how to make and use argument maps
DESCRIPTION
How to make and use argument maps.TRANSCRIPT
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Target audience: everyone interested,
no special knowledge necessary
Reading time: about 20-25 minutes
Page layout: allows easy reading without scrolling, even on very small screens
uthor: !dgar "artel
#ate: published $ovember 20%&
Terms: 'ree 'or non-commercial use commercial use re*uires sep
+reative +ommons &0 npo ttribution - $on+ommercial
BY NC SA
CC $
How to make and use argument maps
Avoid endless discussions
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e'ore we begin,you may want to know this:
This te1t is a (slightly edited) e1cerpt'rom the book#ecision making, politics and *uality o' li'e by !dgar "arte
3ost e1amples, and all persons or organi4ationsappearing in them, are invented
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+hapters
% ntroduction - short one
2 Problems ll sorts, all si4es 6here do they come 'rom7
& 6hat is a good or bad decision7 de'initions interme44o
8 6hat happens when bad decisions are made 're*uently7
bout circles and spirals
5 "ow can bad decisions be avoided7 short answer
9 6hich 'actors hinder good decision making7 - n overview
"ow to overcome the 'actors that hinder good decision making pproaches and methods
%0 +onclusion - short one
; n appeal: how youcan contribute etter decisions, less problems
uality o' .i'e
by
!dgar "artel
BY NC SA
CC $
>uality o' li The most im
s there a m "ow to solv problems
+ #o not crea solving the 6here is th
# =actors tha making -
! >uality stan decision ma 6hat they
= "ow to visu decision op
? "ow to mak argument m void endle
" 3iscellaneo cknowled contact in'o
" 3iscellaneo cknowled
contact in'o
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!stimated reading time: 20-25 minutes
How to make and use argument maps
void endless discussions
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#iscussions have animportant role in our lives
They in'luence our thinking,
our social relations, ourdecision makingand our actions
Publicdiscussions (or debates)o'ten precede and in'luence
politicaldecision making
6hich again a''ects us
There'ore it is in our bethat discussions giv
results nstead o' ma us, or simply wasting
This te1t is mostlydiagrams that can helpbetter (and shorter) di
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ut be'ore making any diagrams
we need to 'ind out what toe1pect 'rom a better discussion
'ter that, we need to takea *uick look at which reality
these diagrams re'lect
$ote:
The diagram types income in addition
(multi-party) decisionintroduced in append
original book
Rather use those mi' the discussion is
choosing between decis
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Progress
ntro done
bout discussions up ne1t#iagrams and reality (yours or mine7)
rgument mapsrgument evaluation
rgument evaluation diagrams
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n an idealdiscussion,the participants:
% talk@write about a precisely
de'ined topic, and nothing else
2 agree on the purpose o' the discussion
& treat each other with respect
8 e1press themselves clearly
5 consider each others and arguments with o
9 come to their conclus they have heard and all arguments
and
do all this without wa
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n real li'ediscussions,the participants o'ten do
e1actly the opposite
/ometimes in all aspects
Results, i' any, are accordingly
n'ortunately, because thishappens so o'ten, it is widely
considered as normal andacceptable behaviour
Real li'e discussionsrather debate
n a debate, the par
try to convince eac(or at least their auo' their opposingpo
rguments are to attackor de'endp
rather than to arrwell-'ounded conc
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ack to the discussions
There is no practical way to ensurethat discussion participants behaveideally as outlined 2 pages be'ore
ut there are at least & approachesthat can help
% educationand traininwhen started at ea
2 discussion ru
& visuali4ationtech
6hen combined, these bring ideal discussions w
ut already one o' themmake a discussion
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pproach % re*uires long-termthinking and much preparation
pproaches % and 2re*uire either authority
over (potential) participants,or their 'ull cooperation
pproach & does neither
6hether you are a participant oran audience member, you can
always listen to what is said andmake a diagram o' it
3ore precisely, yo
- 'ollow the discu
- e1tract claims, argumevaluations 'ro
- convert that in'ormavisual 'orm (a dia
- make the diagram(sto participants and a
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ut how can a diagram help tomake a discussion better7
good discussion supportdiagramdoes not reproduceverbal smoke screens,
other rhetorical tricks, insultsand o''-topic statements
"ence it can give better overview,
clarityand 'ocus
nd once the participthat an argument ha
registered in a diagramre'rain 'rom repea
The ideal discussion%, &, 8, maybe 9, and
could bene'it 'rom
lot more could be sdiscussions ut that
the scope o' this
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Progress
ntro done
bout discussions done#iagrams and reality (yours or mine7) up ne1t
rgument mapsrgument evaluation
rgument evaluation diagrams
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$o two persons have e1actly thesame perception o' reality
/omething consider as 'act, you
might consider as someonesopinion /omething you consider
as valid conclusion, mightconsider 'ar-'etched nd so on
This can easily lead tomisunderstandings, con'usion
and@or con'licts
To avoid these, the maker (ideally: all di
participants) must und
di''erence between oband interpretatio
Aour observationsare'ive senses tell you
Aour interpretations
your mind makes o
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Observations vs. interpretations(eamples!
