HSC on board library – CBT 7HSC on board library – CBT 7

Course FormatCourse Format

Course is made up of Course is made up of this power point this power point presentation accompanied by the short presentation accompanied by the short questionnaire next to you!questionnaire next to you!

Please ask an agency employee to assist Please ask an agency employee to assist whenever required.whenever required.

You can advance through the presentation You can advance through the presentation by hitting the “ENTER” key with your desired by hitting the “ENTER” key with your desired speed!speed!

You should be able to complete in 2 hoursYou should be able to complete in 2 hours

CHECK ON YOURSELF CHECK ON YOURSELF

Please read the questionnaire and answerthe questions to your best knowledgewithout consulting this presentation or aninstructor. Be fair to yourself! Complete it (not more than 8-10 minutes),Turn it around and continue here.

The chance of an adverse event The likelihood of hazard being realised The combination of the probability, or

frequency of occurrence of a defined hazard and

The magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence.

You should knowYou should know3 Common areas of risk to the 3 Common areas of risk to the company and shipboard staff:company and shipboard staff:

COST

1. Risk to Health and safety, Consequences are injuries and fatalities

2. Risk to Environment, Consequence is pollution, etc

3. Risk to Operations, consequence are broken equipment, damaged cargo, off-hire, etc

RISK TO ENVIRONMENT

RISK TO HEALTH AND

SAFETY

RISK TO OPERATION

HOW DO WE MANAGE THE HOW DO WE MANAGE THE RISKS?RISKS?

Through the proceduresThrough the procedures

By Safety management systemBy Safety management system

What is the result if we

make enough regulations ??

We will not have

accidents.

Principles of risk Principles of risk ManagementManagement

Ask yourself these questionsAsk yourself these questions

1.1. What are the risks in shipboard What are the risks in shipboard operations?operations?

2.2. How often are you or your crew, at riskHow often are you or your crew, at risk

3.3. What are the consequences of an What are the consequences of an accident?accident?

4.4. What can you do about What can you do about it ?????????????????????it ?????????????????????

Risks in Lifeboat Drills Risks in Lifeboat Drills (for example)(for example)

Killed more than safe ?Killed more than safe ? UK marine Accident investigation Branch’s

database, accumulated over 10 - year period,

Indicate the lifeboat and launching system cost the lives of 12 seafarers. ( 16% of total lives lost on UK flagged vessels)

+ 87 seafarers injured

It happened during drill and training

X 12 Seafarers

X 87 Seafarers

What’s wrong

???

Too late for us, but don’t forget Risk Assessment and

Incident Investigation for the rest of our

colleagues who are still alive !!!

DAMAGE OF L/BOATs DURING DRILL

What is the purpose of What is the purpose of Risk Assessment ?Risk Assessment ?

The purpose The purpose

Is to ensure that careful examinations Is to ensure that careful examinations of of shipboard operations are carried outshipboard operations are carried out

to determine what can cause harmto determine what can cause harm that existing controls are adequate that existing controls are adequate determine or risk levels are tolerable.determine or risk levels are tolerable.

Objective of Risk Objective of Risk AssessmentAssessment

The ObjectiveThe Objective

Where risk level are unacceptable, to identify Where risk level are unacceptable, to identify

and implement appropriate controls to and implement appropriate controls to reducereduce

risk levels to as low as reasonable risk levels to as low as reasonable practicablepracticable

Expected outputs of a Risk Expected outputs of a Risk Assessment ????????Assessment ????????

Minimisation of risk to people and the Minimisation of risk to people and the environmentenvironment

Improvement in operational Improvement in operational performanceperformance

Assist on establishing a responsible Assist on establishing a responsible image within the marketplaceimage within the marketplace

How do accidents happen!How do accidents happen!

Accident

Near Misses

Unsafe ships

Lack of Safety Culture

Lack of shipboard teamwork

Social well being of seafarers

Successful safety Management

Affects of Operation PerformanceAffects of Operation Performance

There is an absolute link between the social There is an absolute link between the social well being of seafarers and a successful well being of seafarers and a successful Safety Management System onboard!Safety Management System onboard!

