http:// homework #3 is due 11/19 bonus #2 is posted no class w 11/21 federal spending on cancer
TRANSCRIPT
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http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/NCI/research-funding
Homework #3 is due 11/19Bonus #2 is postedNo class W 11/21
Federal Spending on Cancer
Treating cancer:• Avoid it
– Avoid mutagens– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age
• Surgery– Must remove all cancer cells– Non-invasive
• Radiation– Directed at tumor – Mutagenic, side effects
• Chemotherapy– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells– Mutagenic, many side effects
Chemotherapy
a rapidly dividing cell
Toxin
X X
Some cancers over-express MDR
Toxin
MDR
MD
R
MDRMDRMDR
MD
RMDRMDRMDRMDR
MD
RM
DR
toxin toxin
toxin toxin toxin toxin
toxintoxinto
xin
toxi
n
toxin toxin
I’m a cancer cell with over-expressing MDR. I laugh at your toxins.
Cells need the proximity of blood vessels to survive
One of the latest chemotherapy treatments involves cutting off the blood supply to the tumor.(anti-angiogenesis)
Tumors must have sufficient blood flow to continue cell division
induce blood vessel growth
(angiogenesis)
Tumors Evolve: Only tumor cells near blood vessels or that can attract blood vessels survive.
Treating cancer:• Avoid it
– Avoid mutagens– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age
• Surgery– Must remove all cancer cells– Non-invasive
• Radiation– Directed at tumor – Mutagenic, side effects
• Chemotherapy– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells– Mutagenic, many side effects
Detecting Cancer or Types of Cancer
Fig 13.18-19
A Microarray is a chip with DNA sequences (genes) bound to the surface at known locations.
It can be used to track or monitor expression of many genes.
Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray
Making cDNA from RNA
Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray
Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray
Use of microarray to estimate genes likely present in malignant cancers
Patients cancer free for 5+ years
Patients cancer spread in 5 years
Use of microarray to estimate genes likely present in malignant cancers
similar to Fig 13.18-19
different genes
Young (>55) Breast cancer patients
More accurate profiling of tumors results in more accurate choices of treatments. Patients with benign tumors can avoid chemotherapy (adjuvant).
Treating cancer:• Avoid it
– Avoid mutagens– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age
• Surgery– Must remove all cancer cells– Non-invasive
• Radiation– Directed at tumor – Mutagenic, side effects
• Chemotherapy– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells– Mutagenic, many side effects
For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on.
{Mitosis:producing more cells}
{Meiosis:producing gametes}
extremely lowgenetic diversity
greater geneticdiversity
vs.Asexaul Reproduction
SexaulReproduction
Gene forblue eye pigment
Gene forbrown hair pigment
Gene forgrowth hormone
Haploidchromosomes
Gene forhemoglobin
Gene forDNA polymerase
similar to Fig 2.18
Gene forhemoglobin
Gene forhair color
Gene forgrowth hormone
Allele forblack hair
Allele forblack hair
Allele forlow express(short)
Allele forhigh express(tall)
Allele for normal Hb
Allele forsickle cell Hb
Diploidchromosomes
similar to Fig 2.18
Each pair of chromosomes is comprised of a paternal and maternal chromosome
Fig 2.19
Meiosis splits apart the pairs of chromosomes.
X 23in humans
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/NCI/research-funding
Homework #3 is due 11/19Bonus #2 is postedNo class W 11/21
Federal Spending on Cancer