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How socially inclusive is urban development in Nigeria? Policy analysis with a focus on health, food and nutrition

HEALTH POLICY RESEARCH GROUP, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OFNIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS, ENUGU, NIGERIA

PROJECT PARTNERS

• NUFFIELD CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, UK

• HANOI UNIVERSITY OF PUBLIC HEALTH, VIETNAM

Outline Introduction

Aim & Research questions

Methods

Key findings

Limitations/challenges to policy implementation

Conclusion & Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

Appendix

IntroductionBy Professor Obinna Onwujekwe – A Professor of Health Economics at the Department of Health Administration, University of Nigeria and Member of the Ministerial Expert Advisory Committee on COVID-19 in Nigeria

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1800 1900 1950 2000 2008 2050 2092

TREND IN PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION IN THE WORLD

Nigeria’s urban population landscape

Why pay attention to urban population in Nigeria? Within the sustainable cities agenda (SDG 11), social inclusion means that all urban dwellers should enjoy equitable access to urban infrastructure, services and resources (such as healthcare and nutrition)

Despite the growth of Nigeria’s GDP in the past decade, development indicators are poor – high rates of poverty, unemployment, poor living conditions

Urban population growth in Nigeria has not been associated with commensurate increase in health resources (Adewoyin et al, 2018)

Food security and dietary diversity are also poor across urban areas in the country, and low-income households are most affected (Obayelu & Osho, 2020)

As the urban population in Nigeria continues to rise, equitable access to priority services such as healthcare, food and nutrition needs to improve

Tapping into the fullness of urban growth requires robust and inclusive policies that

promote equitable access to urban resources

…But are urban development policies in Nigeria robust and

inclusive enough?

Health

Keep in mind what we stand to gain when there is social inclusion:

AimThe overall aim was to analyze the degree to which social inclusion (specifically access to healthcare and food/nutrition) is considered within key policies, strategies and plans on urban sustainability in Nigeria

Research questions1. Which national policies, strategies and plans exist around sustainable urban developments within the contexts of Nigeria?

2. In what ways do these policies, strategies and plans address issues of social inclusion (i.e. promote or constrain equitable access to healthcare and food/nutrition)?

3. Which key stakeholders are involved in these policies, strategies and plans on sustainable urban developments and in what capacities?

4. What evidence exists, if any, of effectiveness of the current policies, plans and strategies around urban sustainability?

Elements of Social Inclusion

Source: The World Bank (2013)

Social inclusion framework❖ Sustainable urban

development and improved urban planning could mitigate the challenges of urbanization

❖ Within the sustainable cities agenda, social inclusion demands equitable access to urban infrastructure, services and resources (such as healthcare and nutrition)

❖ The three interrelated channels that can enhance inclusion are ability, opportunity, and dignity. They can act together to ensure that people take part in society.

Methods ❖Desk review of policies, frameworks, strategies and plans for sustainable urban development in Nigeria

❖Major focus was access to services (healthcare) and resources (nutrition) as a reflection of social inclusion.

❖Included policy documents and journal articles published within 1999-2020 and written in English language

❖Information were extracted from the documents and synthesized in line with the research questions

Key documents❖A total of 25 policies, plans, roadmaps and strategies were reviewed

❖Eight (8) of them were explicit on issues of access to health services; and six (6) on public health issues of water and sanitation

❖Eighteen (19) documents explicitly addressed issues on access to food and nutrition; and one (1) addressed economic issues that had indirect influence on food security

Key policy documents

❖These documents and additional ones that were reviewed are listed and described in greater detail in the appendix (slides 56 to 59)

The following documents were considered key to urban development in Nigeria

Nigeria Urban and Regional Planning Act (1992) National Economic Sustainability Plan (2020)

National Urban Development Policy (2012) Agricultural Transformation Agenda (2011)

National Water Sector Road Map (2011) Nigeria Zero Hunger Strategic Plan (2017-2030)

Nigeria Industrial Revolution Plan (2014) Nigeria Policy on Food and Nutrition (2016)

National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (2015)

Special Agro-Industrial Processing Zones (2020)

Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (2017-2020) Draft National Social Protection Policy (2016)

Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (2009–2020)

National Home-Grown School Feeding Programme (2016)

Key findings from selected policy documents/plans

By Dr. Chinyere Mbachu – A Senior Lecturer in the Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria and Researcher with the Health Policy Research Group

