document

http://universe-review.ca/R10-23-plants.htmhttp://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/en/life-3.htm

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. Non-tracheophytes5. Tracheophytes b. Groups

i. Lycopodiophytes

IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups

i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes



- Characteristics:

Vascular (tracheophytes) with true leaves (euphyllophytes)Most release spores to the environment from sporangiaHave swimming spermDo NOT have seeds (distinguishing them from the other major clade within the euphyllophytes, the spermatophytes)

Ophioglossales

Psilotales

Equisitales

Osmundales

Salvinales

Cyatheales

Polypodiales



- Diversity



- Diversity

Ophioglossales

Psilotales

These primitive groups lack true roots. Ophioglossum, “Adder’s tongue”, is very reduced, producing one 2-part leaf (frond) a year; one part bears spores and the other doesn’t.

Psilotum – a whisk fern – is even more reduced; lacking leaves. The sporangia are borne on short stalks from the stem



- Diversity

Equisitales

Osmundales

“Horsetails” are an ancient group, with fossil representatives growing 30 ft tall. They have reduced leaves and may have whorled branches. Spores born in a strobilus.

Dimorphic fronds; photosynthetic or spore bearing, like this Cinnamon fern.

Salvinales

Cyatheales

Polypodiales



- Diversity

The Salvinales are unusual, having adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. These are the “water ferns”. They are also unusual in have two types of spores.

Salvinales

Cyatheales

Polypodiales



- Diversity

The Cyatheales include the tree ferns – an ancient group considered to be ‘living fossils’. The group also includes some forms that have stems (rhizomes) that grow along the ground, rather than vertically.

Salvinales

Cyatheales

Polypodiales



- Diversity

The Polypodiales is the largest group of Monilophytes, with 1200 of the 1500 monilophyte species. They are the most advanced group, evolving 100 mya

Photos from: http://biology.byu.edu/Faculty/laj39/bio430/Polypodiaceae_files/



- Diversity - Life Cycle

http://www.science-art.com/image/?id=3553&search=1&pagename=fern_life_cycle

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2003/fernlifecycle.htm

http://universe-review.ca/R10-23-plants.htm

5. Tracheophytes b. Groups


- Evolutionary History Evolve during the Devonian

http://www.wemyss.ukfossils.co.uk/Wemyss-Fossils-Geology/geology-guide.htm



- Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes

http://forum.nationstates.net/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=34345&start=50


i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes Sequestration of cellulose (carbon in

sediments caused CO2 concentration to drop; oxygen rose as photosynthesis > respiration

http://www.texas-geology.com/Texas%20Post%20Triassic%20Dinosaurs.html



The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate

http://www.search4dinosaurs.com/carr_Permian_riverside.html



iii. Gymnosperms

Giving an edge to organisms that had finally cut ties with aquatic habitats: the gymnosperms and reptiles



iii. Gymnosperms - characteristics

Seeds: seeds evolved in ancestral progymnosperms and “seed ferns”. Dispersal phase of life cycle is bigger and fortified with nutrients, increasing the probability of survival of the diploid embryo.

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_130/Diversity/plants/Vascular_Plants/Coniferophyta/images/

Seed coat – original sporophyte ovuleEndosperm – haploid gametophyteEmbryo – new sporophyte generation



iii. Gymnosperms - characteristics

Pollen: the male gametophyte carries sperm to the egg; no more swimming sperm and need for surface water! (in most gymnosperms)

http://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisashurst/4630312934/

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot201/conifers/conifer_lecture.htm



iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity

http://sorokaapbio1011.blogspot.com/

Common Conifers:Pines SpruceFir HemlockCedars CypressYew LarchRedwood

http://www.moplants.com/blog/?p=1077

Cycads

Ginkgo

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html

Gnetales

http://dbpedia.neofonie.de/browse/rdf-type:Plant/rdf-type:Gnetophytes/

Conifers*



iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Cycads

Still have flagellated spermFern-like, leathery leaves;Usually unbranched trunkPollen produced in conesOvules on specialized leaves or in conesSEEDS



iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Ginkgo

A ‘living fossil’ – single species of a once diverse group. Native to China. Flagellated sperm, pollen in cones, ovules in fruit-like structures.



iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Gnetales

A rare group with only three families and ~60 species; sister group to the conifers. Sperm do not have flagella; they are transferred through the grown of a pollen tube from the pollen to the ovule, as in conifers.

Gnetum sp.

Welwitschia mirabilisEphedra – “mormon tea”



iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Conifers

The dominant group of gymnosperms today, with about 600 of the 900 gymnosperm species. Both pollen and ovules borne in cones. Representatives include the largest and longest lived plants on earth.

PinesYewsSpruceFirRedwoodsSequoiaCypressHemlockCedarJuniperLarch



iii. Gymnosperms - Life cycle

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot201/conifers/MicroGameto240Lab.jpg

http://longleafs.info/pages/ecosystem.html

http://www.ontariossunsetcountry.ca/category.cfm/code/300/tbid/1

http://friendsoftheinyo.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=11&Itemid=4

Still dominate in harsh, dry, or cold environments

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