hrm in global organisation

7/25/2019 HRM in Global Organisation

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HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS

Sonja Treven*

Received: 08. 09. 2001 Review

Accepted: 15. 11. 2001 UDC: 658.3

In the paper, the author first presents various approaches to the management and

recruitment of employees in subsidiaries that the company has established in

different countries. Then, she turns her attention to the basic functions of

international human resource management, among them recruitment and selection

of new employees, development and training of employees, assessment of work

efficiency, as well as remuneration of employees. As the expatriates are often given

special attention by their work organiations, she concludes the paper with the

description of the additional challanges occurring in the management of these

employees.

1. INTRODUCTION

In Slovenia, wit a pop!lation o" onl# two $illion, we ave a lot o"

o%&ani'ation( doin& )!(ine(( (!cce(("!ll#, not onl# in te do$e(tic )!t al(o in

te inte%national envi%on$ent. *e+, one o" o!% two pa%$ace!tical co$panie(

-%!ctal, wic p%od!ce( !ice( "%o$ va%io!( +ind( o" "%!it SC/, te %oad

con(t%!ction co$pan# and !%a, wic p%od!ce( $en( and wo$en( clote(,

a%e (o$e ea$ple( o" o!% $o(t p%o$inent "i%$(.

In to(e, a( well a( in (i$ila% o%&ani'ation( tat "!nction in te &lo)al

envi%on$ent, te# can !(e di""e%ent app%oace( to $ana&in& e$plo#ee(. ow

te# "ind e$plo#ee(, pa#, t%ain, and p%o$ote te$ va%ie( wit c!lt!%e. /e#

!(!all# atte$pt to t%eat tei% e$plo#ee( e4!ita)l#, #et in a c!lt!%all# app%op%iate$anne%.

Sona /%even, D, A((i(tant %o"e((o%, Unive%(it# o" a%i)o%, Scool o" 7cono$ic( and

!(ine((, Ra'la&ova 20, 2000 a%i)o%, Slovenia, one: 386 2 22902, 7$ail:

(ona.t%even;!ni$).(i

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%

S. /%even: !$an %e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent in inte%national o%&ani'ation(

<en te o%&ani'ation (end( it( e$plo#ee( to (o$e ote% co!nt%#, it ta+e(ove% te %e(pon(i)ilitie( )e(ide( te )a(ic "!nction( o" !$an %e(o!%ce

$ana&e$ent. -o% ea$ple, te "!nction( o" (ta""in&, t%ainin& and develop$ent

a%e e(peciall# e$pa(i'ed in ti( o%&ani'ation. /e# do not deal $e%el# wit te

(election o" te )e(t e$plo#ee( "o% wo%+ in "o%ei&n co!nt%ie( )!t al(o ave to )e

awa%e o" te need( o" te wole "a$il# tat will acco$pan# te e$plo#ee to te

new c!lt!%al envi%on$ent. A lot o" individ!al( ta+in& on inte%national

a((i&n$ent( a%e !n(!cce(("!l (ince tei% (po!ce( o% "a$ilie( can not ad!(t to

tei% new (!%%o!ndin&(. ence, it i( nece((a%# to o%&ani'e t%ainin& in te "o%ei&n

lan&!a&e "o% te e$plo#ee and i( "a$il# (o$e $ont( )e"o%e depa%t!%e.

7ve%#tin& nece((a%# "o% te o!%ne#, incl!din& vi(a(, ave to )e p%ovided "o%

on ti$e. It i( al(o nece((a%# to p%epa%e tei% %e(idence in te new (!%%o!ndin&(,

a( well a( to a((!%e ealt (e%vice( and en%ol$ent into (cool( "o% te cild%en

o" te e$plo#ee(.

2. A&&ROACHES TO MANAGING AND STA''ING

SU(SIDIARIES

Co$panie( can appl# one o" te t%ee di""e%ent app%oace( to $ana&in&

and (ta""in& tei% (!)(idia%ie( =-%ance(co, >old, 1998?:

1. 7tnocent%ic. /e o$e co!nt%# p%actice p%evail( wit ti( app%oac.

ead4!a%te%( "%o$ te o$e co!nt%# $a+e( +e# deci(ion(, e$plo#ee( "%o$

te o$e co!nt%# old i$po%tant o)(, and te (!)(idia%ie( "ollow te o$eco!nt%# %e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent p%actice.

2. ol#cent%ic. 7ac (!)(idia%# $ana&e( on a local )a(i(. A local e$plo#ee

ead( a (!)(idia%# )eca!(e ead4!a%te%( $ana&e%( a%e not con(ide%ed to

ave ade4!ate local +nowled&e. S!)(idia%ie( !(!all# develop !$an

%e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent p%actice( locall#.

3. >eocent%ic o% &lo)al. /e co$pan# tat applie( te &lo)al inte&%ated

)!(ine(( (t%ate&# $ana&e( and (ta""( e$plo#ee( on a &lo)al )a(i(. -o%

ea$ple, 7lect%ol! =te vac!!$ cleane% co$pan#? a( "o% $an# #ea%(

atte$pted to %ec%!it and develop a &%o!p o" inte%national $ana&e%( "%o$

dive%(e co!nt%ie(. /e(e people con(tit!te a $o)ile )a(e o" $ana&e%( wo

a%e !(ed in a va%iet# o" "acilitie( a( te need a%i(e(.

