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How to Increase Local Benefits of Ports from Waterfront Redevelopment
Olaf Merk
14 November 2014
Busan International Port Conference
Busan, South Korea
Value added:
• Up to EUR 13 bn
• Up to 20% of regional GDP
• USD 100 for every tonne of port throughput
• USD 200 for cruise passenger
• Multipliers up to 2.5
• Port-related industries and services
• Agglomeration effects
Benefits from ports
• Economic spillovers; e.g. more than 90% of
supplier links are outside port region
• Regionalisation of logistics employment
• Localised negative impacts
• Mismatch intensified by containerisation, larger
ships and port concentration.
Mismatch of benefits and impacts
Economies of scale in shipping…
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…resulting in port concentration
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Source: OECD 2013
Maritime industry consolidation
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Globalisation of terminal operations
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Source: Rodrigue and Notteboom 2010
Policy options and instruments
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Evolution of waterfront development
Different generations of urban waterfronts:
• 1960s-1970s: Baltimore
• 1980s: Boston, Toronto, New York, London,
Barcelona
• 1990s: Vancouver, Sydney, Liverpool
• Since the 1990s: Bilbao, Amsterdam,
Shanghai, Singapore, Dubai, Hamburg, Cape
Town
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Classification of waterfront development
• Development orientation: economic, spatial,
financial
• Land use for different functions: industrial,
recreational, commercial, residential
• Rationale for development
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Growing city Shrinking city
Port growth New port sites (Singapore) Extending hinterlands (Rotterdam)
Port decline Urban waterfronts (Baltimore) Economic transformation (Bilbao)
Common design features:
• Mixed land use: industrial, recreational,
commercial, residential
• Notions of neighbourhood design: walkability,
orientation towards public transit, preservation
of open space and greenways
• Flagship building
• Sometimes explicit links to maritime heritage
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• Availability port land and port decline ->
waterfront functions not related to ports;
developments not fuelled by ports, but real
estate and development corporations
• Scarcity port land and port growth -> mixed
use with some port functions, with
developmental role for port
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Different outcomes depending on
Composition of waterfront functions
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Canary Wharf (London)
Old Port Genova
Puerto Madero (Buenos Aires)
Abandoibarra (Bilbao)
HafenCity (Hamburg)
Port Vell (Barcelona)
Public space Residential Office Retail/commerce Port Other
Sectoral linkages in waterfront developments
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Waterfront Port functions Tourism and recreation Food
Port Vell, Barcelona
Marina (Port Vell Marina) Ship repair (Barcelona 92 Marina: dockyard specialised in the maintenance of superyachts) Barcelona Ferry Terminal
Barcelona Maritime Museum Barcelona Aquarium Events (International Boat Show, Barcelona World Race, Swim Across the Port, Catalan Wine and Cava Show) Sports facilities (Swimming Clubs: Sant Sebastià Beach with sports facilities, Barcelona Swimming Club with family activities) Markets: Palau de Mar Craft Fair, Port Antic Antique Market, Port Vell Association of Painters Market Hotel Grand Marina W Barcelona Hotel
Restaurants at Palau de Mar, old general trade warehouses transformed into business units on the ground floor, restaurants with terraces
HafenCity, Hamburg
Cruise terminal (Hamburg Cruise Centre HafenCity)
International Maritime Museum Hamburg Speicherstadt (historic brick buildings transformed into museum spaces) Traditional ship harbour Elb-Philharmonic Concert Hall Hamburg-America Centre (cultural events) Sports facilities (Oberhafen) Stortebeker SV Sports Club 25 Hours Hotel Stadthaushotel and many other hotels to be constructed Centurion business centre
Plans for public spaces with restaurants, cafes, increasing number of restaurants in Überseequartier
San Francisco Waterfront, San Francisco
James R. Herman International Cruise Terminal Ferry tours operated by different companies Marinas (Pier 39, South Beach Harbor, The Ramp) Fishing port, fish handling facilities (Fisherman’s Wharf Waterfront) Ship repair (BAE Systems, San Francisco Ship Repair)
Historic preservation: Ferry Building Events: America’s Cup (contest featuring the best sailors on the world's fastest boats) AT&T Park (Baseball/ Sports facility) Swimming clubs, Aquatic Park (at Fishermen’s Wharf Waterfront) Boating and yacht clubs
Restaurants and seafood Market at Fisherman’s Wharf Waterfront
V&A Waterfront, Cape Town
Marina facilities and berths Local fishing industry occupies 60% of the harbour Ferry Terminal in the Clocktower Former commercial berths of the Victoria Basin were converted in the 1960s to cater to the expanding local fishing industry: 1) 160-metre long dry dock (Robinson Graving Dock, located near the New Basin) and 2) a Synchrolift (near the entrance runabout).
