how to startstatic.webfulfillment.com/.../06/introduction-to-lca.pdfapplying a value judgment to...
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How to start an LCA study
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Raw material extraction Manufacturing
Distribution
Use
Disposal/Recycling
Resources
Resources
Resources
Resources
Resources
Resources
Emissions
Emissions
Emissions
Emissions
Emissions
Emissions
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.
What is LCA?
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Steps of an LCA
recall
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Raw material extraction Manufacturing
Distribution
Use
Disposal/Recycling
Exercise – Where are the impacts?
Where do you think the main impacts are in the labelling
supply chain?
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Starting up an LCA study
How?
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Goal & Scope
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Goal“The goal of an LCA states the intended application, the reasons for carrying out the study, the intended audience, and whether the results are intended to be used in
comparative assertions to be disclosed to the public.”
• Examples:– Compare impact of different self‐adhesive labels to be used in marketing– Identify hotspots and improvement opportunities for a self‐adhesive labels
considering the complete life cycle, for internal communication.
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ScopeThis is what you need to specify in a ISO compliant LCA study: • The product system to be studied• The functions of the product system(s)• The functional unit and respective reference flow(s)• The system boundaries• Allocation procedures• Impact categories selected and LCIA method• Data requirements• Assumptions• Limitations• Initial data quality requirements• Type of critical review, if any• Type and format of the report required for the study
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Cradle-to gate printer-convertor
Cradle-to-gate Printer-convertor
Cradle-to-gate label stock producerCradle-to grave
Life cycle self‐adhesive label
distance(km) distance
(km)distance(km)
amount(kWh)
waste
amount(kWh)
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Label stock production
Pinter‐converterpreprocessing
Raw material
Application
amount(kWh)
amount(kWh)
distance(km)
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Function, functional unit and reference flow
• When comparing two or more products it is essential that they have the same function
• A measure of this function is defined as functional unit (FU)• For example: 20 m2 wall completely covered with paint for a period of 30 years
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Functional unitCradle‐to‐gate label stock manufacturer
‘1 m² of ready‐made self‐adhesive label stock material leaving gate at the label stock manufacturer’
Cradle to gate printer‐converter
‘1 m² ready‐made printed label leaving gate at the printer‐converter’
Cradle‐to‐grave ‘1 m² ready‐made printed label applied on package’
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Exercise: Calculate reference flow
The amount of a product needed to fulfil the FU is the reference flow
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area weight percentageLabel stock production 1m2 80 grams Production losses 6%
Matrix waste 15%
How much Input needed for 1 m2 ready‐made label on package
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End of life allocation
• Material or energy recovery resulting from recycling orincineration:– Production of virgin material or electricity is avoided
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LC1 Recycling
Waste
LC2 WasteVirgin
Virgin
Who gets the benefit and the burden???
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Example of 0‐100 allocation:
End‐of‐life allocation: 100‐0 approach
wasterecycling
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bottlePET
additives
floor tiles
100‐0 upstream allocation – it allocates the recycling activities and the avoided virgin material to the life cycle using the recycled material
• Also called “cut‐off approach” or “recycled content method”• If you use recycled content as an input for production (LC2), you
account for both benefits and burdens of recycling
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Example of 0‐100 allocation:
End‐of‐life allocation: 0‐100 approach
wasterecycling
Gol14
bottlePET
additives
floor tiles
0‐100 downstream allocation – it allocates the recycling activities and the avoided virgin material to the life cycle using the recycled material
• Also called “closed loop approximation method”• If you send a material to recycling (LC1), you account for the burdens
of recycling activities and for the credit of avoiding virgin materialproduction
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Harmonized sector approach: 0‐100 approach
• Limited recycling in self‐adhesive industry• There is great potential for recycling• Therefore 0‐100 approach to demonstrate potential
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
Recycled_0:100
Recycled_100‐0
Incinineration_0 100
Incinineration_100‐0
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Data inventory
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Build a flowchart
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weaving distance(km)
12% householdwaste
scenario
88% reuse ascleaningcloths
laundering
cotton rollyarn
seedscotton
fiber
waste
reuse
China the Netherlands
distance(km)
distance(km)
amount(kWh)
amount(kWh)
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Collecting data
• Start with a quick and rough screening– Use estimates, data of the wrong plastic if you don’t have the proper
plastic data, etc.– Use input‐output data if no proxy can be found
• Data collection is needed for all relevant issues
• Types of data:– Foreground data– Background data
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Foreground data
weaving distance(km)
12% householdwaste
scenario
88% reuse ascleaningcloths
laundering
cotton rollyarn
seedscotton
fiber
waste
reuse
China the Netherlands
distance(km)
distance(km)
amount(kWh)
amount(kWh)
Data collection Adapting data19
FlowchartFirst steps
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Collecting foreground data
• Foreground data is the data of the system itself and thus needs to be specific
• Approach:– Establish a communication channel with your factories, suppliers, etc.– Ask for a flowchart– Understand the terminology and the way data is normally collected– Develop a questionnaire that is concise and understandable
• Do not ask for background data• Build in questions for consistency check
– Process your data with care• Check if the answers make sense• Ask for clarifications• Document the processing steps
Data collection Adapting data20
FlowchartFirst steps
