hrst development in china - oecd · ii. demands for hrst in china 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 u.s.a....
TRANSCRIPT
HRST Development in ChinaHRST Development in ChinaMu Rongping
Institute of Policy and ManagementChinese Academy of Sciences
20072007--88--2727
OutlineI. IntroductionII. Demands for HRST in China1. Quantity/Quality of HRST in China2. Allocation of HRST in China3. Education for HRST Development4. Mobility of HRST in China
III. Policies for HRST Development1. Issues about HRST Development and Mobility2. Policy Implication for HRST Development
1. Innovation-driven Country--Quantity/Quality of HRST--Capacity for Science, Technology, Innovation
2. Harmonized Society--Cost of HRST and Gap with other Employees
3. Philosophy for Scientific Development--Adjustment of Industry Structure--Decrease of Resource (L/W/E/O) Consumption
I. Introduction
1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China
China
1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China
1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
U.S.A.
England
Germany
Japan
Switzerland
Sweden
Canada
Denmark
France
Austria
Belgium
Australia
Italy
Average
South Korea
China
Country
number of S&Es per 100 million USD
GDP
scientists & engineers to GDP (2003 ppp,persons/100 million US dollar)
scientists & engineers to GDP (exchange rate,persons/100 million US dollar)
Innovation is important driven-force for economic development. S&E is the key to innovation. However,S&E per GDP in China is about 4.5 times of that in the US and 3 times of that in Japan.
0
100
200
300
400
500
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Can
ada
Chi
na
Den
mar
k
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Italy
Japa
n
Net
herla
nds
R.K
orea
Sing
apor
e
Swed
en
Switz
erla
nd
Uni
ted
king
dom
USA
600
700
1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China
Resident Invention Patent Applications per 103 Researchers in R&D in 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Can
ada
Chi
na
Den
mar
k
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Italy
Japa
n
Net
herla
nds
R.K
orea
Sing
apor
e
Swed
en
Switz
erla
nd
Uni
ted
king
dom
USA
PCT patent applications per thousand researchers in R&D in 2004
1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China
1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China
1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China
0
50
100
150
200
250
350
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Can
ada
Chi
na
Den
mar
k
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Italy
Japa
n
Net
herla
nds
R.K
orea
Sing
apor
e
Swed
en
Switz
erla
nd
Uni
ted
king
dom
USA
300
400
S&T Journal Articles per thousand researchers in R&D in 2004
II. Demands for HRST in China1. Quantity/quality of HRST
II. Demands for HRST in China1. Quantity/quality of HRST
2. Allocation of HRST in China
II. Demands for HRST in China
The distribution of China’s R&D personnel and S&E has experienced tremendous changes, particularly since 1998.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
others*
enterpriseshigher education
research institutes
R&D personnel by sector of performance (2000-2005)
2. Allocation of HRST in China
II. Demands for HRST in China
There is a rapid growth of R&D personnel in experimental development in China since 1998.
2. Allocation of HRST in China
II. Demands for HRST in China
2. Allocation of HRST in China
II. Demands for HRST in China
3. Education for HRST Development
II. Demands for HRST in China
3. Education for HRST Development
II. Demands for HRST in China
3. Education for HRST Development
II. Demands for HRST in China
3. Education for HRST Development
II. Demands for HRST in China
3. Education for HRST Development
II. Demands for HRST in China
4. Mobility of HRST in China II. Demands for HRST in China
(1) The flow of oversea talents tends to be increasingly reasonable in ChinaThere is a great success in attracting oversea talents to serve China since late 1990s. According to Administration for foreign expert affairs, there were 500-600 oversea talents flowing to China annually in 1970s, and 60 thousand in 1990s. After access to WTO, there were more than 220 thousands oversea talents flowing to China annually.
Flow of Oversea Chinese Students into China
118.5
35.0
114.7117.3125.2
84.0
39.023.717.622.420.920.4 24.720.217.912.29.17.77.47.16.65.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Thousand persons
051015202530354045
overseas Chinese students
returned students %return/abroad
Overseas Chinese Students and Returned Students (1994-2005)
Flow of Oversea Students into China
4. Mobility of HRST in China II. Demands for HRST in China
(2) The S&T talents tend to flow into large cities or developed regions, but not to less developed regionsS&T personnel stampede into relatively developed metropolis and provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangdong, while inland cities especially western cities suffer scarcity of S&T talents. Usually, the first choice for graduates to seek job is to work for foreign companies and government, the second choice is to work for universities and research institutes, the third choice is to work for domestic enterprises (except monopolized enterprises), while SME and private enterprises are the last choice. .
III. Policies for HRST Development1.Issues about HRST Development and Mobility
(1) Lots of enterprises are not able to take the risk of innovation
which to some extent limit the effective demands for HRST.(2) the capacity for technology innovation in enterprises is generally relative weak, which results in limited demands for HRST. (3) social status of staffs in enterprises is generally lower than that working for government and universities as well as research institutes, their economic status is much lower than that working for MNCs.
and invest lots of S&T personnel and capital in innovation,
III. Policies for HRST Development1.Issues about HRST Development and Mobility
(4) The intensity of HRST is much lower than that of most other countries
(5) The quality and structure of HRST are not able to meet the demands
(6) The educational structure and training quality need further improvement
III. Policies for HRST Development2. Policies for HRST Development
China has issued lots of policies for accelerating the reasonable allocation of domestic HRST, reducing the imbalance among regions, and promoting HRST flow to enterprises.
For example, the “Guidelines of the 11th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” emphasizes to strengthen the talent building and HRST development in central and western regions, to encourage overseas Chinese students to work for China.
III. Policies for HRST Development2. Policy Implications for HRST Development
(1) To build up leading scientists and experts in innovation(2) To improve education system so as to train talents for innovation(3) To support enterprises to build up and attract talents(4) To attract oversea students and high-level talents (5) To encourage HRST to work in less developed regions(6) To build the innovation culture suitable talents development