Key findings – HealthEconomic Sustainability Plan (2020) includes measures to strengthen the response to COVID-19 and emergency preparedness, and strategies to guarantee access to quality health service through PHCs

National Urban Development Policy (2012) will ensure that all categories of urban dwellers have access to essential facilities and services (including health services)

Nigeria Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (2009 -2020) seeks to eliminate barriers to accessing contraceptives, promote family planning as a social norm, and increase CPR to 36% by the end-year of the project

National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (2015) provides for priority investments in construction of health facilities across the country to ensure access to affordable and sustainable high quality health services

▪Additional findings from other policies/plans are listed in the appendix (slides 56 to 62)

Key findings – NutritionNigeria Policy on Food and Nutrition (2016) sets out to address the problems of malnutrition, extreme hunger and achieving optimal nutritional status for Nigerians by 2025

Draft National Social Protection Policy (2016) aims to provide social welfare and improve food security and nutrition towards inclusive growth and equality

National Home-Grown School Feeding Programme (2016) Its objective is to use locally-grown foods by smallholder farmers to feed 5.5m public primary school children.

National Economic Sustainability Plan (2020) aims to improve local farming and agro-allied activities by adding 20,000-100,000 hectares of new agricultural land to each State of the federation.

Special Agro-Industrial Processing Zones (2020) seeks to develop brownfield areas (previously industrialized sites that got abandoned) with critical infrastructure for sustainable agricultural outputs.

▪Additional findings from other policies/plans are listed in the appendix (slides 56 to 62)

Key findings – Cross-cuttingNational Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (2015) - Blue-print for boosting and modernizing the nation's stock of infrastructure across all sectors

Nigeria Industrial Revolution Plan (2014) – Drive a process of intense industrialization, across multiple sectors where Nigeria has comparative advantage

National Economic Sustainability Plan (2020) – Address the health and economic challenges facing Nigeria as a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic, through all sectors

Draft National Social Protection Policy (2016) – Promote inclusive growth, equality and social security to ensure a life of dignity for all Nigerians

Inclusive Basic Service Delivery and Livelihood Empowerment Integrated programme (2016) -Improve access for the poor and vulnerable to basic social and health services to curb the effects of the insurgency in Northern Nigeria

Stakeholders involved in urban development and their roles

By Charles Orjiakor – A lecturer in the Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, and Research Associate, Health Policy Research Group

Name of stakeholder Policy involvements Roles of stakeholder

Federal Government All policies Initiate, define and coordinate policy options and instruments; Mobilization of funds (equity financing) for project implementation

Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development

NUDP 2012; NHP 2012; Water sector & Sanitation Road Maps

Coordinate and supervise formulation, implementation and monitoring of polices and plans; Liaise with international organizations; Establish and maintain Urban Management Information System; Establish the National Urban and Regional Planning Commission

Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment

Nigeria Industrial Revolution Plan (2014)

Lead the charge and coordinate the implementation of NIRP 2014

Ministry of Water Resources Water & Sanitation Sectors Road Maps (WSRMP) (2011)

Nodal Ministry for WASH; Planning and implementation of the Road Map for Making Nigeria Open-Defecation-Free by 2025

Ministry of Environment WSRMP (2011) Policy changes pertaining to the environment

Ministry of Health & Ministry of Education

WSRMP (2011) Collaborate with respective State and LGA counterparts to ensure water and sanitation facilities in all PHCs and primary schools

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

ATA 2011 Coordinate implementation of Agricultural Transformation Agenda 2011

Infrastructure Delivery Coordinating Unit (IDCU),NPC

NIIMP, 2015 Master plan coordination; program management and development; communication and capacity building; private sector investments

Federal government and Ministries/Departments


National Housing and Urban DevelopmentRegulatory Commission

NUDP 2012; NHP 2012 Coordinate other agencies and regulate process (develop and enforce guidelines) of developing sustainable human settlements in Nigeria

Urban and Regional Planning Commission NUDP 2012 Resource mobilization

Technical Working Groups or Task Groups Sanitation Road Map Technical guidance to States and LGAs and serve as a platform for inter-ministerial coordination.