The man smiled a'ter he boarded the train
The man was happy a'ter he boarded the train
The man was happy because he didnt have to wait 'or the ne1t train
smiled a'ter he boarded the trainwickedlyThe man
These satellite photos show troops leaving their usual positions
prove that an attack is imminentThese satellite photos
=ig ?%a : observations vs interpretations (e1amples)
The grecontain o(source:
Aellowcontain int
(source:
Bbservation
agree onthanand genermore reliab
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Observations vs. interpretations(eamples!
The man smiled a'ter he boarded the train
The man was happy a'ter he boarded the train
The man was happy because he didnt have to wait 'or the ne1t train
smiled a'ter he boarded the trainwickedlyThe man
These satellite photos show troops leaving their usual positions
prove that an attack is imminentThese satellite photos
=ig ?%b : observations vs interpretations (e1amples)
$ot%00C pure
can be ha
>uite o'tetraces o' i
blended with
Dust think ab
smiled 'rom the
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6hat bearing does all this haveon the making o' argument maps
(and similar diagrams)7
%ecause the diagram
needs to summari4e@arguments presented
such diagrams caobservation on
2"owever, i' the diagra
'ollows a suitable codethe diagram will c
a neutral view
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&' not, such diagramscould be abused 'or
(public) opinion manipulation
8There'ore it must alwaysbe clear to the audiencewho made the diagram,
and which (i' any) code o' conduct
the diagram maker adhered to
5These diagrams will per'ectly true in a sc
philosophical se
Aet they can be veryin practice
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Progress
ntro done
bout discussions done#iagrams and reality (yours or mine7) done
rgument maps up ne1trgument evaluation
rgument evaluation diagrams
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rgument maps can have variouslayouts The ones in this te1t are
optimi4ed 'or easy access
3ost people will understand themwithout e1tra e1planations
This is important,because di''icult to readdiagramso'ten end up not being read, or notbeing understood n both cases
they become useless
Please note that the ndo not e1plain how
an argument map, bmakeone
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>uestion with2 possible answers
(eg yes@no)
no
yes
the answercould be
the answercould be
=ig ?2a : argument map (basic structure)
Argument map(basic structure!
The starting point'or this type o' argument ma
is the discussed *uestion
est suited are *uestionswith 2 possible answers
' the discussion has alreadytaken place, but without a clea
e1pressed topic *uestion, thi*uestion must be constructe
a'terwards
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>uestion with2 possible answers
(eg yes@no)
no
yes
the answercould be
the answercould be
=ig ?2b : argument map (basic structure)
Argument map(basic structure! t is very important that the
*uestion is:
% precisely phrased(must be answerable, withou
the need 'or lo'ty assumption
2 neutrally phrased(must not indicate
a pre'erred answer)
& immediately understandab'or the target audience
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>uestion with2 possible answers
(eg yes@no)
no
yes
the answercould be
the answercould be
=ig ?2c : argument map (basic structure)
Argument map(basic structure! ad e1amples:
re young people la4y7
/hould private investors 'inally a chance to run our water sup
in'rastructure more e''iciently
?ood e1ample:
/hould bc +ity sell
its water supply in'rastructurto private investors7
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>uestion with2 possible answers
(eg yes@no)
no
yes
argument 'or yes
argument 'or yes
argument 'or no
argument 'or no
%st orderarguments
main arguments
the answercould be
the answercould be
=ig ?2d : argument map (basic structure)
argument 'or yes
because
because
Argument map(basic structure!
$e1t, argumensupporting an ans
They are the mai
ll arguments areaccording to the
suppo
$ote that thesmust not indicate a
(as eg red or g
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>uestion with2 possible answers
(eg yes@no)
no
yes
argument 'or yes
argument againstyes-argument
argument againstyes-argument
argument 'or yes
argument againstno-argument
argument 'or no
argument 'or no
%st orderarguments
sub-argume
2nd orderarguments
main arguments
the answercould be
the answercould be argument 'or
argument 'or no
argument againstyes-argument
=ig ?2e : argument map (basic structure)
argument 'or yes
because
because
because
but
but
but
Argument map(basic structure!
