TOPIC: ACCIDENTS, LOSSES AND ACCIDENT THEORIES

Marine HSSE

ANNA GROUP1.KIRA2.LIU WEI QIAN3.FARHANAH BEGUM

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What is an Accident?

An event that is not expected or intendedCould cause

injury loss

Implies “chance”

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Types of Losses

Injuryillnessdiseasedeathdamage to property,

equipment, materialscost of replacementlegal & medical

services

Loss of time, production, sales

time to complete forms

recordkeepinginvestigationscleanuphospitalization, rehabpublic image damage

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Losses: Direct vs. Indirect Costs

Direct (Obvious) medical expenses, repair

or replace damagesIndirect (Not Obvious)

4:1 Ratio (Iceberg Theory) Injured worker’s wages,

lost supervisory time, co-workers’ lost time during emergency, damaged equipment, ruined product, overtime for production to catch back up, learning curve for replacement worker, clerical costs, payments made to injured under benefits program

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Fundamental Accident Causes

Unsafe Acts – failing to use protective equipment, removing safety devices, using equipment improperly, performing unauthorized procedures, operating equipment at unsafe speeds and dressing improperly.

Unsafe Conditions – defective equipment or inadequate mechanical guards, hazardous process, noise, heat, dust, or vibration, fumes, chemicals, or toxic materials, poor or improper ventilation, improper lighting, unsafe floor surfaces, unsafe pilling, stacking, storing, unsafe work clothes or PPE and sharp edges.

Both

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Unsafe Acts vs. Unsafe Conditions

Heinrich analyzed 75,000 accidents88 : 10 : 2 ratio88% unsafe acts10% unsafe conditions2% unpreventable causesEngineers can attack unsafe conditionsMust understand human behavior and

management principles to attack unsafe acts

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Accident - Injury Relationship

Heinrich’s 300 : 29 : 1 ratioFor 330 accidents

300 result in no injury 29 produce minor injuries 1 produces major, lost-time injury

Opportunities to improve are greatMany accidents are “rehearsed” many times

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Accident - Costs Relationship

Pareto Analysis or Relationship80% - 20% rule

80% of the costs are related to 20% of the injuries for example, low back lifting injuries represent

20% of all accidents, but represent 80% of the costs

if you can manage and control that 20% of accidents, you can control 80% of the costs

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Terms

Safety: being relatively free from harm, danger, damage, injury

Risk: measure of both frequency and severity of hazards

Hazard: unsafe condition, the potential for an activity or condition to produce harm

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Accident Theories

Domino TheoryEnergy TheoryHuman Factor TheoriesMultiple Factor Theories

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Domino Theory (Heinrich)

1. Injury is caused by Accidents2. Accidents which are caused by Unsafe Act

and Unsafe Condition3. Unsafe acts or conditions which are

caused by Undesirable traits4. Undesirable traits (e.g., recklessness,

nervousness, temper, lack of knowledge, unsafe practices) which are caused by

5. Social environment

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Domino Theory Cont.

Stop the sequence by removing or controlling contributing factors

Strong emphasis is placed on the middle domino: unsafe acts or conditions

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Energy Theory (Haddon)

Accidents & Injuries involve the transfer of energy, e.g., fires, vehicle accidents, projectiles, etc.

Transfer of energy from a “potential” to “kinetic”

Attack problems in parallel rather than serial (as is presumed in Domino Theory)

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Energy Theory Cont.10 Strategies to Prevent or Reduce

1. Prevent the marshalling of energy- don’t produce the energy- don’t let kids climb above floor level- don’t produce gun powder

2. Reduce the amount of energy marshalled- keep vehicle speeds down- reduce chemical concentrations- don’t let kids climb above 3’

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3. Prevent the release of energy

- elevator brakes

4. Modify the rate at which energy is released from its source or modify the spatial distribution of the released energy

- reduce the slope on roadways

5. Separate in space or time the energy being released from the structure that can be damaged or the human who can be injured

- separate pedestrians from vehicles16

6. Separate the energy being released from a structure or person that can suffer loss by interposing a barrier

- safety glasses, highway median barriers

7. Modify the surfaces of structures that come into contact with people or other structure

- rounded corners, larger surface areas for tool handles

8. Strengthen the structure or person susceptible to damage

-fire or earthquake resistant structures, training, vaccinations

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9. Detect damage quickly and counter its continuation or extension

- sprinklers that detect heat

- tire tread wear bands

10. During the period following damage and return to normal conditions, take measures to restore a stable condition

- rehab an injured worker

- repair a damaged vehicle

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Human Factors Theory

This theory is based on the fact that human errors cause accidents. The three human factors which can lead to human errors are overload, inappropriate

activities, and inappropriate response.

Overload can occur when a person must perform excessive number of tasks. Despite whether this person is qualified or not, it is the overburden situation which creates the scenario for a mishap.

An inappropriate activity can occur when a person is not adequately trained to perform his duties. This is one of the reasons for ensuring that any trainee performing a “real” task during an on-the-job training is supervised at all times.

An inappropriate response occurs when a qualified person purposely violates a procedure for productivity or he fails to correct the problem when it is detected.

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Multiple Factor Theories

Accidents are caused by many factors working together

The theory and the analysis is more complex, but more realistic than Single Factor Theory

Consider the Four M’s: management, man, media, machine And their interactions

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Concepts of Hazard Avoidance

Approaches1. Enforcement2. Psychological3. Engineering4. Analytical

To be successful you must have top management support!

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1. Enforcement Approach

Your approach to hazard avoidance is entirely predicated upon avoiding regulatory fines.

Many companies establish their safety programs to meet OSHA requirements thinking that is adequate.

This is a bare minimum approach. While it may seem cost effective, it likely is not in the big picture.

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2. Psychological Approach

Your approach to hazard avoidance is based on a psychological (or behavior-based) approach.

The behavioral approach has been popular and widely used.

To be successful, this approach needs to be ever vigilant, and must be infused with some engineering and analytical components

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3. Engineering Approach

The engineering approach to hazard avoidance utilizes controls measures starting with engineering (then administrative, then PPE)

Consideration of Safety Factor Concept Fail-Safe Concept Design Principles – Design for Safety

Be careful to avoid a false-sense of security from engineering and technology

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Engineering Design Principles

EliminateSubstituteGuardBarriersWarn with alarms

(auditory, visual)Labels

FiltersExhaust ventilationHuman Interface

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Analytical Approach

The analytical approach deals with hazards by studying their mechanisms, analyzing statistical histories, computing probabilities of accidents, conducting epidemiological and toxicological studies, and weighing costs and benefits of hazards elimination.

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The Purpose of Identify the Hazards

Identify hazardsDetermine causesDetermine possible effectsPrevention

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