Leisure boat/ ferry cruises Cape Town Diamond Museum Chavonnes Battery Museum Craft Market and Wellness Centre Donald Greig Bronze Art Foundry & Gallery Iziko Maritime Museum Kids Ahoy Kids Playground Nelson Mandela Gateway & Robben Island Ocean Sailing Academy Diamond Tour Two Ocean Aquariums
Over 80 restaurants V&A Market on the Wharf (a fresh food market)
Abandoibarra, Bilbao
Guggenheim Bilbao Museum Bilbao Maritime Museum (the Karola crane, used for many years by the shipyards, remains intact) Zubiarte Shopping Centre (commerce and leisure) Memory Lane Sculpture Collection in Ribera Park chronicles the vitality of the area’s industrial past Park La Campa de los Ingleses Euskalduna Conference Centre/Auditorium
Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires
Marina of Puerto Madero Yacht Club
Port heritage: 16 refurbished warehouses that house modern offices, restaurants, bars, pubs and other businesses Casino: floating casino, the Star of Fortune, a replica of a Mississippi riverboat Corbeta Uruguay Museum, a gunner boat that pioneered Arctic exploration Fragata Presidente Sarmiento, a 1897 Argentine Navy training boat converted into a museum for children Buenos Aires Yacht Club, with 200 docked sailboats. A nautical school offers classes in sailing, rowing and kayaking. Public art collection of Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat Museum Centre of Buenos Aires in the old Munich Brewery
Over 100 restaurants
Liverpool Waterfront, Liverpool
Prince’ Dock area – Liverpool Cruise Terminal Arrival of Royal Navy vessels Pier Head area – Mersey Ferries terminal
Pier Head – cornerstone of the World Heritage Site, including the “Three Graces”: the Royal Liver Building, Cunard Building and Port of Liverpool building, and Museum of Liverpool Albert Dock area – Tate Liverpool, Maritime Museum, International Slavery museum and the Beatles Story King’s Dock area – ACC Liverpool: BT Convention Centre with 1 350-seat auditorium, 18 break-out rooms and 7 126 square metres of exhibition space, and the interlinked 11 000 capacity Echo Arena
Around 27 restaurants
•Port functions •Tourism, recreation •Food
Role of ports in waterfront development
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Project, City Implementation Agency Main shareholders
Abandoibarra, Bilbao Bilbao Rio 2000
SEPES (land management company, a public body under the Ministry of Development): 25% City of Bilbao: 15% Bilbao Port Authority: 10% National railway companies: 15% Basque and provincial government: 30%
Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires
Corporación Antiguo Puerto Madero S.A. (CAPMSA)
Owned equally by the municipality of Buenos Aires and the national state
Port Vell, Barcelona The Urban Management Port 2000 Established by the Port of Barcelona
HafenCity, Hamburg HafenCity Hamburg GmbH Owned by the City of Hamburg
Old Port Redevelopment, Genoa
The Porto Antico di Genova
City of Genoa: 51% Chamber of Commerce: 39% Genoa Port Authority: 10%
V&A Waterfront, Cape Town The V&A Waterfront Company Ltd.
Established by Transnet Ltd. (successor of the South African Transport Services), now sold to an international private consortium (Lexshell 44 General Trading Ltd.).
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Organisation
Evidence-based policy analysis and research, statistics
54 member countries on four continents, global transport policy agenda
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