3aino'ten dicteby
(argum
re'erri
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>uestion with2 possible answers
(eg yes@no)
no
yes
argument 'or yes
argument againstyes-argument
argument againstyes-argument
argument 'or yes
argument againstno-argument
argument 'or no
argument 'or no
%st orderarguments
sub-argume
2nd orderarguments
main arguments
the answercould be
the answercould be argument 'or
argument 'or no
argument againstyes-argument
=ig ?2' : argument map (basic structure)
argument 'or yes
because
because
because
but
Argument map(basic structure!
&rd o
are a
8thargum
e
discer
but
but
i
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>uestion with2 possible answers
(eg yes@no)
no
yes
argument 'or yes
argument againstyes-argument
argument againstyes-argument
argument 'or yes
argument againstno-argument
argument 'or no
argument 'or no
%st orderarguments
sub-argume
2nd orderarguments
main arguments
the answercould be
the answercould be argument 'or
argument 'or no
argument againstyes-argument
=ig ?2g : argument map (basic structure)
argument 'or yes
because
because
because
but
but
but
but
Argument map(basic structure!
but
but
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s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yesin an accident, your body
might otherwise hit@inEureother people in the car but
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
less than %Co' all accidents involve
a submerged car
in most places, tra''icaccidents are much morelikely than such assaults
it can save you 'rom long-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
accident probabilityis very low
Argument map(eample "!
=ig ?& : argument map (e1ample %)
the answercould be
but
but but
but
but
but
it is inconvenientnot much,
once you are used to it
but
to other people,not wearing a seat belt
looks stupidbecause
because
t l lth it i th i i ht t tA t
b t b t
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/houldpersonal wealthbe legally limitedto 500 times the
national average7
no
yese1treme economic
ine*uality can causesocial unrest
but social unrest is causedby poverty, not by wealth
500 times the averagewealth should satis'y
every imaginable need
the *uest 'or moremay serve this purpose,the *uest 'or e1tremely
much does not
more personal wealth isan important driving 'orce'or economic development
personal wealth is a 'ormo' personal 'reedom
the answer
could be
personal 'reedom isactually limited by law
economic developmentis no goal in itsel'
this idea isborn 'rom envy
i' envy were animportant 'actor, the limit
would be 'ar lower
such a limit ishard to implement
there are hundreds o'implemented regulationsthat are more comple1
e1treme wealth givestoo much economic power
to very 'ew persons
e1tremely wealthy personscan buy political decisions
e1tremely wealthy persons
o'ten donate much money'or good causes
with a wealth limit,
donations will increase(i' only to avoid ta1es)
it is their right to e1ertin'luence with legal means
these persons arebetter *uali'ied than
most others 'or this Eob
Argument map(eample #!
because
because
=ig ?8a : argument map (e1ample 2)
the answercould be
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
t l lth it i th i i ht t tA t
but but
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/houldpersonal wealthbe legally limitedto 500 times the
national average7
no
yese1treme economic
ine*uality can causesocial unrest
but social unrest is causedby poverty, not by wealth
500 times the averagewealth should satis'y
every imaginable need
the *uest 'or moremay serve this purpose,the *uest 'or e1tremely
much does not
more personal wealth isan important driving 'orce'or economic development
personal wealth is a 'ormo' personal 'reedom
the answer
could be
personal 'reedom isactually limited by law
economic developmentis no goal in itsel'
this idea isborn 'rom envy
i' envy were animportant 'actor, the limit
would be 'ar lower
such a limit ishard to implement
there are hundreds o'implemented regulationsthat are more comple1
e1treme wealth givestoo much economic power
to very 'ew persons
e1tremely wealthy personscan buy political decisions
e1tremely wealthy persons
o'ten donate much money'or good causes
with a wealth limit,
donations will increase(i' only to avoid ta1es)
it is their right to e1ertin'luence with legal means
these persons arebetter *uali'ied than
most others 'or this Eob
Argument map(eample #!