Steering Committees NIRP 2014 Form corridor stakeholder groups and working committees to jointly monitor and manage issues in policy implementation

Advisory committee (private sector) NIRP 2014 Technical and financial support

Agricultural Industry Advisory Group ATA 2011 Determine and institutionalize policy support to the agricultural transformation agenda

Agricultural Transformation Implementation Council (ATIC)

ATA 2011 Execute Agricultural Transformation Agenda 2011

Implementation Groups: Agricultural Investment Transformation, Agricultural Value Chain Transformation & NIRSAL

ATA 2011 Implementation of the Agricultural Transformation Agenda, 2011

Federal level agencies and technical working groups

State level stakeholdersName of stakeholder Policy involvements Roles of stakeholder

State government All policies Establish appropriate agencies; Funding (including equity contribution) for project implementation

Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development

NUDP 2012 Formulate State level policies and plans; monitor planning activities and build capacity of LGAs for urban development; public enlightenment and advocacy

Urban and Regional Planning Board

NUDP 2012 Monitor urban development in the State; Resource mobilization

State Housing Corporations NHP 2012 Execute, develop and manage housing programs

LGA level stakeholders


Local government All policies Establish and empower appropriate agencies; undertake development in their area; resource mobilization; maintain urban and rural infrastructure; maintain a databank of infrastructure and development needs; mobilize community ownership; partner with States and NGOs; environmental sanitation

Local Planning Authorities NUDP 2012 Prepare and adopt local plans; Resource mobilization

Planning appeal committee NUDP 2012 Hearing and settling grievances

Non-state actors/stakeholdersName of stakeholder Policy involvements Roles of stakeholder

Private sector (organized) NHP 2012; NIIMP 2015; NUDP 2012

Mobilize finance for urban development; generate and adopt research technologies and use of research consortia; capacity building

International organizations NUDP 2012; Sanitation Road Map

additional source of financing for urban development; technical support

Communities and general public NHP 2012; NIIMP 2015 Articulate development needs; Participate in planning, implementation, monitoring and protection of community assets and investments in infrastructure; Promote access to social services for vulnerable groups;public support for policy implementation

Forum of community leaders and traditional rulers

NIIMP 2015; NUDP 2012; NWSRP 2011

promote greater social integration among the diversegroups/communities in cities; operate and maintain community infrastructure; mobilize community support for implementation of policies and plans

Community-based organizations; NGOs; CSOs

NUDP 2012; Sanitation Road Map

mobilize finance for urban development; promotecommunity participation in WASH

Effectiveness of Urban Development Policies/Plans

By Juliana Onuh – A Lecturer in the Department of Geography, University of Nigeria

Effectiveness of urban development policies❖Evaluations of urban development policies consistently reported a failure to effectively implement most national policies (Zubairu, 2012; Adeboye, 2015; Osuocha and Njoku, 2012)

❖Urban agriculture has not been effectively harnessed to improve access to food supply and nutrition for urban dwellers

❖Policies were made at the national level and implemented at the subnational level without provisions for fiscal and decision-making autonomy

❖Top-down relationship between the tiers of government in policy development limited effective stakeholder participation

Role of evidence in the development of policies and plans on urban development in Nigeria

Various forms of evidence were used❖review of achievements (or lack thereof) of past public responses and interventions (including policies and plans) in urban development;

❖Lessons from other country experiences;

❖situation analysis reports of coverage of services (related to specific policies);

❖document review of high impact interventions/strategies and potential benefits

❖theoretical frameworks;

❖prospective evaluation/review of investment needs and outcomes

Selected policies/plans and the specific roles of evidence

Name of policy/plan Role of evidence in development of policy/plan

National Urban Development Policy (2012)

A brief review of achievements of past public responses and interventions and their achievements (or lack thereof) informed the development of the NUDP 2012

Nigeria Industrial Revolution Plan (2014)

The NIRP was developed using lessons from country experiences in industrialization -such as China, Brazil, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea

National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan. March (2015)

The Plan takes stock of existing infrastructure and identifies the required investments (based on sector growth strategies, outcome targets and international benchmarks) to bring infrastructure in line with the country's growth aspirations.

