How You Can Save Energy & Money with Building Performance Analysis

Michelle M. Farrell LEED AP, DGNB

Head of European Division

IES Background

• Founded in June 1994

• Boston, San Francisco, Minneapolis, Vancouver, Glasgow, Dublin, Lucerne,Melbourne, Dubai, Pune

• Software Used in over 140 Countries

•Consultancy experience in over 60 countries

•Market Leader in UK, Ireland & Australia

• Rapidly Expanding in North America, Europe & Middle East

• Current <VE> users includeSWECO, Skanska, Gensler, ARUP, AECOM, Grontmij, Buro Happold, ELAN, Stantec, DLR Group, WSP, Grontmij, Bouygues, Elan, SOM, Drees + Sommer, Siemens, Mott MacDonald, Ramboll, Atkins, Perkins + Will, Scott Wilson

Vancouver Minneapolis

Pune

San Francisco

Who is the typical energy analysis user?

ARCHITECTURAL- Designers- Architects- Master planners- Urban designers- Interior Designers

GREEN CONSULTANTS- BREEAM- LEED- DGNB- Estidama- Required by code- Other “green” rating systems

ENGINEERS- HVAC- Mechanical- Electrical- Building Physics- Other “green” rating

systems

IES <Virtual Environment>

A Single, Integrated Building Performance Model

• Thermal & Energy Analysis

• EN15625/EN13790-91/ISO 7730 compliant

• Lighting & Daylighting

• Solar Studies

• CFD Analysis

• Value & Cost

• LEED, BREEAM, DGNB

• Lifecycle

• And more…..xx

thermal

hybrid

ventilation

CFD

evacuation

costs

value

compliance

daylighting

solar

lighting

electrical

mechanical

These facts all come from “The Business Case for Green Building” which was published by the World Green Building Council.

You can find links to this document on the Intelligent BIM Solutions website.

IES <Virtual Environment>

Green Building Trend – WHY should you do this?

• Design And Construction• Asset Value• Operating Costs• Workplace Productivity And

Health• Risk Mitigation

***Next 5 pages from “The Business Case for Green Building” by the World GBC

IES <Virtual Environment>

Design and Construction

Benefits

Investment Costs:Costs are not always as high as developers initially believe – and can range from 0% - 12.5% increase in design and construction costs verses conventional code buildings.

Also, involvement in the design process earlier significantly reduces costs.

IES <Virtual Environment>

Asset Value

Studies around the world show a pattern of green buildings being able to more easily attract tenants and to command higher rents and sale prices.

The Business Case for Green Building

Asset Value

Where green buildings have generated higher sales prices, this increase in value is largely driven by higher rental rates, lower operating costs, higher occupancy rates and lower yields.

The Business Case for Green Building

Asset Value

The Business Case for Green Building

Operating Costs

2003 study showingreduced operating costs for LEED.

The Business Case for Green Building

Example Marketing Video

Swiss Re Building London

Castle House London

MGM Mirage, Las Vegas

Heathrow Terminal 5, London

The Grand Mosque

Abu Dhabi

Centre of Excellence,

Syracuse

IES Software Use is Worldwide

“The Walgreens team reviewed internal loads such as refrigerated coolers by the checkout counters and under shelf lighting. While seemingly small loads, they added up and had a compound effect on load reduction when removed. This allows for HVAC systems to be smaller, and the store has moved closer to the net-zero goal. After reviewing lighting systems and the refrigeration systems, it was determined what the typical energy signature would be for the store, and the remaining energy use will be offset by a large solar array covering the entire store roof.”

Benjamin Skelton, P.E., President and CEO of the Cyclone Energy Group (CEG)

• Innovative use of a geo-exchange coupled CO2 triple temperature refrigeration system provides all freezer, cooler, store HVAC and domestic water pre-heat. The combined system allows for free transfer of heat between uses. For instance, rejected heat from cooling the freezers and coolers is used for water heating and store heat.

• Using CO2 refrigerants (which is more environmentally friendly)

• PV / Solar Panels• Daylight Harvesting• Automated Shades• Geothermal• CO2 refrigeration• Energy recovery

Walgreen’s Net Zero Energy Retail Store

““The store achieved BREEAM outstanding in 2014 to become the most sustainable John Lewis shop ever built. After setting out to achieve a carbon reduction of 30%, compared to the 2010/11 baseline created for similar stores, this store is currently expected to deliver a 35-40% betterment.