because
because
=ig ?8b : argument map (e1ample 2)
the answercould be
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
ll arguments mustconcisely, and witho
approval or re
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Aou can clearly see the lines o'argumentsin either e1ample
6ith an argument map,you can understand a discussion
in 2-5 minutes
6ithout one, you probably wouldhave to listen or read 'or hours
nd you might even end up
with con'usion rather thanunderstanding
$ote that you also cargument maps 'or dwith yoursel' n that
could e''ectively clear by making on
(t takes about &0-;0
e1tremely wealthy persons it is their right to e1ertA t
but but
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/houldpersonal wealthbe legally limitedto 500 times the
national average7
no
yese1treme economic
ine*uality can causesocial unrest
but social unrest is causedby poverty, not by wealth
500 times the averagewealth should satis'y
every imaginable need
the *uest 'or moremay serve this purpose,the *uest 'or e1tremely
much does not
more personal wealth isan important driving 'orce'or economic development
personal wealth is a 'ormo' personal 'reedom
the answer
could be
personal 'reedom isactually limited by law
economic developmentis no goal in itsel'
this idea isborn 'rom envy
i' envy were animportant 'actor, the limit
would be 'ar lower
such a limit ishard to implement
there are hundreds o'implemented regulationsthat are more comple1
e1treme wealth givestoo much economic power
to very 'ew persons
e1tremely wealthy personscan buy political decisions
e1tremely wealthy persons
o'ten donate much money'or good causes
with a wealth limit,
donations will increase(i' only to avoid ta1es)
it is their right to e1ertin'luence with legal means
these persons arebetter *uali'ied than
most others 'or this Eob
Argument map(eample #!
because
because
=ig ?8c : argument map (e1ample 2)
the answercould be
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
This map shows 2& argumeand their logical connection
but would still 'it com'ortably
single [email protected] pag
(or about hal' that pagewhen using a typical newspa
'ont si4e o'
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'ter reading an argument map,you will have a 'irst impressiono' which answer you 'ind better
supported
#epending on the situation, andon how clear your impression is,
you must decide whether closer evaluation is needed
rgument evaluation is subEect
o' the ne1t pages
lternatively you couthe criteriaused in a
and put them in a deci(where the possible
become option
+riteria'rom the e1ample - accident survival cha - health status a'ter ac - convenience - coolness o' appeara ()
Bptions'rom the e1ampl - wear a seat belt - dont wear a seat b
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Progress
ntro done
bout discussions done#iagrams and reality (yours or mine7) done
rgument maps donergument evaluation up ne1t
rgument evaluation diagrams
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The resulto' an argumentevaluation depends not Eust onthe argument, but also on the
evaluating person
Thats because di''erent personshave di''erent reality perceptions
and value systems(we 'ind di''erent things important)
Bther persons therenot necessarily mistake
Eust because they
at di''erent res
' you want to critici4eevaluation result, you sit clear whether you disthe underlying value s
with the evaluation me
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$ow lets have a lookat one o' these methods
simple and e''icieo' evaluating an ar
is to ask and answethree *uestion
A t l ti
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777
not valid
% #o you considerthe argument as true7
no
yes
cantanswer
=ig ?5a: argument evaluation 'lowchart
summari4ed argumenttakeusually the 'orm o' a stateme
' you consider it as true,perhaps giving it the bene'it o' d
proceed to the 2 *uestion(ne1t page)
Btherwise the evaluation is
completed
!ach gray bo1 shows a possievaluation result
Argument evaluation(lowc%art!
A t l ti
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777
not valid
% #o you considerthe argument as true7
no
2 #o you considerit as relevant7
yes
cantanswer
=ig ?5b: argument evaluation 'lowchart
no
cantanswer
yes
' you consider therelevant (having a topic), proceed to t
gain you mthe bene'it o
Btherwise the ecomple
Argument evaluation(lowc%art!
A t l ti
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777
validF
not important
vaF
impovalidnot valid
% #o you considerthe argument as true7
no
2 #o you considerit as relevant7
& "ow importantis it to you7
yes
cantanswer
=ig ?5c: argument evaluation 'lowchart
not important importan(de'ault)
no
cantanswer
yes
$ow your personakicks in with 'ull
determines yo
Argument evaluation(lowc%art!
Argument evaluation
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777
validF
not important
vaF
impovalidnot valid
% #o you considerthe argument as true7
no
2 #o you considerit as relevant7
& "ow importantis it to you7
yes
cantanswer
=ig ?5d: argument evaluation 'lowchart
not important importan
no
cantanswer
yes
Argument evaluation(lowc%art!