Regulations could reduce level of RiskRegulations could reduce level of Risk

Level of risk

REGULATIONS

LOW

HIGH

RISK MANAGEMENT

Safety assessment processSafety assessment process

Identification of HazardsIdentification of Hazards

Risk assessmentRisk assessment

Risk control optionsRisk control options

Cost benefit assessmentCost benefit assessment

Recommendations for decision makingRecommendations for decision making

Risk Assessment ProgrammeRisk Assessment Programme• Make sure shipboard personnel aware that company is serious about risk assessment Make sure shipboard personnel aware that company is serious about risk assessment • Ensure procedure are in place before commencementEnsure procedure are in place before commencement

• Provide training

1.1. Purpose and Purpose and objectiveobjective

2.2. Identifying the Identifying the hazards and controlshazards and controls

3.3. Assessing riskAssessing risk

4.4. ALARP ( as low as ALARP ( as low as reasonably reasonably practicable) $$$$$$$practicable) $$$$$$$

5.5. Review processesReview processes

• Identify who should carried out the risk assessment

1.1. Experience personExperience person

2.2. Old + Young = Experience + Old + Young = Experience + ObjectivityObjectivity

ReviewReview

RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESSPROCESS

COMPRISES 7 STAGESCOMPRISES 7 STAGES• Inventory of shipboard operations

• Identify hazards

• Identify existing controls

• Determine risk

• Decide if risk is tolerable

• Implement Controls

• Review assessments

Inventory of shipboard Inventory of shipboard operationsoperations

Operation type

Deck

Engine

Cargo

Vessel Integrity

Routines

Mooring

Navigation

Man on deck in heavy weather

Watchman doing round check in darkness

Lowering/Launching of L/B and MOB boat

Entering cold weather

Operation group Operation

• Importance to list and categorize all shipboard operations

Which Operations do you Which Operations do you assess FIRST ???assess FIRST ???

First SELECT those that have a potential for loss which could do most harm to

1. people, 2. property, 3. the environment,4. the reputation of the company.

Identify hazards, what causes Identify hazards, what causes an accident?an accident?

Accident

Direct causes

Indirect causes

Root Causes

Consequences

Falling, slipping, fire, Explosion, Oil spill, Collision, Grounding, system Failure

Unsafe Acts

Unsafe Conditions

Job factors

Personal factors

Lack of control

Smoking, not wearing PPE, Ignoring safe working practices

Dark, noisy, toxic/explosive

Atmosphere,

Design, equipment, manning

Fatigue, lack of training, Organisation or Familiarity

Lack of management, poor Management, lack of controls

For ExampleFor Example

Accident - Ship runs aground

Direct Cause - Duty Officer set wrong course on Auto-pilot.

Indirect cause - Fatigue due to lack of rest prior to bridge watch

Root cause - Company policy on rest periods not fully implemented

CREATING SAFE WORKING CREATING SAFE WORKING ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

1st STEP

(KEY POINT)

CONTROL

SAFE OPERATIONS

2ND STEP

Will Cause

MINIMISE THE HAZARDS

RESULT

Difference between Hazard and EventDifference between Hazard and Event

Hazard EventHazard Event

Slippery Surface Slipping causing a minor injury

Corroded ladder Rung collapsing causing bruised/cut foot

Combustible atmosphere Explosion causing fatalities

Toxicity Inhalation causing fatalities

Darkness Banging head or tripping causing minor injury

Depending on the nature of the operation, the consequences of an event can have different levels of severity;

darkness may have a greater impact on the entry into enclosed spaces than on navigation,

Ask following 3 questions which could you help to find hazards and the nature of the harm,

1. Is there a source of harm?2. Who or What can be harmed?3. How could harm occur?

Identify Existing ControlsIdentify Existing Controls

Controls can fall into following categories

1.1. ProcedureProcedure – – the majority of the controls will be in the form of procedure

2.2. Environment Environment – – For example – oily / water separator

3.3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) -Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - For example – Breathing Apparatus, Gloves

4.4. Human Element Human Element –– For example: Rest periods, training

5.5. Design/engineering Design/engineering –– For example: Increasing the strength of hatch covers, fitting hoops around ladders

How to determine the Risk ?How to determine the Risk ?

is the combination of

1. The likelihood of the hazardous event occurring

2. The severity of the consequences

Assessing LikelihoodAssessing Likelihood

Highly unlikely < Once per year per fleet

Unlikely < Once per year per ship

Likely < Once or more per year per ship

Likelihood Occurrence

Consequence Level…….Needs to be determined for possible harm to people, ship

and/or the environmentFor Example………………………………

Consequence

Slightly harmful

Harmful

Extremely harmful

Effect

cuts, bruises, headaches or discomfort due to surrounding environment.

