H.S.A. REVIEW

FOR STUDENTS NEEDIN

G

TO PASS THE TEST

GOAL 1: SKILLS AND PROCESSES

SCIENTIFIC METHOD1. KNOW THE PARTS OF THE

SCIENTIFIC METHOD: PROBLEM, HYPOTHESIS, EXPERIMENT (VARIABLE AND CONTROL)

2. GRAPH INTERPRETATION3. PARTS OF A GRAPH a. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE b. DEPENDENT VARIABLE

SAFETY AND EQUIPMENTGRADUATED CYLINDERMICROSCOPEAPRONGLOVESGOGGLES OR SAFETY GLASSES

BIOCHEMISTRYORGANIC MOLECULESEXAMPLES 1. LIPIDS (FATS) 2. PROTEINS (MADE OF

AMINO ACIDS) 3. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA AND

RNA) 4. CARBOHYDRATES (GIVE

ENERGY)

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS• ALL HAVE CARBON• FATS STORE ENERGY• NUCLEIC ACIDS GIVE GENETIC INFORMATION• CARBOHYDRATES GIVE ENERGY• PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES AND HELP

WITH CHEMICAL REACTIONS• NUCLEIC ACIDS CODE OR CARRY THE

MESSAGE FOR PROTEINS

TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATESMONOSACCARIDE – SIMPLE SUGARDISACCARIDE – DOUBLE SUGARMADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN,

OXYGEN BONDSALL OF THESE ARE SUGARS GIVING

ENERGY

POLAR VS NONPOLAR COMPOUNDS• POLAR DISSOLVE IN WATER.• WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE.• NONPOLAR DO NOT DISSOLVE IN

WATER• LIPIDS DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER• LIPIDS ARE THE ONLY NONPOLAR

ORGANIC COMPOUND THAT WE ARE CONCERNED WITH

WHAT MAKES A MOLECULE POLAR? WATER IS POLAR. WATER IS WRITTEN

H2O. THE OXYGEN HAS A SLIGHT NEGATIVE

CHARGE AND THE HYDROGEN HAS A SLIGHT POSITIVE CHARGE.

THEREFORE, ONE SIDE OF THE MOLECULE IS SLIGHTLY POSITIVELY CHARGE AND THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOLECULE IS SLIGHTLY NEGATIVELY CHARGED.

WHAT VITAMINS DO FOR USVITAMIN C = HEALS

WOUNDSVITAMIN D = HELPS BONE

GROWTHVITAMIN K = HELPS BLOOD

CLOTTING

ENZYMES• SPEED UP CHEMICAL

REACTIONS• ALL ARE PROTEINS SO THEY

ARE MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS• THEY HAVE A CERTAIN FIT OR

SHAPE SO A SUBSTRATE FITS IN IT TO MAKE A PRODUCT

TWO THING MESS UP ENZYMES SO THEY DON’T WORK CHANGE THE PH CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE ENZYMES HAVE A CERTAIN

SHAPE TO THEM THAT ALLOWS ITEMS TO ATTACH TO THEM

DIFFUSIONMOLECULES GO FROM AN AREA

OF HIGH CONCENTRATION (LOTS OF MOLECULES) TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION (VERY FEW MOLECULES).

SUGAR IN WATERSALT IN WATERGASES IN A ROOM

OSMOSISMOVEMENT OF MOLECULES OF

WATER FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION THROUGH A MEMBRANE.

HOW WATER GETS INTO A CELL.

TYPES OF OSMOSIS SOLUTIONS• HYPERTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH

IN PARTICLES, LOW IN WATER• HYPOTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH

IN WATER, LOW IN PARTICLES• ISOTONIC SOLUTION – BALANCE

OF WATER AND PARTICLES

CELL PARTS CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA

CELL MOVEMENT FLAGELLA OR FLAGELLUM –

WHIP LIKE TAIL PSEUDOPOD OR

PSEUDOPODIA – FALSE FOOT. CYTOPLASMIC PROJECTION. A BLOB COMING FROM THE CELL’S SIDE.

CILIA OR CILIUM – MICROSCOPIC , TINY HAIR LIKE STRUCTURES.

FLAGELLA ARE LONGER THAN CILIA.

CHLOROPLASTS NEEDED FOR

PHOTOSYNTHESIS MAKES OXYGEN AND SUGAR NEEDS CARBON DIOXIDE,

LIGHT, WATER

MITOCHONDRIA NEEDED FOR ENERGY (ATP) USES OXYGEN, SUGAR MAKES CARBON DIOXIDE,

ATP, WATER. OPPOSITE OF

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS MAKES

OXYGEN AND SUGAR RESPIRATION MAKES ENERGY,

WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE THEY ARE OPPOSITE OF EACH

OTHER

RESPIRATION – OXYGEN PLUS SUGAR MAKES ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS – ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE MAKES OXYGEN PLUS SUGAR

MITOSIS THIS IS CELL DIVISION OF BODY

CELLS, NOT SEX CELLS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS

MITOSIS. NEW BODY CELLS ARE MADE BY

THIS PROCESS. MAKES THE FULL NUMBER OF

CHROMOSOMES

MEIOSISo THIS PROCESS MAKES SEX

CELLSo MAKES EGG AND SPERMo CELLS HAVE ONE HALF THE

CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN EGG OR SPERM

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

M I T O S I S

FULL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOME

ASEXUAL REPROSTART WITH 46

CHROMSOMES, END WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES

M E I O S I S

HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

SEXUAL REPROSTART WITH 46

CHROMOSOMES, END WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES

ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A S E X U A LNO NEW GENE

COMBINATIONONE CELL MAKES

THE SAME CELL

S E X U A LNEW GENE

COMBINATIONSTWO CELLS MEET

TO MAKE A DIFFERENT CELL

EGG MEETS SPERM

GENETICSDNA – FOUND IN NUCLEUS.

CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL.. IT’S SHAPE IS A DOUBLE HELIX.

• NUCLEOTIDE – PART OF MAKING UP DNA

MADE OF SUGAR, PHOSPHATE AND NITROGEN BASE

NUCLEOTIDE THE BASES ARE G, A, T, C.A ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH

TG ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH

CIF THIS DOESN’T HAPPEN, MUTATIONS

CAN OCCUR.MUTATION – CHANGE IN THE DNA.

MATCH THE SIDE OF DNA WITH ITS OPPOSITE COMPLIMENTARY BASEAGGACTTC

RNA IS ANOTHER NUCLEIC ACID DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA RNA HAS ONE SIDE, DNA HAS TWO SIDE RNA HAS U (URACIL) REPLACING T

(THYMINE) RNA HAS A, U, G, C DNA IS A DOUBLE SUGAR, RNA IS A

SINGLE SUGAR

MATCH DNA WITH ITS COMPLIMENTARY STRAND OF RNA: DNA IS BELOWA –T –G –C –C –A –A –T -

TERMS FOR MAKING DNA AND RNAo REPLICATION – DNA MAKES DNAo TRANSCRIPTION – RNA IS MADE FROM

DNA. MESSENGER RNA IS MADE FROM DNA AND GOES TO THE RIBOSOME TO MAKE PROTEIN

o TRANSLATION – THE MESSENGER RNA ON THE RIBOSOME CODES FOR TRANSFER RNA TO BRING THE AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME

CODON – A THREE (3) NITROGEN BASE SEQUENCE TO MAKE A PROTEIN DNA MAKES RNA: THE DNA (TAC) WILL

MAKE WHICH RNA? THIS MESSENGER RNA WILL THEN MOVE

TO THE? WHAT WILL TRANSFER RNA BRING TO

THE RIBOSOME?

REMEMBERDNA CODES FOR PROTEINS.THE PROTEINS MADE CAN ACT AS ENZYMES.ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS

AND ARE IMPORTANT FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

WHAT TWO INFLUENCES CAN AFFECT HOW ENZYMES DO THEIR JOBS?

ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS.

PUNNETT SQUARE P.S. SHOW GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS SHOW DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE

GENES WORK WITH ALLELES (T, t) OR (w, W),

ETC. SHOWS GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

RELATIONSHIPS SHOWS RATIOS

TERMS USED WITH PUNNETT SQUARES HETEROZYGOUS BOTH ALLELES ARE DIFFERENT SUCH AS Tt

OR Ss HOMOZYGOUS ALLELES ARE THE SAME SUCH AS TT, tt, SS,

ss BE ABLE TO WORK OUT PUNNETT SQUARES

AND INTERPRET PUNNETT SQUARES

SEX-LINKED TRAITS FOUND ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES WHAT ARE THE SEX CHROMOSOMES? WHICH TWO GIVE US A MALE? WHICH TWO GIVE US A FEMALE? SEX-LINKED TRAITS ARE RECESSIVE

TRAITS WHO SHOWS MORE SEX-LINKED TRAITS

AND WHY?

WORK OUT SEX-LINKED COLORBLIND PROBLEMMOM IS A NORMAL.. DAD IS

COLORBLIND. GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

RATIO USING A PUNNETT SQUARE. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS

WILL BE COLORBLIND? WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS

WILL BE COLORBLIND?

ANOTHER SEX LINKED PROBLEM MOM IS A CARRIER FOR

COLORBLINDNESS. DAD IS COLORBLIND. GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

RATIO USING A PUNNETT SQUARE. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS WILL

BE COLORBLIND? WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS WILL

BE COLORBLIND?

ECOLOGYTERMS: SUCCESSION PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION. DO YOU

KNOW THE DIFFERENCE? ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTIONS DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO? FOOD WEBS DO YOU KNOW HOW TO INTERPRET A FOOD WEB?

PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

THOSE TWO WORDS? GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH IN A FOOD WEB. WHAT PROCESS ENABLES PRODUCERS TO MAKE

THEIR FOOD?

SYMBIOSIS: LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPSTHREE TYPES OF LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPS PARASITE OR PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

3 OF THOSE? CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH?ANSWERS ARE ON THE NEXT PAGE

ANSWERS: PARASITE – LIVING OFF A HOST AND IT CAUSES HARM

TO THE HOST. EXAMPLES, TICKS, FLEAS, TAPEWORMS. MUTUALISM – BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT FROM

LIVING TOGETHER. EXAMPLES, HONEY BEES POLLINATE THE FLOWER AND THE FLOWER GIVES THE BEE S FOOD. A SHRIMP CAN CLEAN THE MOUTH OF AN EEL AND THE EEL CAN GIVE THE SHRIMP PROTECTION.

COMMENSALISM – A PILOT FISH SWIMS WITH A GREAT WHITE SHARK. THE PILOT FISH EATS THE LEFTOVERS THAT THE SHARK DOESN’T EAT. THE PILOT FISH GETS A FREE MEAL AND DOES NOTHING TO HELP THE SHARK.