(de'ault)
&plicit evaluation eamp
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s that true7 Aes, at least som s it relevant7 Aes s it important7 $o, not to mes driver or
passenger in amoving car,
should you weara seat belt7
no
=ig ?9a : e1plicit evaluation e1amples
the answercould be
it is inconvenient
&plicit evaluation eamp
because
&plicit evaluation eamp
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s that true7 Aes s it relevant7 $o
s that true7 $o
s that true7 Aes, at least som s it relevant7 Aes s it important7 $o, not to me
s that true7 Aes, probably s it relevant7 $ot very, but still s it important7 m not sure
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,
should you weara seat belt7
no
=ig ?9b : e1plicit evaluation e1amples
the answercould be
seat belts o'ten tear
apart in serious accidents
seat belts add weightto the car
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it is inconvenient
&plicit evaluation eamp
because
These two argument'or demonstration pur
&plicit evaluation eamp
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s that true7 Aes s it relevant7 $o
s that true7 $o
s that true7 Aes, at least som s it relevant7 Aes s it important7 $o, not to me
s that true7 Aes, probably s it relevant7 $ot very, but still s it important7 m not sure
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,
should you weara seat belt7
no
=ig ?9c : e1plicit evaluation e1amples
the answercould be
seat belts o'ten tear
apart in serious accidents
seat belts add weightto the car
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it is inconvenient
&plicit evaluation eamp
because
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Progress
ntro done
bout discussions done#iagrams and reality (yours or mine7) done
rgument maps donergument evaluation done
rgument evaluation diagrams up ne1t
-
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6e know aboutargument mapsand about
argument evaluation
.ets see how webring them toge
in a diagram
A t
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=ig ?a : argument evaluations diagram
Argument map(eample "!
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yesin an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEure
other people in the car
but
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
leso' all a
a su
in mosaccidentlikely tha
it can save you 'rom long-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
accidi
because
the answercould be
but
but
but
but
but
it is inconvenientn
once yobut
to onot wea
lobecause
Argument evaluations(eample "!
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yes in an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEure
other people in the car
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
it can save you 'rom long-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
because
the answercould be
it is inconvenient
because
Bur new diagram starts outas a copy o' the original
argument map, but without thesub-arguments
A t
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=ig ?b : argument evaluations diagram
Argument map(eample "!
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yesin an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEure
other people in the car
but
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
leso' all a
a su
in mosaccidentlikely tha
it can save you 'rom long-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
accidi
because
the answercould be
but
but
but
but
but
it is inconvenientn
once yobut
to onot wea
lobecause
Argument evaluations(eample "!
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yes in an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEure
other people in the car
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
it can save you 'rom long-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
because
the answercould be
it is inconvenient
because
not valid
validF
not important
valid
validF
not important
validF
very importan
validF
important
validF
very importan
valid
$ow there is room ne1t to themain arguments Thats where we
put our evaluation results
A t
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=ig ?c : argument evaluations diagram
Argument map(eample "!
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yesin an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEure
other people in the car
but
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
leso' all a
a su
in mosaccidentlikely tha
it can save you 'rom long-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
accidi
because
the answercould be
but
but
but
but
but
it is inconvenientn
once yobut
to onot wea
lobecause
Argument evaluations(eample "!
s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yes in an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEure
other people in the car
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
it can save you 'rom long-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
because
the answercould be
it is inconvenient
because
not valid
validF
not important
valid
validF
not important
validF
very importan
validF
important
validF
very importan
valid
B' course we must consider all
connected sub-argumentswhenevaluating a main argument
ut usually we dont need toinclude individual sub-argument
evaluations in the diagram
This way we get a much simplerdiagram than otherwise
'ultipart)
rgument evaluations by party
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s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yesin an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEureother people in the car
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
it can save you 'romlong-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
'ultipart)argument evaluation
(eample "!
=ig ?
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s driver orpassenger in a
moving car,should you wear
a seat belt7
no
yesin an accident, your bodymight otherwise hit@inEureother people in the car
tra''ic regulations re*uireit (depending on country)
escape 'roma submerged car
is easier without seat belt
it looks coolernot to wear a seat belt
(to some people)
the answercould be
it can save you 'romlong-lasting health problems
a'ter an accident
it can save your li'ein an accident
escape 'rom a carassaulted by criminals
is easier without seat belt
'ultipart)argument evaluation
(eample "!
=ig ?
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$ow lets take a step back'rom the details and do some
summing up
3any normal discussionssu''er
'rom empty talk, manipulationattempts, poor reasoning,
personal insults, hidden agendasor lack o' 'ocus and overview
/uch discussions can
take a long time,without giving use'ul results
' the topic is impand you can cho
consider this alter
% make an argumen
2 evaluate the main & draw your conclus
Dust 'or yourselin cooperation with
n most cases you will'ounded results within
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