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Foreground data‐ self‐adhesive label
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Label stock production Type of inputs and amounts, e.g. adhesive, siliconeLaminating production processEnergy consumptionWater useNatural heat useEmissionsWaste streams Transport distance raw‐materials/to printer
Printer –converter Type of inputs, amounts, e.g. inks, varnishProduction processEnergy consumption Water use Natural heat use Emissions Waste streamsTransport distance to brand owner
Application Amount of electricity application Destination liner waste
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China the Netherlands
Background data
distance(km)
distance(km)
distance(km)
12% householdwaste
scenario
88% reuse ascleaningcloths
amount(kWh)
amount(kWh)
laundering
cotton rollyarn
seedscotton
fiber
waste
reuse
weaving
Data collection Adapting data22
FlowchartFirst steps
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Collecting background data
• Use LCA database supplied with your software & literature
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Raw materials Type of materialRecycled material content) Raw materials extractionEnergy consumption for pre‐processing
Label stock production/ Printer –converter
Electricity gridNatural heat production Water production Waste treatment processes
Application Electricity gridWaste treatment processes
End of life Waste treatment process & percentages
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Default data
• Application and drying label • Transport distances and modes • Default waste percentages and routes
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Impact assessment
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Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Results
• LCI results is a long list with inputs from and outputs to nature• Not easy to draw conclusions from this
China the Netherlands
LandWaterOilCu
CFC
Pb
P
N2O
PM2.5
…
LCI result
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Steps of LCIA
Classification Characterization Normalization Weighting
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1. Classification
Land use
Water depletion
Resource depletion
Climate change
Ozone layer depletion
Human toxicity
Particulate matter formation
Eutrophication
Impacts
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Land
Water
Oil
Cu
CFC
Pb
P
CO2
PM2.5
…
LCI result
IAM selection ReCiPeSteps of LCIAWhy LCIA
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Cause‐effect pathway shows the causal relationship between the intervention and its potential effects
• Example: climate change Emissions into the atmosphere
Time integrated concentration
Radiative forcing
Climate change
Net primaryproduction
Changingbiomes
Wild fires
Other impacts
Mal‐nutrition Flooding Infectious
diseasesHeat stress
Decreasingbiodiversity
Effects onecosystems
Effects onhumans
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• Next step is to quantify how much impact a product or service has in each impact category
• All interventions are multiplied by a factor (characterization factor) which reflects their relative contribution to the environmental impact
2. Characterization
IAM selection ReCiPeSteps of LCIAWhy LCIA
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= 1000
= 1490
= 13.1
= 3.7
= 0.61
= 0.036
= 4
2. Characterization
LCI results Climate change
x 1
x 298
Acidification
x 1.31
x 0.74
Particulate matter
x 0.061
x 0.0072
x 1
Characterized results kg CO2‐eq. mol H+‐eq. kg PM2.5‐eq.2.49 0.0168 0.0046
CO21000 g
10 g
N2O5 g
PM2.54 g
SO2
+ + +
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IAM selection ReCiPeSteps of LCIAWhy LCIA
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Characterization
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CC OD Htox POF PMF IR TA FE Ttox Ftox Mtox ALO ULO NLT MD FD
Application
Inks supply
End of Life
Printing
Manufacturing label
Transport
Material Supply
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3. Normalization
• Characterized results have different units• One way to make interpreting such scores easier is to
normalize them: dividing your scores by a reference situation’s scores
• This reference situation could be one person’s (“average Joe”) resource use and emissions released in the world during one year
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3. Normalization
Climate change
x 1
x 298
Acidification
x 1.31
x 0.74
Particulate matter
x 0.061
= 1000
= 1490
= 13.1
= 3.7
= 0.61
= 0.036
= 4x 1
Characterized results
Normalization factor
Normalized results person*year0.000366 person*year0.00034 person*year0.00169
kg CO2‐eq.person*year
6803mol H+‐eq.
person*year49.44
kg PM2.5‐eq.person*year
2.746
kg CO2‐eq.2.49 mol H+‐eq.0.0168 kg PM2.5‐eq.0.0046
+ + +
LCI results
CO21000 g
10 g
N2O5 g
PM2.54 g
SO2
x 0.0072
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Normalisation
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‐5,00E‐05
0,00E+00
5,00E‐05
1,00E‐04
1,50E‐04
2,00E‐04
matrix
Ink supply
Liner
Application
End of Life
printing‐converter
Label stock producion
transport
Label stock supply
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4. Weighting
• Optional fourth and final step – most debated step!
Applying a value judgment to your LCA results• Multiplying the normalised results of each of the impact categories with a
weighting factor that expresses the relative importance of the impact category
• The weighted results can be summed to create a single score
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= 0.036
4. WeightingClimate change
x 1
x 298
Acidification
x 1.31
x 0.74
Particulate matter
x 0.061
x 0.0072
= 1000
= 1490
= 13.1
= 3.7
= 0.61
= 4x 1
Characterized results
Normalized results
Weighting factor
Weighted results
x 23 x 4.2 x 6.6
0.021 pt
person*year0.000366 person*year0.00034 person*year0.00169
kg CO2‐eq.2.49 mol H+‐eq.0.0168 kg PM2.5‐eq.0.0046
+
+ + +
LCI results
CO21000 g
10 g
N2O5 g
PM2.54 g
SO2
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Weighting
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‐10
0
10
20
30
40
50
mPt
Fossil depletion
Metal depletion
Natural land transformation
Urban land occupation
Agricultural land occupation
Marine ecotoxicity
Freshwater ecotoxicity
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Freshwater eutrophication
Terrestrial acidification
Climate change Ecosystems
Ionising radiation
Particulate matter formation
Photochemical oxidant formation
Human toxicity
Ozone depletion
Climate change Human Health
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Harmonized sector approach
• Recommended method: ReCiPe & IPPC 2013
• Impact categories – Fossil depletion– Climate change– Water resources– Land use– Human toxicity
• Emissions of (VOC) and (HAP) to air. • Total solid waste production Total energy consumption. • Recycled content in product.
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