Far from considering our job done, we’re now using IES-SCAN, a new powerful IES tool, to import the actual building data back into the model, so we can continuously analyse the occupied building to quickly identify any performance gaps to deliver a soft landing. The level of detail provided by the model is incredible, enabling us to analyse how everything from the HVAC to the escalators to the catering equipment is performing.”

Paul Paterson, sustainability design manager at Lateral Technologies

• Use of displacement ventilation to condition clean fresh air at the occupied level. Although the shop floor was five meters high, the modelling software from IES enabled us to split it into three zones: an occupied 0-1.8m zone, a stratified zone and a ceiling zone. By allowing us to focus on creating optimum conditions for only the occupied zone, we needed less energy than for the entire area.

• The ApacheHVAC tool from IES enabled us to consider both the building and its controls to observe that a peak load of 550kw was needed, but only for 0.1% of the year. The model also revealed that the impact of allowing the internal temperature to drift very slightly upwards at those times, in the peak of summer, made next to no difference on comfort levels, allowing us to justify putting in a 450kw chiller, requiring 25% less energy than those in other stores

Lateral Technologies: John Lewis Retail Store

IES<VE> Model Geometry

Swiss Re HQ, London

<VE> Model

<VE> Model

Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi

<VE> Model

Heathrow T5 Airport, Concourse A

Consultancy Case StudyAbu Dhabi Financial Center, Al Maryah Island, UAE6,100,000 square foot development, 8 buildings

17% Energy Reduction: double skin facades, external shading, daylighting, UFAD,

automatic blind control, district energy, CDQ desiccant dehumidification, PVs

Consultancy Case Study

Abu Dhabi Financial Center, Al Maryah Island, UAE

DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE EXAMPLE

What we have is a single zone representation of a double-skin façade. There are vents at the top of the zone and venting windows at the bottom. - Opening vents between the hours of 08:00-18:00 if the temperature of

the zone reaches 25°C. - Similarly the internal zones have split windows (bottom-hung) which

open under the same control conditions as above. - Having the model based in Abu Dhabi we’re going to be in a hot arid

climate with a lot of sunshine so I’ve give the double-skin façade a single-glazed but reflective glass as we’ll want to cut down on the solar gain where we can.

With the double-skin façade, you can see it reduces the temperatures inside of the space

Consultancy Case Study

Abu Dhabi Financial Center, Al Maryah Island, UAE

DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE EXAMPLE

Consultancy Case StudyLake Murray Nature Center, Oklahoma, USA

Software Platform Interoperability: SketchUp =>> IES<VE> =>> GaiaGLD50% Water Reduction53% Energy Reduction: Natural Ventilation, Lake Source Heat Pump, Daylighting

Natural Ventilation

Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5, London

Summary:• Detailed energy and

environmental modelling• Roof, façade and solar shading

design• Fabric air tightness and

thermal performance• HVAC sizing and selection• Occupant comfort

(thermal/visual)• Building regulations Part L

In conjunction with:

For and on behalf of:

<VE> model of T5 Concourse A

Annual heating and coolingdemand profiles (CHP sizing)

Architectural visualisation of T5 Concourse A

Daylight and glare analysis

T5A under construction

Section through building showing natural air movement

Consultancy Case Study

Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, BC, CanadaInnovative Sustainable Design with Thermal LabyrinthECMs: Daylighting, Natural Ventilation, Displacement VentilationThermal Labyrinth: Free heating, free cooling and increased ventilation

Example Energy Analysis – Building Façade

Cooling load affected by solar gain

Classroom 2 Classroom 3 Classroom 4 Classroom 5

SHGC = 0.65 SHGC = 0.45 SHGC = 0.4 SHGC = 0.55

Cooling Load (Btu/h)

Solar Gain (Btu/hr)

Four Identical classrooms with varying shading & glazing specifications

Example Energy Analysis – Building Fabric

Infiltration heat loss can account for up to 15-50% of a building’s Heating Load....

...Building Pressure Tests

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Heating Load (Btu/h)

Fabric Loss

Infiltration Loss

Results analysis provides room by room outputs of performance.“How much heat and energy are we losing through the walls, windows, roof etc.?”

