralized government structure.
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Why Do People Preserve Why Do People Preserve Languages?Languages?
• Global dominance of EnglishGlobal dominance of English– English: An example of a lingua franca English: An example of a lingua franca
• Lingua franca = an international languageLingua franca = an international language• Pidgin language = a simplified version of a Pidgin language = a simplified version of a
languagelanguage• Expansion diffusion of EnglishExpansion diffusion of English• EbonicsEbonics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7X9AAeDCr4&feature=player_embedded#!
Pidgin Language - Hawaii
http://new.ted.com/talks/suzanne_talhouk_don_t_kill_your_language?awesm=on.ted.com_b02jm&utm_medium=on.ted.com-facebook-share&utm_source=m.facebook.com&utm_content=awesm-bookmarklet&utm_campaign
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Why Do People Preserve Languages?Why Do People Preserve Languages?
• Global dominance of EnglishGlobal dominance of English– Diffusion to other languagesDiffusion to other languages
• FranglaisFranglais– The French Academy (1635) = the supreme arbiter The French Academy (1635) = the supreme arbiter
of the French languageof the French language• SpanglishSpanglish• Denglish Denglish (English spelling)(English spelling)
– DenglischDenglisch (German spelling) is a portmanteau of the German words (German spelling) is a portmanteau of the German words Deutsch and EnglischDeutsch and Englisch. Used in all German-speaking countries, it . Used in all German-speaking countries, it describes an influx of English, or pseudo-English, vocabulary into the describes an influx of English, or pseudo-English, vocabulary into the German language through travel and widespread usage of English in German language through travel and widespread usage of English in advertising, business and information technology.advertising, business and information technology.
– English words within Denglisch will have a flexion added to them, so they can be conjugated (or declined) in the same manner as German words. EX: neu booten / rebooten (reboot)
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French-English Boundary in CanadaFrench-English Boundary in Canada
Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in theAlthough Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the
province of Québec, where 80% of the population speaks French.province of Québec, where 80% of the population speaks French.
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Internet HostsInternet Hosts
A large proportion of the world’s internet users and hosts are in theA large proportion of the world’s internet users and hosts are in the developed countries of North America and western Europe.developed countries of North America and western Europe.
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The Power of Words…
• http://www.youtube.com/embed/Hzgzim5m7oU
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Up Next:Up Next:
Religion – Chapter 6Religion – Chapter 6