In te etnocent%ic app%oac, te c!lt!%al val!e( and )!(ine(( p%actice( o"

te o$e co!nt%# a%e p%edo$inant. ead4!a%te%( develop( a $ana&in& and

(ta""in& app%oac and con(i(tentl# applie( it t%o!&o!t te wo%ld. Co$panie(

"ollowin& te etnocent%ic app%oac a((!$e te o$e co!nt%# app%oac i( )e(t

and tat e$plo#ee( "%o$ ote% pa%t( o" te wo%ld can and (o!ld "ollow it.

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


ana&e%( "%o$ ead4!a%te%( develop p%actice( and old +e# po(ition( in te(!)(idia%ie( to en(!%e con(i(tenc#.

A)*antage+ D+a)*antage+

• *owe% la)o% co(t(

• De$on(t%ate( t%!(t in local

citi'en%#

• Inc%ea(e( acceptance o" te

co$pan# )# te local co$$!nit#

• ai$i'e( te n!$)e% o" option(

availa)le in te local envi%on$ent

• *ead( to %eco&nition o" te

co$pan# a( a le&iti$ate pa%ticipant in te local econo$#

• 7""ectivel# %ep%e(ent( local

con(ide%ation( and con(t%aint( in

te deci(ion$a+in& p%oce((

• a+e( it di""ic!lt to )alance local

de$and( and &lo)al p%io%itie(

• *ead( to po(tpone$ent o" di""ic!lt

local deci(ion( !ntil te# a%e!navoida)le, wen te# a%e $o%edi""ic!lt, co(tl#, and pain"!l tan

te# wo!ld ave )een i"

i$ple$ented ea%lie% • a# $a+e it di""ic!lt to %ec%!it

4!ali"ied pe%(onnel

• a# %ed!ce te a$o!nt o" cont%ol

ee%ci(ed )# ead4!a%te%(

!igure ". Advantages and disadvantages of using local employees to staff international

subsidiaries #$ome%&ejia, 'alkin, (ardy, "))*+

A)*antage+ D+a)*antage+

• C!lt!%al (i$ila%it# wit pa%ent

co$pan# en(!%e( t%an("e% o" )!(ine((@$ana&e$ent p%actice(

• e%$it( clo(e% cont%ol and

coo%dination o" inte%national(!)(idia%ie(

• >ive( e$plo#ee( a $!ltinational

o%ientation t%o!& epe%ience at pa%ent co$pan#

• 7(ta)li(e( a pool o"

inte%nationall# epe%ienced

eec!tive(

• C%eate( p%o)le$( o" adapta)ilit# to

"o%ei&n envi%on$ent and c!lt!%e

• Inc%ea(e( te "o%ei&ne((B o" te

(!)(idia%#

• a# involve i& t%an("e% and

(ala%# co(t(

• a# %e(!lt in pe%(onal and "a$il#

p%o)le$(

• *ead( to i& "ail!%e %ate

• a( di(incentive e""ect on local

$ana&e$ent $o%ale and

$otivation• a# )e (!)ect to local

&ove%n$ent %e(t%iction(

!igure . Advantages and disadvantages of using expatriate employees to staff

international subsidiaries #$ome%&ejia, 'alkin, (ardy, "))*+

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


/e pol#cent%ic app%oac i( in di%ect oppo(ition. In te co$pan# tatapplie( ti( app%oac, te a((!$ption i( tat eac co!nt%# i( di""e%ent "%o$ all

te ote%( and tat te (!)(idia%ie( in eac co!nt%# (o!ld develop locall#

app%op%iate p%actice( !nde% te (!pe%vi(ion o" local $ana&e%(. <it te

&eocent%ic app%oac, o%&ani'ation( t%# to co$)ine te )e(t "%o$ ead4!a%te%(

and te (!)(idia%ie( to develop con(i(tent wo%ldwide p%actice(. ana&e%

(election i( )a(ed on co$petenc# %ate% tan nationalit#.

A( -i&!%e( 1 and 2 (ow, te%e a%e )ot advanta&e( and di(advanta&e( to

!(in& local national( and epat%iate( in "o%ei&n (!)(idia%ie(.

o(t co$panie( !(e epat%iate( onl# "o% (!c +e# po(ition( a( (enio%

$ana&e%(, i&level p%o"e((ional(, and tecnical (peciali(t(. Since epat%iate(

tend to )e ve%# co(tl#, it $a+e( little "inancial (en(e to i%e epat%iate( "o%

po(ition( tat can )e co$petentl# "illed )# "o%ei&n national(. In addition, $an#

co!nt%ie( %e4!i%e tat a ce%tain pe%centa&e o" te wo%+ "o%ce )e local citi'en(,

wit eception( !(!all# $ade "o% !ppe% $ana&e$ent.

-. MAOR 'UNCTIONS O' INTERNATIONAL HUMANRESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent involve( "ive "!nctional a%ea(

we will di(c!(( in detail in ti( (ection: 1. %ec%!it$ent and (election, 2.

develop$ent and t%ainin&, 3. pe%"o%$ance eval!ation, . %e$!ne%ation and 5.la)o% %elation(. Since epat%iate e$plo#ee( a%e o"ten t%eated di""e%entl# tan

ote% e$plo#ee(, te p%o)le$( a%i(in& wit it will )e p%e(ented in te net

(ection.