Example Energy Analysis – Building Fabric

Energy Analysis – Building Fabric

Extensive database of opaque & transparent constructions

Constructions can be created, customised or you can use our detailed library.

Calgary International Airport

• Displacement Ventilation• Double-Skin Façade• Daylight Harvesting• Automated Shades• Hybrid Geothermal

Calgary International Airport

• Displacement Ventilation• Double-Skin Façade

• Daylight Harvesting• Automated Shades• Hybrid Geothermal

IES allows you to simulate exactly how much energy you can save through the use of:- Exterior or interior shading

devices that automatically come down when the lux levels reach a certain number

- How much electrical energy you can save when you use electrical light dimmers

- The amount of energy you could save by using “step dimming” or “continuous dimming”

Calgary International Airport

What can analysis fit in our process?

A E S T H E T I C S

Schematic Design

FO

RM

Ear

ly D

esig

n D

evel

op

men

t

MA

TE

RIA

LS

/OR

IEN

TA

TIO

N

Lat

er D

esig

n D

evel

op

men

t

Other Tests

• Material

• Constructions (R-

Value of Walls)

• Orientations

• Layout of Building

• Window/Wall Ratio

• Shading Options

We generally

now have an

idea about the

design

We now know

the design form,

lets test the

materials,

orientation and

more.

Many options on

the table, just

experimenting

Later Design Development

Compare these options:

• Material

• Constructions (U-Value of Walls)

• Windows (type, coating, layout)

• Orientations

• Layout of Building

• Window/Wall Ratio

• Shading Options

Important thing is that we do this EARLY in the design

phase so we have the chance to impact building

performance.

The Tower at PNC Plaza

Bu

roH

app

old

Bu

roH

app

old

BEM example - geometry

Bu

roH

app

old

Natural ventilation – Preliminary analysis

Man 02 Life cycle cost and service life planning = Man 05 Life cycle cost and service life planning (all buildings)

Hea 01 Visual comfort - Daylighting (building type dependent) = Hea 01 Visual comfort (all buildings) –Daylighting credits only

Hea 02 Indoor air quality - Adaptability - Potential for natural ventilation = Hea 02 Indoor air quality (all buildings) - Potential for natural ventilation only

Hea 04 Thermal comfort - Thermal modelling and Adaptability - for a projected climate change scenario > Up to 2 credits = Hea 03 Thermal comfort (all buildings) – 1st credit only

Ene 01 Reduction of energy use and carbon emissions - Up to 12 credits plus 5 exemplary credits = Ene01 Energy efficiency (all buildings)

Mat 01 Life cycle impacts > Up to 6 credits = Mat 01 Life cycle impacts (all buildings)

**See Latvian Appendix Document

IES <Virtual Environment>Voluntary Rating Systems

Daylighting Studies

RadianceIES • Light levels (Luminance and illuminance)

• Images light level data can be used to evaluate potential for visual discomfort.

• Results in lux or foot-candles can be evaluated via perspective view, at floor level, or on a working plane.

• Luminance & Illuminance calculations, glare and daylight assessment• Inclusion of Component Library information• Inclusion of Luminaire data from LightPro• Place light sensors enables daylighting control to be integrated with

ApacheSim Energy Modelling

RadianceIES

No Solar Shading

With Solar Shading

• Will glare be problematic late in

the day?

• How Effective is the External

Shade at reducing Glare?

RadianceIES

SC=0.6

VLT=75%

SC=0.2

VLT=35%

Daylighting Quality Exterior Tint

Radiance – Glazing Option Visualization

Day and Artificial Lighting

Night-time light spill

FlucsDL / FlucsPro• Point to point daylight assessment; area thresholds• Inclusion of Component Library Information• Inclusion of Luminaire data from LightPro for combined assessments

(FlucsPro)

Lifecycle - Case Study

What is cost of material over time?

Lifecycle - Case Study

Roof: In situ reinforced concrete

Case Study – Capital Cost

Case Study – Life Cycle

Case Study – Life Cycle Analysis

Case Study – Roof Option 1

Roof: In situ reinforced concrete

• Capital Expenditure: £6.34m / £155k

• LCC: £7.63m / £375k

• LCA: 5,166 EP / 630 EP

Case Study – Roof Option 2

Profiled metal deep decking with in situ concrete

Case Study – Capital Cost

Case Study – Life Cycle

Case Study – Life Cycle Analysis

Case Study – Option 2

Roof: Profiled metal deep decking with in situ concrete?