Agricultural Transformation Agenda (2011)

The agenda was developed using evidence including: i) an account of the performance of the sector (agricultural productivity) and international trade (food importation and exportation) over years; (ii) lessons from other countries that have succeeded in improving and maintaining high agricultural production per capita through agricultural transformation initiatives; (iii) theoretical knowledge - Theory of Agricultural Export Restrictions to ensure food security

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)

By Dr. Chukwuedozie Ajaero – A Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography, University of Nigeria and a Visiting Senior Lecturer at the Demography and Population Studies Programme, University of Witwatersand

Strengths of Nigeria’s urban development policies/plans❖Considerable number of policies, programs and plans that address urban development and related issues

◦ Some of these policies are interrelated in an additive manner. For instance, the SAPZ (2020) that contributes to increased food security, could improve household income and consequently financial access healthcare

❖Policy goals and objectives are clear and potentially realistic within the country’s resource availability

❖Programs such as NURHI have clearly stated guidelines and strategies which enable implementation and monitoring of progress and achievements

❖Most of the policies and programs are clear about key stakeholders and their expected roles

❖Policy intent to collaborate with multiple key stakeholders including organized private sector, international partners and communities) will contribute to wide stakeholder participation and community ownership

❖Devolved function of policy implementation at city (State and LGA levels) could contribute to better alignment of urban development programs with city needs

Weaknesses of Nigeria’s urban development policies/plans

❖Duplication of policies and programs without clear plans for continuity and accountability (e.g. Agriculture Promotion Policy and Agriculture Transformation Agenda Support Programme) result in resource wastage and inefficiency

❖Lack of or unclear implementation/enforcement guidelines and strategies constrain effective translation of policies into tangible and measurable actions

❖The transformation of rural areas to urban settlements which would help expand the urban region was barely highlighted

❖Most urban development policies and programs do not acknowledge potential risks or challenges to successful implementation. Hence, strategies to mitigate risks are not considered or planned

❖Weak engagement of stakeholders (especially grassroots implementers) in policy/program design limits their participation and hinders policy implementation

❖Political interference – most urban development policies are designed to be managed by notoriously corrupt local government actors, without clear mechanisms for ensuring accountability

❖Implementation problems are hardly reported, which could be instructive to other policies

Opportunities for Nigeria’s urban development policies/plans❖The duplication of MDAs at State and local government levels makes nationwide implementation easier.

❖The country has access to external funds from international organizations to implement the policies.

❖Nigeria has access to a pool of national and international experts who could guide the development and implementation of policies.

❖There are availability of health facilities (primary/secondary/tertiary) in almost all urban areas in the country that aids the implementation of the policies

❖Ways and means should be developed to move the abundant food resources in the rural areas to benefit urban residents in terms of dietary diversity, quantity and affordable cost.

Threats to Nigeria’s urban development policies/plans❖Duplication of authority and lack of mandated coordination among MDAs in charge of urban development

❖Some plans are not properly developed and backed by law, leaving implementation at the discretion of successive governments

❖Poor leadership and weak collaboration with subnational governments, MDAs, and non-state actors

❖The country has limited expertise for research and technology transfer

❖Occurrence of pandemics such as Ebola and COVID-19 that shock and overwhelm health systems

❖Insurgency and insecurity that threaten implementation of policies in different parts of Nigeria. Eg. Boko Haram, herdsmen rampage

❖Over-reliance on external funds

❖International politics that hinder or halt international cooperation in terms of stoppage of funds or withdrawal of experts

❖Weak rural development agenda which forces mass migration of rural residents into the urban areas

Limitations and challenges to the implementation of policies in urban development in Nigeria

By Professor Benjamin Uzochukwu – A Professor of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria and President, Association of Public Health Physicians of Nigeria. Also a Member of the Ministerial Expert Advisory Committee on COVID-19 in Nigeria

Factors that have constrained implementation of national policies on urban development in Nigeria (1)

❖Absence of sustainable city development plans at subnational levels

❖Lack of a clear-cut National Urban Strategy

❖Lack of operational guidelines or medium-term implementation plans

❖Inadequate/weak institutional/legal frameworks for promoting good urban governance

❖Ineffective development control – weak monitoring, evaluation and supervision systems

❖Policy Bureaucracy - Limited influence of Federal government on States and local governments to implement the national policies

Factors that have constrained implementation of national policies on urban development in Nigeria (2)❖Lack of resources to plan – Inadequate technical capacity, human resources, and fiscal autonomy of local government authority for urban planning

❖Lack of technical capacity and human resources at the local government level for urban planning

❖Inadequate integration of relevant stakeholders in policy development and Implementation process

❖Duplication of authority at the State level - Some stakeholders roles are overlapping which could result in duplication, shirking and weak/poor accountability for actions/inactions.

