How to solve a problem ? The ISM approach

-Gaurav Dahake 08IM3014-Ankit Banthia 08IM3013Guide: Dr. Akhilesh Kumar

Problems

• Problem can be

Solution Techniques

• Solution is any method for solving a problem. Solution Methods: • Abstraction: solving the problem in a model of the system

before applying it to the real system• Analogy: using a solution that solves an analogous problem• Brainstorming: • Divide and conquer: breaking down a large, complex problem

into smaller, solvable problems• Hypothesis testing: assuming a possible explanation to the

problem and trying to prove the assumption

Solution Techniques

• Lateral thinking: approaching solutions indirectly and creatively

• Morphological analysis: assessing the output and interactions of an entire system

• Proof: try to prove that the problem cannot be solved. • Reduction: transforming the problem into another problem

for which solutions exist• Research: employing existing ideas or adapting existing

solutions to similar problems• Root cause analysis: eliminating the cause of the problem

ISM

• Interpretive structural modeling• Proposed by J. Warfield in 1973• Effective methodology for dealing with

complex issues• Helps to develop complex relations among

elements of a system• Used worldwide including NASA

Steps involved in ISM

1• Identify problem to be studied

2• Identify the factors/issues

3

• Develop a structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM)• Reachability matrix• Transitivity matrix

4 • Transitivity matrix obtained is partitioned into different levels

5 • Develop the ISM model

Example

• D.K. Banwet and Ravi Shankar (2006), “Supply Chain Risk Mitigation: Modeling the enablers ”, BPJM, Vol. 12 No. 4, p. 535-552

• Aim: To find out the most important enabler and the relation between various enablers so as to effectively mitigate risk in supply chain

Enablers of Supply Chain Management

Information Sharing

Agility in the supply chain

Trust among supply chain partners

Collaborative relationship among SCP

1

2

3

4

Enablers of Supply Chain Management

Information Security

Corporate Social responsibility

Aligning incentives and revenue sharing policies in supply chain

Strategic Risk Planning

5

6

7

8

Enablers of Supply Chain Management

Risk Sharing in Supply Chain

Knowledge about risk in a supply chain

Continual risk analysis and assessment

9

10

11

Notation

• V: if enabler i facilitates enabler j• A: if enabler j facilitates enabler i• O: if both enabler facilitates each other• X: if enabler i and j are unrelated

Structural Self-Interaction Matrix

Reachability Matrix

Transitivity Matrix

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

Iteration 2-5

ISM based model1

2

3

4

5

Example 2

• Mr. Rinshul Sable wants to open an online food delivery business. Here a customer would be able to place his order online from any of the restaurants listed and get food delivered at his doorstep.

Issues in Start-up

1. Need fund to start the business 2. Register the company 3. Develop a website of the company 4. Setup an office 5. Manager and delivery men to manage the

business 6. Approach restaurants in the city

Issues in Start-up

7. Advertise the company to customers in the city 8. Provide on time delivery 9. Provide a 12x7 helpline 10. Handle the logistics issues 11. Collect money from the customers 12. Increase customer turnup

Notation

• A: if issue is i prerequisite for issue j• B: if issue is j prerequisite for issue i• C: if both are prerequisite for each other• D: if issue i and j are unrelated

SSIMRelationship matrix

S no. ISSUES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Need fund to start the business A A A A A A A A A D A

2 Register the company A D D A A D D D D D

3Develop a website of the company D D C A D D D A A

4 Setup an office A D D A A A D D

5 Manager and delivery men to manage the business A D A A A A D

6 Approach restaurants in the city A D D D D D

7Advertise the company to customers in the city D B D D A

8 Provide on time delivery B B A A

9 Provide a 12x7 helpline A D A

10 Handle the logistics issues A D

11 Collect money from the customers D

12 Increase customer turnup

Reachability MatrixS

no. ISSUES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121 Need fund to start the business 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 12 Register the company 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 03 Develop a website of the company 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 14 Setup an office 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

5Manager and delivery men to manage the business 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

6 Approach restaurants in the city 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

7Advertise the company to customers in the city 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

8 Provide on time delivery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 19 Provide a 12x7 helpline 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

10 Handle the logistics issues 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 011 Collect money from the customers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 012 Increase customer turnup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Transitivity MatrixS

no. ISSUES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Need fund to start the business 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 Register the company 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

3Develop a website of the company 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

4 Setup an office 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5Manager and delivery men to manage the business 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6Approach restaurants in the city 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

7Advertise the company to customers in the city 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

8 Provide on time delivery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

9 Provide a 12x7 helpline 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

10 Handle the logistics issues 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

11Collect money from the customers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

12 Increase customer turnup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Iteration 1 Reachability and Antecedent Set

Reachability Antecedent Intersection set level

1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 1 1

2 2,3,6,7,11,12 1,2 2

3 3,6,7,11,12 1,2,3,4,5,6 3,6

4 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 1,4 4

5 3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 1,4,5 5

6 3,6,7,11,12 1,2,3,4,5,6 3,6

7 7,12 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9 7

8 8,11,12 1,4,5,8,9,10 8

9 7,8,9,10,11,12 1,4,5,9 9

10 8,10,11,12 1,4,5,9,10 10

11 11 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11 11 1

12 12 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12 12 1

Iteration 2S no. ISSUES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Need fund to start the business 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 Register the company 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

3Develop a website of the company 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

4 Setup an office 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 Manager and delivery men to manage the business 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 Approach restaurants in the city 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

7 Advertise the company to customers in the city 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

8 Provide on time delivery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

9 Provide a 12x7 helpline 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

10 Handle the logistics issues 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Iteration 2ITERATION 2

Reachability and Antecedent Set

Reachability Antecedent Intersection set level

1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 1 1

2 2,3,6,7 1,2 2

3 3,6,7 1,2,3,4,5,6 3,6

4 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 1,4 4

5 3,5,6,7,8,9,10 1,4,5 5

6 3,6,7 1,2,3,4,5,6 3,6

7 7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9 7 2

8 8 1,4,5,8,9,10 8 2

9 7,8,9,10 1,4,5,9 9

10 8,10 1,4,5,9,10 10

Final Result FINAL RESULT

S no. NAME LEVEL11 we need to collect money from the customers 112 we have to increase customer turnup. 1

7 we need to advertise the company to customers in the city

2

8 we have to provide on time delivery 23 we have to develop a website of the company 36 we need to approach restaurants in the city 3

10 we have to handle the logistics issues 32 we need to register the company 49 we have to provide a 12x7 helpline 4

5 we need a manager and delivery men to manage the business

5

4 we have to setup an office 61 we need fund to start the business 7

ISM ModelCollect money from the

customersIncrease customer

turnup

Advertise the company to customers in the city

Provide on time delivery

Develop a website of the company

Approach restaurants in the city

Handle the logistics issues

Register the company Provide a 12x7 helpline

Manager and delivery men to manage the business

Setup an office

Need fund to start the business Level VII

Level VI

Level V

Level IV

Level III

Level II

Level I

1

7

4

5

96

10

8

1211

3

2

Class assignment

• Tell the steps involved in ISM • Do the factor analysis for global warming• Site some possible areas where ISM can be

applied

Questions

Thank you