Requires first aid, but able to resume work next day.

Minor pollution, unacceptable funnel emissions

Laceration, burns, temporarily disability

Unable to return to work within 3 days or requires repatriation

Moderate pollution, Onboard oil spill contained

Amputations, major fractures, multiple injuries, poisoning or fatal injuries

Unable to resume sea-going employment

Major pollution, Overboard oil pollution

Qualitative Risk TableOnce you have determined the likelihood and the level of consequence, you can determine

the level of risk using the qualitative risk table

ConsequenceConsequence

Likelihood Slight Harmful harmful Extremely harmful

Highly unlikely Trivial Risk Tolerate Risk Moderate Risk

Unlikely Tolerable Risk Moderate Risk Substantial Risk

Likely Moderate Risk Substance Risk Intolerable Risk

Decide if Risk is TolerateDecide if Risk is Tolerate

TrivialTrivial

Tolerate

Moderate

Substantial

Intolerable

~No action is required and no documentary records need be kept.

~No additional controls are required. consideration may be given to more cost effective solution of improvement that imposes no additional cost burden. Monitoring is required to ensure that controls are maintained.

~Effort should be made to reduce risk. but the costs of prevention should be carefully measured and limited.

~Work should not be started until the risk has been reduced. Considerable resources may have to be allocolated to reduce the risk. Where the risk involves work in progress, Urgent action should be taken.

~Work should not be started or continued until the risk has been reduced. If it is not possible to reduce the risk even with unlimited resources, Work has to remain prohibited.

Risk Action

ALARP PRINCIPLEALARP PRINCIPLE

Unacceptable Region

Tolerable Region

Broadly acceptable region

Necessary to maintain asssurance that Risk remains at this level

Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement

Tolerable only if risk reduction is impracticable or if its cost is grossly disproportionate to the improvement gained

Risk can’t be justified unless there are acceptable reasons

Incr

ea

sin

g L

ev

el o

f R

isk

For following example for For following example for personnel to personnel to Enter Enter

EnclosedEnclosed spacespace with with minimum controlminimum control

1.Unacceptable region of ALARP

It would be unacceptable for personnel to enter oil cargo tank when full of oil or not gas free as the risks are too high

It is within the bounds of reason however, expect this to happen under exceptional circumstances, i.e. rescue

2a.Tolerable region of ALARP

(Upper Zone) Enter to empty fuel oil Tank Risk to personnel of entering the tank could

be high BUT not as high as full tank

To drive down the risk vast amount of money involved (designing and fitting hi-tech ventilation, lighting system, etc)

The cost of such measurement would be grossly disproportionate to the improvement

THEREFORE OPERATION IN ITS PRESENT STATE IS TOLERABLE AND RISKS ARE REDUCED TO LEVEL THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED ALARP.

Enter into empty and well ventilated fresh water tank

Generally operation with Tolerable risk level

2b.Tolerable region of ALARP (Lower Zone)

If harm occurs, it is more likely the result of a consequence of an individual’s action rather than from any inherent properties of MT tank.

To drive down – need low or moderate expense But could be considered unnecessary as current

Risk levels are already ALARP

3.The Broadly acceptable region of 3.The Broadly acceptable region of ALARPALARP

In this region……………… Risks are regarded as trivial + Adequate

controls are in place Review should be in place No further action required unless

reasonable practicable measures becoming available

or Required by Law or Industry convention

Guidance on selecting ControlsGuidance on selecting Controls

Remove or eliminate the hazardRemove or eliminate the hazard Contain the hazardContain the hazard Use technology to monitor the hazardUse technology to monitor the hazard Adapt the individual to the workAdapt the individual to the work Personnel Protective EquipmentPersonnel Protective Equipment Emergency ResponseEmergency Response Re- design, Re-equipRe- design, Re-equip

Review on AssessmentReview on Assessment

Risk levelRisk level should be should be TOLERATETOLERATE

RESIDUAL RISKRESIDUAL RISK should be should be as low as reasonably as low as reasonably practicablepracticable

ANY NEW HAZARDSANY NEW HAZARDS created should be created should be acceptableacceptable

FEEDBACKFEEDBACK from personnel on from personnel on plannedplanned controlscontrols

SUGGESTIONSSUGGESTIONS for for improvementimprovement