❖Lack of clarity of roles of stakeholders - Roles of actors in the key urban development policies are not detailed enough (in terms of who does what, when and with what resources).

Factors that have constrained implementation of national policies on urban development in Nigeria (3)

❖Inadequate research evidence from both local and federal level.

❖Complex realities of the urban poor and vulnerable are often times not considered in solving problems of inequality in urban areas

❖Non-integration of sustainable city/eco-city concept in the policies

❖Political instability (lack of continuity) and interference

Conclusion

Conclusion 1❖Nigeria has elaborated various policies, plans and road maps that could contribute to sustainable urban development and social inclusion

❖This review included 25 of such past and current policies and programs that have national and subnational focus

❖Although some of these policies and programs are not specifically tailored to urban settings, they make generic pronouncements and reflect on issues around access to health and nutrition

❖In a few of these policies, the considerations are clearly defined (explicit). In some other policies, the considerations could be inferred/implied (implicit)

Conclusion 2❖There is less consideration of access to health services compared to access to food/nutrition; and where access to health services is considered equitable access is not apparent

❖Also, the focus on health appears to be more construction of buildings/health centers, with no reference to other ‘resource’ requirements such as health workforce for quality health care

❖Policies that address food and nutrition issues are detailed and seem to focus on measures to adopt for the increase of food production and so address the problem of food security

❖However, urban areas were less prominent (almost non-existent) in such policies, when compared to rural areas

Conclusion 3❖Various state and non-state actors are mentioned as role players in the implementation of urban development policies and plans in Nigeria.

❖However, there is limited involvement/inclusion of the key health sector actors in Nigeria’s urban development policies and programs

❖The lack of clarity of roles of actors creates a gap that could undermine policy implementation (highlights the need for detailed and clear guidelines for policy implementation)

❖Although there is limited evidence to assess the effectiveness of these policies and programs, there is the general assertion that many of these policies have failed to achieve stated goals and objectives

Recommendations

Recommendations 1❖Development of policies and plans should be guided using evidence from primary and secondary sources

❖Institutionalize policy impact assessment and feedback plans to curtail duplication of existing and/or failed policies and programs

❖Review and update key urban development policies in line with the New Urban Agenda (2016) to ensure sustainable cities and social inclusion (SDG 11)

❖Develop clear guidelines/strategies for policy implementation

❖Ensure holistic involvement of grassroots stakeholders in development and implementation of policies, programs and guidelines.

❖Improve funding for urban development through more strategic and aggressive domestic resource mobilization

Recommendations 2Policy reviews and guidelines should:

1. Clearly stipulate measures to ensure equitable access to health services and food/nutrition

2. Specify who does what, when and with what resources

3. Have very clear and measurable targets

4. Specify indicators for measuring success/achievements

5. Include health sector actors in implementation of urban development policies

6. Create linkages across policies and strategic plans to ensure that other infrastructure and service delivery requirements are provided for functionality

7. Include sustainable city/eco-cities concept in development of these urban policies

8. Have clear-cut response plans for pandemics

AcknowledgementsThis work is part of the wider project which included systematic review in Leeds and similar policy analysis in Vietnam

Dr Tolib Mirzoev (Head of Nuffield Centre at University of Leeds) and project Teams from the University of Leeds and Hanoi University of Public Health who have contributed to the wider SINC-Urban project - https://bit.ly/SINC-Urban

The funders: Research England and QR GCRF funding scheme.

https://bit.ly/SINC-Urban

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Adewoyin, Y., Chukwu, N., & Sanni, L. (2018). Urbanization, spatial distribution of healthcare facilities and inverse care in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ghana Journal of Geography, 10(2), 96-111

Obayelu, O., & Osho, F. (2020). How diverse are the diets of low-income urban households in Nigeria? Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2, 1-8

Osuocha, I L and Njoku J D (2012) An examination of the Nigerian sustainable urban development strategies and governance In: Laryea, S., Agyepong, S.A., Leiringer, R. and Hughes, W. (Eds) Procs 4th West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference, 24-26 July 2012, Abuja, Nigeria, 1219-1229.