-.1. Re/0tment an) +ele/ton

Rec%!it$ent and (election a%e te p%oce((e( t%o!& wic an o%&ani'ation

ta+e( in new $e$)e%(. Rec%!it$ent involve( att%actin& a pool o" 4!ali"ied

applicant( "o% te po(ition( availa)le. Selection %e4!i%e( coo(in& "%o$ ti( pool

te candidate wo(e 4!ali"ication( $o(t clo(el# $atc te o) %e4!i%e$ent(.

In co$panie( tat "!nction in a &lo)al envi%on$ent we ave to di(tin&!i(di""e%ent t#pe( o" e$plo#ee(. /%aditionall#, te# a%e cla((i"ied a( one o" te

t%ee t#pe(:

1. a%ent co!nt%# national. /e e$plo#ee( nationalit# i( te (a$e a( te

o%&ani'ation(. -o% ea$ple, a Slovenian citi'en wo%+in& "o% a Slovenian

co$pan# in acedonia.



Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


2. o(t co!nt%# national. /e e$plo#ee( nationalit# i( te (a$e a( telocation o" te (!)(idia%#. -o% ea$ple, a acedonian citi'en wo%+in& "o% a

Slovenian co$pan# in acedonia.

3. /i%d co!nt%# national. /e e$plo#ee( nationalit# i( neite% tat o" te

o%&ani'ation no% tat o" te location o" te (!)(idia%#. -o% ea$ple, an

Al)anian citi'en wo%+in& "o% a Slovenian co$pan# in acedonia.

Since (ta""in& a( te "!nction o" inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent

)eco$e( inc%ea(in&l# $o%e co$ple, te(e cla((i"ication( do not cove% all

e$plo#ee( =%i(coe, 1995?. -o% ea$ple, witin te 7!%opean Union, citi'en(

o" $e$)e% co!nt%ie( can wo%+ in ote% $e$)e% co!nt%ie( wito!t a wo%+

pe%$it. ence, ow to cla((i"# a >e%$an citi'en wo%+in& "o% a -%enc co$pan#

in -%ance i( not clea%.

%ie"l#, cla((i"ication o" e$plo#ee( $i&t (ee$ to !( !ni$po%tant.

oweve%, (!c $ode o" tin+in& i( not ade4!ate (ince in $an# o%&ani'ation( an

e$plo#ee( cla((i"ication i( tied to %e$!ne%ation, a( well a( )ene"it( and

oppo%t!nitie( "o% p%o$otion.

In an inte%national o%&ani'ation, te $ana&in& and (ta""in& app%oac

(t%on&l# a""ect( te t#pe o" e$plo#ee te co$pan# p%e"e%(. In a co$pan# wit

an etnocent%ic app%oac, pa%ent co!nt%# national( !(!all# (ta"" i$po%tant

po(ition( at ead4!a%te%( and (!)(idia%ie(. <it a pol#cent%ic app%oac, o(t

co!nt%# national( &ene%all# wo%+ in "o%ei&n (!)(idia%ie( wile pa%ent co!nt%#national( $ana&e ead4!a%te%( po(ition(. An o%&ani'ation wit a &eocent%ic

app%oac coo(e( te $o(t (!ita)le pe%(on "o% a po(ition, %e&a%dle(( o" t#pe.

In it( app%oac to %ec%!it$ent and (election, an o%&ani'ation con(ide%( )ot

ead4!a%te%( p%actice( and to(e p%evalent in te co!nt%ie( o" it( (!)(idia%ie(.

*ocal c!lt!%e alwa#( in"l!ence( %ec%!it$ent and (election p%actice(, and in

(o$e co!nt%ie(, local law( %e4!i%e a (peci"ic app%oac. -o% ea$ple, in

inte%national $an!"act!%in& and p%oce((in& "acilitie( in eico, co$panie(

%ec%!it wit a (i&n anno!ncin& o) openin&( o!t(ide te "acilit# o% )# e$plo#ee(

int%od!cin& "a$il# $e$)e%( wo a%e loo+in& "o% o)(. Anote% ea$ple i(

!n&a%#, we%e &ove%n$ent atte$pt( to co$)at !ne$plo#$ent ave led to te

%e4!i%e$ent tat an o%&ani'ation $!(t &et pe%$i((ion "%o$ te ini(t%# o" *a)o% )e"o%e i%in& an epat%iate.

In coo(in& te %i&t candidate, a )alance )etween inte%nal co%po%ate

con(i(tenc# and (en(itivit# to local la)o% p%actice( i( a &oal. Di""e%ent c!lt!%e(

e$pa(i'e di""e%ent att%i)!te( in te (election p%oce(( dependin& on wete%

5



Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


te# !(e acieve$ent o% a(c%i)a)le c%ite%ia. <en $a+in& a i%in& deci(ion, people in an acieve$ento%iented co!nt%# con(ide% (+ill(, +nowled&e, and

talent(. Alto!& connection( can elp, co$panie( &ene%all# onl# i%e to(e

wit te %e4!i%ed 4!ali"ication(. In an a(c%i)a)le c!lt!%e, a&e, &ende%, and

"a$il# )ac+&%o!nd a%e i$po%tant. An o%&ani'ation (elect( (o$eone wo(e

pe%(onal ca%acte%i(tic( "it te o).

