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HOW PLANE FLIES

Presentation forAir Port Planning

&Design

M.Sc. TransportationEngineering

By:

Wajiha Qamar

2006-MS-TE-09

Teacher Incharge:

Dr. Wasim Mirza

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LIST OF CONTENTSHISTORY

AIRCRAFTMAJOR PARTS

BASIC DEFINATIONSHOW PLANE..

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History

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Observations

How birds fly?

How birds move forward?

How birds changes direction?

How birds gain height ?

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History of Flight

The first demonstrated flight of a hot air balloon took

place on June 4, 1783, France

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Pioneer Years

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The Golden Years

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ModernEra

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Modern Era

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AIRCRAFT

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Aircraft

What is an aircraft ?

Any machine or device that qualifiesthe definition of flight

All man made flying machines which

can fly or which are kept in air byforces produced by the air are called

aircraft

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Airplane

Air plane is the general name given to the power

driven flying machine which are heavier than air

and can sustain their flight with the help of fixed

wings

Airbus A-320

Boeing 777-300

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MAJOR PARTS

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Major parts of Airplane

Cockpit

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Airplane parts

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Airplane Axis

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Aircraft Components

WingsPurpose

Provide Lift

Carry aircraft weight

in-flight

Store fuel

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Aircraft Components

Wings(Aileron & Flap)

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Aircraft Components

EmpennageComponents

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Aircraft ComponentsEmpennage (feathers)

Tail Section

Contains Vertical Stabilizer

Rudder Horizontal

Stabilizer Elevator

Trim devices

Trim Tabs

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Aircraft Components

Landing GearFunctions

Supports aircraft Parked

Taxi

Takeoff

Landing

Allows for aircraftsteering on the

ground

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Aircraft Components

Powerplant- ENGINE Engine

Converts chemical energy(fuel) into mechanical

energy which turns thepropeller

Provides

Energy to create Thrust

Electrical power

Suction for instruments

Heat for cabin

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Aircraft Components

Powerplant- PROPELLER Function

Converts mechanicalenergy into thrust.

Attached to engineby crankshaft.

Rotates clockwise,as seen from cockpit.

Can be of two ormore blades

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Aircraft Components

Powerplant- ENGINE Cowling

Ducts air over engine for

cooling.

Makes airflow around

engine as smooth as

possible.

Firewall

Location

Protection

Mounting of Engine

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BASIC

DEFINATIONS

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Aerofoil

Leading edge of an airfoil

Trailing edge of an airfoil

Chord line

Mean chord line (Camber)

Aerodynamic Basic Terms

Cross section of aerofoil

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Aerofoil

Aerofoil is a curved or cambered surfacedesigned to produce lift when driven through

the air

Aerodynamic Basic Terms

Cross section of aerofoil

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Aerodynamic Basic Terms

Leading edge of an aerofoil

The leading edge of an aerofoil is the portion that meetthe air first

The shape of leading edge depends upon the function ofaircraft

For high speed a/c the leading edge will be sharp of itsaerofoil

For a/c to produce great amount of lift at low speed theleading edge will be thick and fat

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Aerodynamic terms

Trailing edge of aerofoil

The portion of aerofoil at which the air flow overthe upper surface joins the airflow

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Aerodynamic terms

Chord line

Straight line Join the leading edge to thetrailing edge of on aerofoil is called chordline

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Aerodynamic terms

Mean Chord line

A line joining the leading edge and trailing

edge of an aerofoil equal distance from theupper and lower surface of the aerofoil

If the line is curved the aerofoil is said to becambered

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Angle of incidenceThe angle between the cord line of wing and fore and aft

datum line of the aircraft

Aerodynamic Basic Terms

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Aerodynamic Basic Terms

Angle of Attack

It is an angle between thechord line of aerofoil and

the direction of comingair flow

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ASPECT RATIO

Relationship between span of wing and its

width or chord

It is computed by dividing the span by the

average chord

It can also dividing the square of span by the

wing area

High aspect ratio will generate more lift

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Aerodynamics BasicTerms

Forces acting on Airplane during flight

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Aerodynamic Basic Terms

CP

L

Center of pressure

An imaginary point on the aircraft at which the total(resultant) lift acts

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Aerodynamic Basic Terms

Center Of Gravity

An imaginary point on the aircraft at which the

total weight of the aircraft (contents) acts

CG

W

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LIFT Lift is the upward force that holds an

aircraft in the air

Lift is mostly generated by thewings

Lift acts thru CP

Note P1 > P2

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DIHEDRAL

Wing which is inclined upward (tip) from the lateralaxis

Dihedral is the angle between the wings axis and the

lateral axis

For most light aircraft this angle can be as small aszero to as large are 7 or 8 degrees

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HOW PLANES FLY

HOW PLANES FLY

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HOW PLANES FLY

orHOW PLANE FLIES

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How Airplanes Fly:

Commonly three descriptions of lift

1. Mathematical Aerodynamics Description: used

by aeronautical engineers

2. Popular Explanation: based on the Bernoulli

principle

3. Physical Description : based primarily on

Newtons laws

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Explanation of lift by Bernoullis

principle

wing generates lift because the air goes

faster over the top creating a region of

low pressure, and thus liftIt explains the theory of "principle of

equal transit times".

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8/3/2019 How Plane Flies

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Fig 1 Shape of wing predicted by principle of equal

transit time.

If we look at the wing of a typical small plane, which has a top surface that is 1.5 - 2.5% longer than the

bottom,it means something extra is there

Fig 2 Simulation of the airflow over a wing in a wind tunnel, with colored "smoke

to show the acceleration and deceleration of the air.

We would find that in order to generate the required lift for atypical small airplane, the distance over the top of the wing mustbe about 50% longer than under the bottom. Figure 1 shows what

such an airfoil would look like.

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There is nothing wrong with the

Bernoulli principle, or with the statement

that the air goes faster over the top of thewing.

We are just missing the phenomena of

power which is work done / time.

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8/3/2019 How Plane Flies

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Newtons laws and lift

First law

Third law:

compare two figures

Fig 3 Common depiction of airflow over a wing. This

wing has no lift.Fig 4 True airflow over a wing with lift, showing upwash

and downwash.

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Effect of Upwash & Downwash

Fig 6 Downwash and wing vorticesin the fog.

Fig 7 Direction of air movementaround a wing as seen by an

observer on the ground.

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8/3/2019 How Plane Flies

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To generate lift a wing mustdivert air down; lots of air. liftof a wing is equal to the changein momentum of the air it isdiverting down.

m = M V

Momentum = amount of airdiverted down x downwardvelocity of air

For more lift the wing can

either divert more air (mass) orincrease its downward velocity.This downward velocity behindthe wing is called "downwash".

Fig 5 How downwash appears to a pilotand to an observer on the ground.

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8/3/2019 How Plane Flies

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air is coming off the wing at roughly the angle of

attack

The greater the angle of attack, the greater the vertical

velocity

Increase the speed Increase angle of attack

Increases vertical arrow

Increase wing lift

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8/3/2019 How Plane Flies

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Lift as a function of angle of attack

It is this angle of attack

that is the primary

parameter in determining

lift. The inverted wing canbe explained by its angle

of attack, A pilot adjusts

the angle of attack to

adjust the lift for the speed

and load.

"effective" angle of attack

Stall:

Fig 9 Coefficient of liftversus the effective angle

of attack.

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