United Nations 2014. World urbanization prospects ST/ESA/SER.A/366. In Department of Economic and Social Affairs. New York: United Nations Accessed 1 October 2017

References Wu, J.G., Xiang, W-N, Zhao, J.Z. (2014) Urban ecology in China: Historical developments and future directions. Landsc Urban Plan 125:222–233.

Zubairu M. 2012. A case Study from Nigeria: Development and Implementation of Nigerian National Urban Development Policy, 2012. Presentation at the International Conference on National Urban Policy: Towards Smarter and Greener Cities

Statistics Portal Statista. Break down of urban populations by region in 1990, 2014 and 2050. https://mashable.com/2014/07/18/urbanization-city-growth/

World Bank. 2013. Inclusion Matters: The Foundation of Shared Prosperity. Washington DC: World Bank.

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352)

https://mashable.com/2014/07/18/urbanization-city-growth/

Appendix 1: Description of urban development policies/plans included in the review

Appendix 1a: National policies, strategies and plans for sustainable urban development in Nigeria

Policy/Strategy/Plan Geographic scope Policy Goals/Aims/Vision/Motivation Sectors addressed

National Urban Development Policy, 2012

National Promote a dynamic system of clearly defined, planned and well-managed urban settlements, which foster sustainable economic growth, promote efficient and balanced urban and regional development, and ensure improved standard of healthy living for all Nigerians.

Housing, Infrastructure, Economy

National Housing Policy, 2012 National Revitalization of the housing sector to serve as a catalytic instrument for ensuring rapid and effective socio-economic development.

Housing, Economy

National Urban and Regional Planning Decree, 1992

National Facilitate the preparation and implementation of development plans and planning schemes to create better environment for living, working and recreation

Housing, Infrastructure

Nigeria Industrial Revolution Plan, 2014

National Drive a process of intense industrialization, based on sectors where Nigeria has comparative advantage

Agriculture; Solid minerals; Oil & gas; Etc**

Nigeria Water Sector Road Map, 2011

National Articulate FGN’s objective of developing the nation’s water resources towards actualization of the sector’s potentials in the short, medium and long term

Water

Agricultural Transformation Agenda, 2011

National Achieve a hunger-free Nigeria through an agricultural sector that drives income growth, accelerates achievement of food and nutritional security, generates employment and transforms Nigeria into a leading player in global food markets

Agriculture, Food and nutrition, Economy, Employment

Appendix1b: National policies, strategies and plans for sustainable urban development in Nigeria

Policy/Strategy/Plan Geographicscope

Policy Goals/Aims/Vision/Motivation Sectors addressed

Making Nigeria Open-Defecation-Free by 2025: A National Road Map

National Reverse the country’s losses due to prevalence of open defecation. Ensure the country makes progress towards achieving the milestone on sanitation coverage set by the Draft National Water-Sanitation Policy, 2004; Nigeria’s commitment to SDG 6 and PEWASH strategy.

Sanitation, Housing, Infrastructure

National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan, 2015

National Blue-print for boosting and modernizing the nation's stock of Infrastructure, over the next 30 years (2045). Anchored on the need to harmonize sectoralinfrastructure plans considering inter-sectoral linkages. Framework to guide interventions, investments, and budgetary allocations to the sector till 2045.

Infrastructure (all sectors)

Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (2017-2020)

National Restore economic growth by focusing on macroeconomic stability and economic diversification. Foster social inclusion and economic growth through job creationand human capital investment. Build a globally competitive economy through improvements in infrastructure and business environment.

Employment (human capital investment), Economy, Infrastructure

The Nigeria Zero Hunger Strategic Plan (2017-2030)

National Articulates what Nigeria must do to achieve SDG 2 (zero hunger) by 2030 . A road map for tracking progress in implementation of priority actions such as safety nets, agricultural diversification, and integration of direct nutrition interventions into PHCUOR

Agriculture (food and nutrition), Health

Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Programme (2013-18)

National Promote employment generation and shared wealth creation along the commodity value chains, as well as food and nutrition security.

Agriculture, Food and nutrition

Appendix 1c: National policies, strategies and plans for sustainable urban development in Nigeria


Nigeria Urban ReproductiveHealth Initiative, NURHI (2009-2020)

State level – Oyo, Kwara, Kaduna, Benin, Lagos

Eliminate supply- and demand-side barriers to use of contraceptives.Promote family planning to become a social norm in Nigeria. Align with the country’s goal of 36% Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) by 2018.