-.2. De*elo"ment an) t0anng

/e ove%all ai$ o" te develop$ent "!nction i( to p%ovide tat ade4!atel#

t%ained pe%(onnel in a co$pan# a%e capa)le to "!l"il tei% &oal(, a( well a( to

cont%i)!te to )ette% pe%"o%$ance and &%owt wit tei% wo%+ =A%$(t%on&, 1996?.

/e develop$ent o" e$plo#ee( can )e t%eated a( a (pecial "ield o" !$an

%e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent tat incl!de( planned individ!al lea%nin&, ed!cation,

o%&ani'ation develop$ent, ca%ee% develop$ent and t%ainin&.

At te inte%national level, !$an %e(o!%ce develop$ent p%o"e((ional( a%e

%e(pon(i)le "o%: 1. t%ainin& and develop$ent o" e$plo#ee( located in

(!)(idia%ie( a%o!nd te wo%ld, 2. (peciali'ed t%ainin& to p%epa%e epat%iate( "o%

a((i&n$ent( a)%oad, and 3. develop$ent o" a (pecial &%o!p o" &lo)all# $inded

$ana&e%(.

C%eation and t%an("e% o" inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce develop$ent

p%o&%a$( $a# )e ca%%ied o!t in two wa#(:1. cent%ali'ed and

2. decent%ali'ed.

<it a cent%ali'ed app%oac, t%ainin& o%i&inate( at te ead4!a%te%( and

co%po%ate t%aine%( t%avel to (!)(idia%ie(, o"ten adaptin& to local (it!ation(. /i(

"it( te etnocent%ic $odel. A &eocent%ic app%oac i( al(o cent%ali'ed, )!t te

t%ainin& develop( t%o!& inp!t "%o$ )ot ead4!a%te%( and (!)(idia%ie( (ta"".

/%aine%( co!ld )e (ent "%o$ va%io!( po(ition( in eite% te ead4!a%te%( o%

(!)(idia%ie( to an# ote% location in te co$pan#.

In a decent%ali'ed app%oac, t%ainin& i( on a local )a(i(, "ollowin& a

pol#cent%ic $odel. <en t%ainin& i( decent%ali'ed, te c!lt!%al )ac+&%o!nd( o" te t%aine%( and t%ainee( a%e !(!all# (i$ila%. *ocal people develop t%ainin&

$ate%ial( and tecni4!e( "o% !(e in tei% own a%ea.

/o $ai$i'e t%ainin& e""ectivene((, it i( i$po%tant to con(ide% ow t%ainee(

lea%n $o(t e""ectivel#. C!lt!%al "acto%( ave a (t%on& i$pact on t%ainin&

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


p%actice( in di""e%ent pa%t( o" te wo%ld. -o% ea$ple, in Eo%t A$e%ica, we%e powe% di(tance i( ($all, te %elation(ip )etween te t%aine% and t%ainee( tend(

towa%d e4!alit#. /e t%aine% and t%ainee( !(e "i%(t na$e(, and te t%ainee( "eel

"%ee to callen&e o% 4!e(tion wat te t%aine% (a#(. In ala#(ia, we%e powe%

di(tance i( la%&e, a t%aine% %eceive( &%eate% %e(pect. St!dent( !(e i( (!%na$e and

title, and e i( an epe%t tat (t!dent( %a%el# callen&e.

A( &lo)al co$petition inc%ea(e(, it i( inc%ea(in&l# i$po%tant "o% (!cce(("!l

co$panie( to ave a &%o!p o" $ana&e%( wit a &lo)al pe%(pective. Co$panie(

$!(t identi"# $ana&e%( wit &lo)al potential and p%ovide te$ wit va%io!(

t%ainin& and develop$ent oppo%t!nitie(. -o% ea$ple, avin& one o% $o%e

inte%national a((i&n$ent=(?, wo%+in& on c%o((national tea$( and p%oect(, and

lea%nin& ote% lan&!a&e( and c!lt!%e( cont%i)!te to $a+in& a $ana&e% $o%e

&lo)all# $inded. In addition, an o%&ani'ation (o!ld incl!de not onl# pa%ent

co!nt%# national(, )!t al(o o(t co!nt%# national( and ti%d co!nt%# national( in

ti( &%o!p =/%even, 2001?.

-.-. &e0o0man/e e*alaton

In co$panie(, te pe%"o%$ance eval!ation i( $o(t "%e4!entl# ca%%ied o!t "o%

ad$ini(t%ation o% develop$ent intention( =Cleveland and ote%(, 1989?. -o%

ad$ini(t%ation p!%po(e(, pe%"o%$ance eval!ation i( called "o% wen te

deci(ion( on wo%+ condition( o" e$plo#ee(, p%o$otion(, %ewa%d( and@o% la#o""(

a%e in 4!e(tion. Develop$ent intention o" pe%"o%$ance eval!ation i( o%iented tote i$p%ove$ent o" te wo%+ pe%"o%$ance o" e$plo#ee(, a( well a( to te

enance$ent o" tei% a)ilitie( on te &%o!nd o" te ade4!ate t%ainin& p%o&%a$

and advi(in& e$plo#ee( %e&a%din& )eavio% in te wo%+ envi%on$ent.

