hsteu 302 scientific revolution · 2017-01-30 · on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres 1543...
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HSTEU 302 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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The Two Sphere Universe:
Inner sphere: Earth is stationary in the center
Outer sphere fixed stars rotates around the Earth once a day
Planets “wander” in between these two spheres.
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GEOCENTRIC, TRADITIONAL UNIVERSE:
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Ptolemaic view of the universe: geocentric, circular orbits
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Dante’s Universe
Hell is in the center
of the Earth
Purgatory is a
mountain in the
Atlantic
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EPICYLES: needed to explain observation of planets’ motion
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Looping orbits of planets as they turn on epicycles
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Nicholas Copernicus
On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres
1543
Copernicus died the
year his book was
published and was
never charged with
heresy. Text was very
mathematical not
easy to understand
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Copernican system
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COPERNICUS: HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE
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Opposition to heliocentrism:
1) common sense (sun rises, sun sets)
2) Scripture:
condemned by Protestants & Catholics alike
(Old Testament:
Joshua makes the sun stands still)
3) classical authority of Ptolemy, ancient Greek
astronomy
4) threatens entire Christian cosmology
(world view), sense of order
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TYCHO BRAHE’S COMPROMISE MODEL
earth central, moon and sun revolve around the Earth
but all the other planets revolve around sun
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Tycho Brahe’s compromise system
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Galileo
Galilei
(1564-1642)
portrait
by
Justus
Sustermans
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Galileo, Sidereus Nuncius, 1610
(The Starry Messenger)
Latin treatise announcing his discoveries with telescope
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Galileo Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems 1632
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Galileo Galilei (1584-1642)
astronomy: popularizer of Copernican system
invention of telescope: qualitatively new data:
sees new stars, moons of Jupiter
1632 Dialogue on Two Chief World Systems:
attack on Ptolemy & Aristotle;
defender of Ptolemaic system is named “Simplicius”
public, vernacular defense of heliocentrism
charged with Copernican heresy
1633 trial by Roman Inquisition,
required to recant his errors publicly, denying heliocentrism
and the movement of the Earth
says sotto voce, "Eppure si muove" (“But it does move”);
house arrest in Florence
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Painting by
Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury. Galileo before the Holy Office, 1847
1633 Galileo’s Trial before the Roman Inquisition on charges of Copernicanism