Health

National Social Protection Policy, 2016 (Draft)

National Motivation – Realization that economic growth does not equate to social protection.Goal: Promote inclusive growth, equality and social security to ensure a life of dignity for all Nigerians

Employment, Economy, Agriculture Infrastructure,Social services

National Home-Grown School Feeding Programme (NHGSFP), 2016

National Use locally grown foods by smallholder farmers to feed 5.5m public school children in Nigeria with one meal per day, at the cost of about N70 per child

Education, Food and Nutrition (Public Health)

National Policy on Food and Nutrition (2016)

National Address the problems of malnutrition, extreme hunger and achieving optimal nutritional status for Nigerians by 2025

Agriculture (food and nutrition)

Nigerian Economic Sustainability Plan, 2020

National Address the health and economic challenges facing Nigeria as a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic, & foster new ways of working, producing, learning, and managing public health and safety in the coming years

All sectors – Education, Agriculture, Housing, Health,WASH, Energy, Employment, etc

Special Agro-Industrial Processing Zones (SAPZ), 2020

National (regional implementation)

Develop **brownfield areas with critical infrastructure for sustainable agricultural production and better livelihood of residents. Improve access to agro products and promote economic independence.

Agriculture, Infrastructure

Appendix 1d: National policies, strategies and plans for sustainable urban development in Nigeria


Lagos Megacity Project (2005). Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance (2007)

State level –Lagos Transform Lagos State into a world-class city through the provision of critical infrastructure including affordable housing, health facilities, sanitation and water facilities; with a particular focus to nine (9) slum areas.

Housing, Water, Public health (sanitation)

Joint Rapid Response to supply food, nutrition and health in the North

North-East, Nigeria

Assist persons displaced by conflict in the North East to have access to food, nutrition, and health relief items

Food and nutrition; Health

Gender and Markets Initiative (Food vendors in Maiduguri city), 2017

Metropolitan –Maiduguri city

Increase and strengthen the involvement of women in food vending as a source of food security and economic empowerment

Gender, Food and Nutrition

Livelihood Improvement family Enterprise (2016-2019)

National – 774 LGAs

Promote community-based on-farm and off-farm businesses along key agricultural value chain for wealth creation amongst unemployed youth and women

Economy, Employment, Agriculture

Inclusive Basic Service Delivery and Livelihood Empowerment Integrated programme, 2016

Regional – North East

Improve access for the poor and vulnerable to basic social and health services like water, sanitation, hygiene, education, livelihood opportunities, food security, to curb the effects of the insurgency. Strengthen safety net systems

Health & Public health (water, sanitation, hygiene), Education, Economy, Employment, Food security

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project

State level – Oyo and Taraba States

Improve access to clean water and sanitation for an estimated 1.5 million people in Taraba and Oyo States

Water

Appendix 2: Consideration of access to health care within urban development policies in Nigeria

Appendix 2a: Consideration of access to health care within urban development policies in Nigeria

Policy/Strategy/Plan Issue on equitable access to health care


The eighth (8th) out of thirteen specific objectives of the policy will ensure provision of adequate, efficient and functional infrastructure and social services (including health services) in all human settlements

National Housing Policy, 2012 Does not explicitly or implicitly address access to health services

National Urban and Regional Planning Decree, 1992

Does not explicitly or implicitly address access to health services




Key strategic target in the area of sanitation indirectly affects health



Appendix 2b: Consideration of access to health care within urban development policies in Nigeria



The plan outlines strategies for improving access to sanitation facilities particularly in densely populated urban settlements and squatter areas, by utilizing and implementing appropriate and sustainable technology


One of the priority project portfolios that would receive urgent attention over the first five years of the plan is social infrastructure in which priority investments would be in construction of facilities including hospitals




Included in the approaches for achieving the SDG target 2 is the integration of direct nutrition interventions to the PHC under one roof initiative of the Federal Government (integrated service delivery)


The project rehabilitated 14 Community Health Centres, and provided 63 potable water and sanitation systems

Appendix 2c: Consideration of access to health care within urban development policies in Nigeria


Nigeria Urban Reproductive Health Initiative, NURHI (2009-2020)

Seeks to eliminate supply- and demand-side barriers to access to contraceptives, and promote family planning into a social norm in Nigeria. Target is to achieve 36% contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) by 2018.