In <e(te%n $!ltinational co$panie(, pe%"o%$ance app%ai(al( a%e !(!all#

done #ea%l# and !(e a (tanda%i'ed eval!ation "o%$. So$eti$e(, te o%&ani'ation

al(o %e4!i%e( (!pe%vi(ion( to di(c!(( te %e(!lt( o" te app%ai(al( wit eac

e$plo#ee.

e%"o%$ance eval!ation i( callen&in& "o% an# o%&ani'ation. At te

inte%national level, te co$pleit# i( &%eate% )eca!(e te o%&ani'ation $!(t

eval!ate e$plo#ee( "%o$ di""e%ent co!nt%ie( wo%+in& in di""e%ent (!)(idia%ie(./e need "o% con(i(tenc# ac%o(( (!)(idia%ie( "o% pe%"o%$ance co$pa%i(on(

con"lict( wit te need to con(ide% te c!lt!%al )ac+&%o!nd o" e$plo#ee( to

$a+e te eval!ation $eanin&"!l. -o% ea$ple, in eico, an individ!al( p!)lic

i$a&e i( i$po%tant, and p!)lic c%itici($ o" an e$plo#ee $i&t )e !(ti"ication

F



Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


"o% leavin& a co$pan#. Con(e4!entl#, te delive%# o" a )alanced pe%"o%$ance%eview, incl!din& )ot (t%en&t( and wea+ne((e(, %e4!i%e( tact and delicac#.

A( wit ote% "!nction(, te app%oac to pe%"o%$ance eval!ation depend(

on te o%&ani'ation( ove%all !$an %e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent (t%ate&#. A co$pan#

wit an etnocent%ic app%oac i( li+el# to !(e te (a$e pe%"o%$ance eval!ation

p%oce(( !(ed at te ead4!a%te%( "o% it( (!)(idia%ie(. So$e co$panie( t%an(late

eval!ation "o%$( into local lan&!a&e(, we%ea( ote%( !(e te o%i&inal lan&!a&e

eve%#we%e. A co$pan# wit a pol#cent%ic app%oac develop( local p%oced!%e(

witin eac co!nt%#. -inall#, a co$pan# wit a &eocent%ic app%oac !(e( te

(a$e pe%"o%$ance eval!ation (#(te$ wo%ldwide, )!t it a( !nive%(al

applica)ilit#. Developin& a &lo)al (#(te$ i( te $o(t callen&in&.

-.3. Remne0aton an) 4enet+

Re$!ne%ation o" e$plo#ee( a( a +e# %ole in ac4!i%in& new e$plo#ee( and

i( i$po%tant "o% e$plo#ee( a( well a( "o% te e$plo#e%(. a# i( te )a(ic

%e(o!%ce o" livin& o" te e$plo#ee(, wile )ene"it( cove% )ette% ealt ca%e, te

po((i)ilit# o" (pendin& olida#( in te co$pan#( olida# "acilitie( at a

"avo!%a)le p%ice and al(o ote% advanta&e(. /e deci(ion( te e$plo#e%( $a+e

conce%nin& %e$!ne%ation a%e a "acto% tat a( an i$pact on te epen(e( o" tei%

co$pan# a( well a( on te a)ilit# o" (ellin& te p%od!ct( at a co$petitive p%ice

in te $a%+et =/%even, 1998?. /e deci(ion( a)o!t %e$!ne%ation $a# al(o

enance te a)ilit# o" te e$plo#e% to co$pete "o% e$plo#ee( on te la)o% $a%+et. /e %ewa%d( e wa%%ant( $a+e te (tandin& pe%(onnel eite% want to

+eep tei% o)( o% 4!it.

In developin& an inte%national (#(te$ o" co$pen(ation and )ene"it(, an

o%&ani'ation a( two p%i$a%# conce%n(. /e "i%(t i( co$pa%a)ilit# =%i(coe,

1995?. A &ood co$pen(ation (#(te$ a((i&n( (ala%ie( to e$plo#ee( tat a%e

inte%nall# co$pa%a)le and co$petitive witin te $a%+etplace. -o% ea$ple, te

(ala%# o" a (enio% $ana&e% i( !(!all# i&e% tan tat o" a (!pe%vi(o%, and eac

po(ition (o!ld %eceive an a$o!nt witin te local $a%+et %an&e. /e

inte%national o%&ani'ation $!(t al(o con(ide% te (ala%ie( o" people wo $a#

t%an("e% "%o$ ote% location(. /e (econd $ao% conce%n i( co(t. G%&ani'ation(

(t%ive to $ini$i'e all epen(e(, and pa#%oll i( one o" te la%&e(t.

Ren!$e%ation and )ene"it( a%e clo(el# tied to local la)o% $a%+et

condition(, even wen an o%&ani'ation ta+e( an etnocent%ic o% &eocent%ic

app%oac. /e availa)ilit# o" 4!ali"ied local people to "ill po(ition(, p%evailin&

wa&e %ate(, te !(e o" epat%iate(, and local law( inte%act to in"l!ence te level

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


o" %en!$e%ation and )ene"it(. -o% ea$ple, i" te%e a%e "ew applicant( availa)le"o% po(ition(, te %en!$e%ation "o% to(e po(ition( &ene%all# inc%ea(e(. /o

%ed!ce epen(e(, te inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce( $ana&e% $i&t ten

con(ide% )%in&in& in an epat%iate.