• Capital Expenditure: £6.34m (£6.34m) / £152k (£155k)

• LCC: £7.62m (£7.63m) / £367k (£375k)

• LCA: 4,917EP (5,166 EP) / 410 EP (630 EP)

Case Study – Option 2

Roof: Profiled metal deep decking with in situ concrete?

• Capital Expenditure: : £6.34m (£6.34m) / £152k (£155k) -0.01%

• LCC: £7.62m (£7.63m) / £367k (£375k) -0.01%

• LCA: 4,917EP (5,166 EP) / 410 EP (630 EP) -4.8%

Case Study – Option 3

Roof: Timber Frame

Case Study – Capital Cost

Case Study – Life Cycle Cost

Case Study – Life Cycle Analysis

Case Study – Option 3

Roof: Timber frame

• Capital Expenditure: £6.12m (£6.34m) / £75k (£155k)

• LCC: £7.38m (£7.63m) / £173k (£375k)

• LCA: 4,647EP (5,166 EP) / 110 EP (630 EP)

Case Study – Option 3

Roof: Timber frame

• Capital Expenditure: £6.12m (£6.34m) / £75k (£155k) -3.5%

• LCC: £7.38m (£7.63m) / £173k (£375k) -3%

• LCA: 4,647EP (5,166 EP) / 110 EP (630 EP) -10%

IES-SCANEnhanced Operational Models

Consider the following profiles:

• The Blue profile is a typical profile that a design team would use as a best

guess of the energy used.

• The Red line is the actual or measured energy used.

• Obviously if you can use the red line profile in your simulation it must be more

accurate than if you used the blue profile.

In IES-SCAN terminology the measured profile is a ‘Free Form Data’ or FFD profile.

Compliance profile: Food Prep Equip profile

Measured profile: Actual Oven Equip

profile

IES-SCANFree Form Data Profiles

IES-SCAN is an extremely easy and unique online process of

creating Free Form Data (FFD) profiles.

The FFD’s maximise the accuracy of the VE Operational Model by using

the actual building data rather than guessing or restricting the building

operational information.

With IES-SCAN you can:

• Import BMS and other data in a variety of formats and convert the data

into FFD’s.

• FFD’s of any time frequency can be assigned i.e. from one hour to one

minute. Obviously the smaller the time frequency the more accurate

the calibration.

• The FFD’s can be assigned to the VE Model of the building to replace

rigid profiles of occupancy; room set points; or energy consumption.

1. These examples are aimed to show the difference between

using a Compliance profile with BMS data converted in

IES-SCAN and used to calibrate the Operational Model

(OM).

Free Form Data Profiles

IES-SCANExamples

2. The Compliance office electrical Lighting profile is taken

from the ASHRAE 90.1 methodology.

• Compliance lighting profile with ASHRAE 90.1 Office lighting

profile assigned

IES-SCANOffice Building: Lighting

Closer view

of profile

Measured Lighting Load

Compliance Lighting load profile

Security guard turns lights on

and off at weekend

• The annual lighting load when the ASHRAE 90.1 Compliance lighting profile (blue)

was used in the Operational Model is 63.6 MWh.

• IES-SCAN was used to import the actual measured lighting load into the

Operational Model. The actual recorded lighting load (red) is 131.6 MWh and is

considerably different compared with the Compliance profile.

• The actual lighting load is 112% higher than a reasonable design assumption.

Consequently, the Operational Model is significantly more accurate with the actual

lighting load information.

IES-SCANOffice Building: Lighting

3. Impact of using the actual profile on annual boiler energy

• Significantly higher Lighting load to the building

• This will result in higher heat gain to the building, consequently annual heating

energy reduced by 40%, and heating plant capacity reduced by 18%

• Note: UK climate used

Compliance Profile results for Boiler

Energy

Measured Profile results for Boiler

Energy

IES-SCANOffice Building: Boiler Energy

4. Impact on annual chiller energy of using actual lighting profile

• Significantly higher heat gain results in the annual chiller energy

increasing by 45%, cooling plant capacity increased by 31%

Compliance profile results for Chiller

Energy

Actual Profile results for Chiller

Energy

IES-SCANOffice Building: Chiller Energy