Draft National Social Protection Policy, 2016



Although it specifically aims to improve nutritional status of children and consequently, health outcomes, there is no explicit consideration of equitable access to health services


Policy sets out to address the problems of malnutrition, extreme hunger and achieving optimal nutritional status for Nigerians by 2025 . However, not explicit about equitable access to health services


Includes measures to strengthen the response to COVID-19 and emergency preparedness; guarantee access to quality health service through primary health centres and expansion of social health insurance to all citizens; and boost research and development towards local production of medicines and pharmaceutical commodities



Appendix 2d: Consideration of access to health care within urban development policies in Nigeria



Part of the demands of the projects was the provision of health facilities, sanitation and water facilities


This initiative sought to assist persons displaced by conflict in the North-Eastern Nigeria to have access to health relief items (among others)






The programme aims to improve access for the poor and vulnerable to basic social and health services like water, sanitation, hygiene, within strengthened safety net systems


The project aimed to improve access to clean water and sanitation for an estimated 1.5 million people in Taraba and Oyo States

Appendix 3: Consideration of access to nutrition within urban development policies in Nigeria

Appendix 3a: Consideration of access to nutrition within urban development policies in Nigeria

Policy/Strategy/Plan Issue on equitable access to nutrition


Does not explicitly or implicitly address access to food/nutrition

National Housing Policy, 2012 A policy strategy which will incorporate micro-enterprises (including agro-allied) ventures into the housing scheme could contribute to improving access to food and nutrition in urban settlements

National Urban and Regional Planning Decree



Aims to maximize benefits from agricultural resources and boost local food production to meet local demands, through mid-stream and downstream procession and marketing activities.


Key strategic target to be achieved in the medium term in the area of agriculture could indirectly address to nutrition

Appendix 3b: Consideration of access to nutrition within urban development policies in Nigeria



Accelerate achievement of food and nutritional security by re-structuring fertilizer procurement and distribution (towards private sector-led), marketing institutions, financial value chains and agricultural investment framework; and the focus will include youth and women.




The plan prioritizes development of the agriculture sector and investments in staple crop processing zones, agro-industrial parks, and agricultural processing facilities, to contribute to food security


Objectives of social inclusion will upscale home grown school feeding programme to provide a meal a day to at least 6 million primary school children. This will also strengthen the agricultural sector towards food security


Included in the approaches for achieving SDG 2 are: i) safety nets – cash transfers and school feeding – that provide access to nutritious foods to poor and vulnerable women and their families; and (ii) food/agricultural diversification focusing on cassava, orange-fleshed sweet potato and soybean


The project sought to promote food and nutrition security by investing in the agricultural value chain and market linkages. It rehabilitated irrigation canals, crop production schemes, feeder roads and community markets

Appendix 3c: Consideration of access to nutrition within urban development policies in Nigeria


Nigeria Urban Reproductive Health Initiative, NURHI (2009-2020)


National Social Protection Policy, 2016 (Draft)

A policy objective is to provide social welfare and improve food security and nutrition towards inclusive growth and equality


Its objective is to use locally-grown foods by smallholder farmers to feed 5.5m public school children. Specifically will empower smallholder farmers and cooks, improve nutritional status of children and health outcomes


Policy sets out to address the problems of malnutrition, extreme hunger and achieving optimal nutritional status for Nigerians by 2025


Mass Agricultural Programme aims to improve local farming and agro-allied activities by adding 20,000-100,000 hectares of new agricultural land to each State of the federation. The overall aim is to ensure food security for Nigerians through improved food production.


SAPZ seeks to develop **brownfield areas with critical infrastructure for sustainable agricultural outputs. The project will scale up food security in urban cities, and ensure strategic urbanization and economic security

Appendix 3d: Consideration of access to nutrition within urban development policies in Nigeria



Part of the demands of the projects was the provision of decent markets through infrastructural upgrade.


This initiative sought to assist persons displaced by conflict in North-Eastern Nigeria to have access to food, nutrition, and other relief items


Seeks to strengthen the involvement of women in food vending as a source of food security and economic empowerment


Promoted community-based on-farm and off-farm business activities along key agricultural value chain as a mechanism for job and wealth creation amongst unemployed youth and women


The programme aims to improve access for the poor and vulnerable to food security, among others, within a strengthened safety net system



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