A co$pan# !(!all# develop( a polic#, wic co!ld appl# &lo)all#, to o""e%

(ala%ie( and )ene"it( %ep%e(entin& a (peci"ic $a%+et level. -o% ea$ple, a la%&e

(!cce(("!l $!ltinational co$pan# tat e$pa(i'e( te 4!alit# o" it( p%od!ct(

and e$plo#ee( co!ld ave a &lo)al polic# to pa# te i&e(t wa&e( eve%#we%e

it ope%ate(. Anote% co$pan# co!ld o""e% top (ala%ie( in te co!nt%# we%e it

doe( %e(ea%c and develop$ent, #et pa# ave%a&e wa&e( in te co!nt%# we%e it

$an!"act!%e(.

-.5. La4o0 0elaton+

/e la)o% %elation( "!nction identi"ie( and de"ine( te %ole( o" $ana&e$ent

and wo%+e%( in te wo%+place. /e concept o" la)o% %elation( va%ie( &%eatl# in

di""e%ent pa%t( o" te wo%ld. In te United State(, "o% ea$ple, la)o% %elation( a%e

o"ten a "o%$al %elation(ip, (o$eti$e( anta&oni(tic, )etween la)o% and

$ana&e$ent de"ined )# a !nion cont%act. In Hapan, te %elation(ip )etween

$ana&e$ent and !nion( i( coope%ative, and $ana&e$ent o"ten appoint( !nion

leade%( =od&ett(, *!tan(, 199?.

In $an# co!nt%ie(, te &ove%n$ent %e&!late( la)o% %elation( p%actice(.Con(e4!entl#, in ti( "!nction, $o%e tan ote% !$an %e(o!%ce( $ana&e$ent

"!nction(, an o%&ani'ation $a# ave to )e pol#cent%ic. oweve%, even to!&

la)o% %elation( a%e local level i((!e(, it i( &ood co%po%ate (t%ate&# to coo%dinate a

la)o% %elation( polic# ac%o(( (!)(idia%ie(.

3. MANAGEMENT O' E&ATRIATES

Gne o" te $o(t callen&in& ta(+( "o% an# co$pan# ope%atin&

inte%nationall# i( to $ana&e it( epat%iate(. /e (tati(tic( (owin& tei%

e""icienc# on tat $atte% a%e not enco!%a&in&. -o% ea$ple, te "ail!%e o" U.S.

epat%iate( =te pe%centa&e wo %et!%n p%e$at!%el#, wito!t co$pletin& tei%

a((i&n$ent? i( to )e in te 20 0J %an&e. In Hapan, te "ail!%e %ate i( le(( tan5J "o% tei% epat%iate(. Gne o" te %ea(on( "o% te di""e%ence i( tat Hapane(e

epat%iate( %eceive "a% $o%e o%ientation and lan&!a&e in(t%!ction tan U.S.

epat%iate( do.

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


3.1. T7e 0ea+on+ o0 e8"at0ate al0e

In inte%national co$panie(, it i( i$po%tant to !nde%(tand te %ea(on( )eind

epat%iate( i& "ail!%e %ate( (o tat p%eventive $ea(!%e( can )e ta+en. Si

"acto%( acco!nt "o% $o(t "ail!%e(, alto!& tei% %elative i$po%tance va%ie( )#

"i%$ =>o$e'eia, al+in, 198F?. /e(e a%e: ca%ee% )loc+a&e, c!lt!%e (oc+,

lac+ o" c%o((c!lt!%al t%ainin&, an ove%e$pa(i( on tecnical 4!ali"ication(, a

tendenc# to !(e inte%national a((i&n$ent( a( a wa# to &et %id o" p%o)le$

e$plo#ee(, and "a$il# p%o)le$(.

3.2. C0o++!/lt0al a)9+tment

7pat%iate( and tei% "a$ilie( need ti$e to )eco$e "a$ilia% wit tei% new

envi%on$ent and to )eco$e co$"o%ta)le livin& te%e. <en te# a%%ive, te

newne(( o" te epe%ience i( ecitin&. A "ew $ont( late%, wen te# ave ad

$o%e epe%ience wit te c!lt!%e, epat%iate( $i&t )e&in to "eel "%!(t%ated o%

con"!(ed a( te# t%# to $a+e (en(e o" tei% new livin& (it!ation. /i( "eelin& i(

c!lt!%e (oc+. A( epat%iate( &et co$"o%ta)le and !nde%(tand $o%e a)o!t te

c!lt!%e, !(!all# t%ee to (i $ont( a"te% a%%ival, te c!lt!%e (oc+ will wea% o"",

and te# will epe%ience a $o%e no%$al "eelin& =Adle%, 199F?.

3.-. E8"at0ate 0eent0:

A"te% te epat%iate co$plete( i( a((i&n$ent and %et!%n( o$e, e $!(tad!(t in te (a$e wa# a( wen &oin& a)%oad. /e wo%+, people, and &ene%al

envi%on$ent a%e no lon&e% "a$ilia%. /e epat%iate and i( co$pan# a%e !(!all#

!np%epa%ed to deal wit ti( (it!ation. /e di(o%ientation epe%ienced )# a

%et!%nin& epat%iate i( +nown a( %eve%(e c!lt!%e (oc+.

/e epat%iate &ain( val!a)le in"o%$ation and epe%ience "%o$ an

inte%national a((i&n$ent, )!t "o% $an# o%&ani'ation( ti( i( lo(t )eca!(e o" te

"ail!%e to $ana&e epat%iate %eent%# (!cce(("!ll#. # one e(ti$ate, a)o!t 25 J

o" %et!%nin& epat%iate( leave te co$pan# witin a #ea% a"te% %et!%nin& =lac+,

>%e&e%(en, and endenall, 1992?.

3.3. Sele/ton o e8"at0ate+

/e coice o" e$plo#ee "o% an inte%national a((i&n$ent i( a c%itical

deci(ion. Since $o(t epat%iate( wo%+ !nde% $ini$al (!pe%vi(ion in a di(tant

location, $i(ta+e( in (election a%e li+el# to &o !nnoticed !ntil it i( too late. /o

coo(e te )e(t e$plo#ee "o% te o), $ana&e$ent (o!ld:

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


e$pa(i'e c!lt!%al (en(ivit# a( a (election c%ite%ion e(ta)li( a (election )oa%d o" epat%iate(

%e4!i%ed p%evio!( inte%national epe%ience

eplo%e te po((i)ilit# o" i%in& "o%ei&n)o%n e$plo#ee( wo can (e%ve a(

epat%iate( at a "!t!%e date

(c%een candidate( (po!(e( and "a$ilie(

A (!cce(("!l epat%iate $!(t )e a)le to )ot do te o) and andle a new

c!lt!%al envi%on$ent. ence, te epat%iate $!(t do i( o) co$petentl#, lea%n

to live co$"o%ta)l# in a new c!lt!%e, and en(!%e tat i( "a$il# adapt( a( well.

3.5. E8"at0ate t0anng

A( $entioned ea%lie%, epat%iate( a%e $o%e (!cce(("!l wen tei%

o%&ani'ation( t%ain te$ to p%epa%e "o% tei% li"e and wo%+ a)%oad. *ac+ o"

t%ainin& i( a $ao% ca!(e o" epat%iate "ail!%e.

/e $o(t i$po%tant a(pect o" epat%iate t%ainin& i( c%o((c!lt!%al t%ainin&

=CC/?. S!c t%ainin& p%epa%e( an epat%iate to live and wo%+ in a di""e%ent

c!lt!%e )eca!(e copin& wit a new envi%on$ent i( $!c $o%e callen&in& tan

dealin& wit a new o). A va%iet# o" t%ainin& $etodolo&ie( i( availa)le "o%

CC/. In /a)le 1, we o!tline (o$e o" te pop!la% one( and &ive a )%ie"

de(c%iption o" eac.

Table ". (ross%cultural training methods #!rancesco, $old, "))-+

Clt0al (0eng+7plain te $ao% a(pect( o" te o(t co!nt%# c!lt!%e,incl!din& c!(to$(, t%adition(, eve%#da# )eavio%(.

A0ea (0eng+7plain te i(to%#, &eo&%ap#, econo$#, politic( andote% &ene%al in"o%$ation a)o!t te o(t co!nt%# and%e&ion.

Ca+e+o%t%a# a %eal li"e (it!ation in )!(ine(( o% pe%(onal li"eto ill!(t%ate (o$e a(pect o" livin& o% wo%+in& in teo(t c!lt!%e.

Role &la:ngAllow( te t%ainee to act o!t a (it!ation tat e o% (e

$i&t "ace in livin& o% wo%+in& in te o(t co!nt%#.

Clt0e A++mlato0%ovide( a w%itten (et o" (it!ation( tat te t%ainee$i&t enco!nte% in livin& o% wo%+in& in te o(tco!nt%#.

'el) E8"e0en/e+%ovide an oppo%t!nit# "o% te t%ainee to &o to te o(tco!nt%# o% anote% !n"a$ilia% c!lt!%e to epe%iencelivin& and wo%+in& te%e "o% a (o%t ti$e.

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


3.6. E8"at0ate e*alaton an) 0emne0aton

/e pe%"o%$ance eval!ation o" epat%iate $ana&e%( i( pa%tic!la%l# di""ic!lt.

/e o) a pe%(on doe( a)%oad can incl!de $!c $o%e tan wat e doe( at

o$e. A $ana&e% o"ten (tep( into te %ole o" co!n(elo%, t%aine%, t%o!)le(oote%,

o% diplo$at, in addition to i( a((i&ned o) %e(pon(i)ilitie(. <it te need "o%

adaptin& to a new c!lt!%e, a di""e%ent wa# o" doin& )!(ine((, and o"ten a new

lan&!a&e, $an# "acto%( in"l!ence epat%iate pe%"o%$ance.

An o%&ani'ation( &ene%al polic# in"l!ence( epat%iate %e$!ne%ation. /%ee

co$$on app%oace( a%e: a o$e)a(ed polic#, a o(t)a(ed polic# and a %e&ion

)a(ed polic# =Dowlin&, Sc!le%, <elc, 199?. <it a o$e)a(ed polic#,

e$lo#ee( %e$!ne%ation "ollow( te (cale o" tei% o$e co!nt%ie(. /e o(t

)a(ed polic# (et( (ala%ie( at te level o" te o(t co!nt%#, wit )ene"it( !(!all#

tied to te o$e co!nt%#. -inall#, %e&ion dete%$ine( te ti%d app%oac.

Re$!ne%ation "o% e$plo#ee( wo%+in& o!t(ide tei% o$e co!nt%ie( %e"lect(

wete% tei% %elocation i( witin tei% o$e %e&ion o% in anote% %e&ion. <it

ti( app%oac, an a((i&n$ent clo(e% to o$e =wit te %e&ion? %eceive(

%e$!ne%ation at a lowe% %ate tan one "!%te% awa# =o!t(ide te %e&ion?.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent "oc!(e( on te $ana&e$ent o"

!$an %e(o!%ce( on a &lo)al )a(i(. An o%&ani'ation( (t%ate&# on &lo)ali'ation(t%on&l# a""ect( te app%oac it ta+e( to inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce

$ana&e$ent. /e app%oac to inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce $ana&e$ent in

t!%n in"l!ence( te i$ple$entation o" te $ao% inte%national !$an %e(o!%ce

$ana&e$ent "!nction( o" %ec%!it$ent and (election, develop$ent and t%ainin&,

pe%"o%$ance eval!ation, %e$!ne%ation and )ene"it(, and la)o% %elation(.

Co$panie( ta+in& an etnocent%ic app%oac atte$pt to i$po(e tei% o$e

co!nt%# $etod( on tei% (!)(idia%ie(. /e pol#cent%ic app%oac "ollow( local

p%actice(. -inall#, a &eocent%ic o% &lo)al app%oac develop( p%actice( "o% wo%ld

wide !(e.

RE'ERENCES;

1. Adle% E.H., Inte%national Di$en(ion( o" G%&ani'ational eavio%, So!t <e(te%nColle&e !)li(in&, 199F.

2. A%$(t%on& ., e%(onnel ana&e$ent %actice, Ko&an a&e, 1996.3. lac+ H.S. >%e&e%(en .. endenall .7., /owa%d a /eo%etical -%a$ewo%+ o"

Repat%iation Ad!(t$ent, Ho!%nal o" Inte%national !(ine(( St!die(, Eo. 23, 1992,

pp. F3F F60.

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Management, Vol. 6, 21, 1!2, "". 1##!1$%


. %i(coe D.R., Inte%national !$an Re(o!%ce ana&e$ent, %entice all, 1995.5. Cleveland H.E. !%p# K.R. <illia$( R.7., !ltiple U(e( o" e%"o%$ance

App%ai(al(: %evalence and Co%%elate(, Ho!%nal o" Applied (#colo&#, Eo. F,1989, pp. 130 135.

6. Dowlin& .H. Sc!le% R.S. <elc D.7., Inte%national Di$en(ion( o" !$anRe(o!%ce ana&e$ent, el$ont, <ad(wo%t, 199.

F. -%ance(co A.. >old .A., Inte%national G%&ani'ational eavio%, %entice all,

1998.8. >o$e' eia *. R. al+in D. . Ca%d# R. *., ana&in& !$an Re(o!%ce(,

7n&lewood Cli""(, %entice all, 1995.9. >o$e' eia *. R. al+in D. ., /e dete%$inant( o" $ana&e%ial (ati("action wit

te epat%iation and %epat%iation p%oce((, Ho!%nal o" ana&e$ent Develop$ent, Eo. 6,198F, pp. F 18.

10. od&ett( R.. *!tan( -., Inte%national ana&e$ent, c>%awill, 199.11. /%even S., ana&e$ent LloveM+i vi%ov, *!)lana, >o(poda%(+i ve(tni+, 1998.12. /%even S., edna%odno o%&ani'aci(+o vedene, *!)lana, >o(poda%(+i ve(tni+,

2001.

U&RAVLANE LUDS<IM &OTENCIALIMA U ME=UNARODNIM

ORGANIZACIAMA

Sa>eta?

U ovo$ (e %ad! p%vo p%ed(tavla! %a'liLiti p%i(t!pi !p%avlan! i %e&%!ti%an! 'apo(leni

! pod%!Nnica$a +oe pod!'eOa otva%a! ! %a'liLiti$ 'e$la$a. Pati$ (e opi(!!te$elne "!n+cie $eQ!na%odno& !p%avlana l!d(+i$ potenciali$a, t. %e&%!ti%ane i(ele+cia novi 'apo(leni+a, niovo o)%a'ovane i %a'vo, p%ocena !Lin+ovito(ti %ada,te i(plata na+nada 'a %ad. oMto (e Llanovi$a o%&ani'acie na %ad! ! ino'e$ni$ pod%!Nnica$a Le(to o)%aOa po(e)na paNna, na +%a! (e %a(p%avla o po(e)ni$i'a'ovi$a +oe p%ed(tavla !p%avlane ta+vi$ 'apo(lenici$a.

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hrm in global organisation

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