how has the penrhyn strike of 1900-3 been interpreted?

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Write descriptions of differing interpretations of Write descriptions of differing interpretations of the causes of the Penrhyn Strike.the causes of the Penrhyn Strike.

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Give an explanation of why different historical Give an explanation of why different historical interpretations might be produced.interpretations might be produced.

Use appropriate dates and historical terms.Use appropriate dates and historical terms.Click to revealClick to reveal

Suitably structure your work.Suitably structure your work.

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[Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)](1990)]


Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penryhn Strike?W

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What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it called it Punt y Gynffon Punt y Gynffon ('The Traitor's Pound'). ('The Traitor's Pound').

Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it called it Punt y Gynffon Punt y Gynffon ('The Traitor's Pound'). ('The Traitor's Pound').

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D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nid Nid oes bradwr yn y ty hwn oes bradwr yn y ty hwn ('There is no traitor in this ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years.windows for over two years.

D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nid Nid oes bradwr yn y ty hwn oes bradwr yn y ty hwn ('There is no traitor in this ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years.windows for over two years.

[From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a (1982). Jones was a

specialist in Welsh history.]specialist in Welsh history.]


Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike?W

ho

is

th

e a

uth

or?

Wh

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do

th

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do

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as

the

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ritten

? W

ha

t mig

ht h

av

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What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

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Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it Those who were still on strike called it Punt y Punt y Gynffon Gynffon ('The Traitor's Pound'). ('The Traitor's Pound').

Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it Those who were still on strike called it Punt y Punt y Gynffon Gynffon ('The Traitor's Pound'). ('The Traitor's Pound').

Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike?Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike?

Source ASource A

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Read the information to help you understand more about Lord Penrhyn.

Caricature of Lord Penrhyn. Caption reads “Slate.”

Source: Wikimedia Commons

George was son of colonel Edward Douglas George was son of colonel Edward Douglas Pennant. The Pennant family owned the Pennant. The Pennant family owned the Penrhyn estate and controlled the Penrhyn Penrhyn estate and controlled the Penrhyn Quarry.Quarry.

George was Conservative MP for George was Conservative MP for Caernarvonshire between 1866 and 1868 Caernarvonshire between 1866 and 1868 and 1874 and 1880, and succeeded his and 1874 and 1880, and succeeded his father in the title of Lord Penrhyn in 1886.father in the title of Lord Penrhyn in 1886.

As Lord Penrhyn he ended the minimum As Lord Penrhyn he ended the minimum wage agreement and did much to reduce wage agreement and did much to reduce the power of the Quarrymen’s Union at the the power of the Quarrymen’s Union at the Penrhyn Quarry. He believed that unions Penrhyn Quarry. He believed that unions were a threat to profits.were a threat to profits.


NGfL CYMRUGCaDDescribe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike?Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike?

A Gold Sovereign from 1910Source: Wikimedia Commons

Lord Penrhyn gave those who returned

to work a gold sovereign. A

sovereign was worth the

equivalent of a pound. In 1902

workers earned on average £1.40 a

week.ii

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[Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of historian, writing in a general history of

Wales, Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)](1990)]

Who is the author? What do they do?Who is the author? What do they do?

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Means he studies and teaches history as he isMeans he studies and teaches history as he isemployed by a university to do so.employed by a university to do so.


A book of Welsh history that only touches uponA book of Welsh history that only touches uponevents and does not go in to great detail.events and does not go in to great detail.

A book of Welsh history that only touches uponA book of Welsh history that only touches uponevents and does not go in to great detail.events and does not go in to great detail.

Means he was an expert in the historyMeans he was an expert in the historyof Wales and would have studied the events.of Wales and would have studied the events.


Source ASource A

ProfessorProfessorProfessorProfessor

Welsh historianWelsh historianWelsh historianWelsh historian

General historyGeneral historyof Walesof Wales

General historyGeneral historyof Walesof Wales

AnswersAnswers

Click the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right.





A book of Welsh history that only touches uponA book of Welsh history that only touches upon

events and does not go in to great detail.events and does not go in to great detail.

A book of Welsh history that only touches uponA book of Welsh history that only touches upon

events and does not go in to great detail.events and does not go in to great detail.

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When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?

Source ASource A AnswersAnswers

Written after many strikes in WalesWritten after many strikes in Waleswhen many blamed the Government when many blamed the Government

and wealthy for causing them.and wealthy for causing them.

Written after many strikes in WalesWritten after many strikes in Waleswhen many blamed the Government when many blamed the Government

and wealthy for causing them.and wealthy for causing them.

Jenkins was a lecturer at theJenkins was a lecturer at theUniversity of Aberystwyth andUniversity of Aberystwyth and

was from the town.was from the town.

Jenkins was a lecturer at theJenkins was a lecturer at theUniversity of Aberystwyth andUniversity of Aberystwyth and

was from the town.was from the town.

Jenkins had not lived throughJenkins had not lived throughthe strike so knew little of the strike so knew little of

the events.the events.

Jenkins had not lived throughJenkins had not lived throughthe strike so knew little of the strike so knew little of

the events.the events.

The author may have been The author may have been influenced by those in Bethesda whoinfluenced by those in Bethesda who

still blamed Penrhyn for the strike.still blamed Penrhyn for the strike.

The author may have been The author may have been influenced by those in Bethesda whoinfluenced by those in Bethesda who

still blamed Penrhyn for the strike.still blamed Penrhyn for the strike.

By this time Jenkins was a wellBy this time Jenkins was a wellestablished historian who had aestablished historian who had amajor interest in Welsh history.major interest in Welsh history.

By this time Jenkins was a wellBy this time Jenkins was a wellestablished historian who had aestablished historian who had amajor interest in Welsh history.major interest in Welsh history.

Written long after the events so isWritten long after the events so isless reliable.less reliable.

Written long after the events so isWritten long after the events so isless reliable.less reliable.

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What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

Source ASource A

Materials produced by the strikers to prolong the strikeMaterials produced by the strikers to prolong the strike ..Materials produced by the strikers to prolong the strikeMaterials produced by the strikers to prolong the strike ..

Interviews with Lord Penrhyn.Interviews with Lord Penrhyn.Interviews with Lord Penrhyn.Interviews with Lord Penrhyn.

Accounts given by the strikers.Accounts given by the strikers.Accounts given by the strikers.Accounts given by the strikers.

Letters of Lord Penrhyn.Letters of Lord Penrhyn.Letters of Lord Penrhyn.Letters of Lord Penrhyn.Lord Penrhyn wrote to other employers telling of his intentions to destroy the union and how he would not give up.

There song sheets and concert programmes to

raise money for the strikers.

Many of them were bitter and blamed Penrhyn for

causing the strike.

Click on the statements that you believe to be true.

The 2nd Lord Penrhyn died in 1907 so Jenkins would not

have been able to talk to him.

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D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nid oes Nid oes bradwr yn y ty hwn bradwr yn y ty hwn ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years.years.

D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nid oes Nid oes bradwr yn y ty hwn bradwr yn y ty hwn ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years.years.


Source BSource B

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Read the information below to find out more information about the union leader D. R. Daniels.

Lord Penrhyn standing behind a soldier, facing a worker carrying a stick whilst D.R. Daniel the Union

Organiser stands behind him. Source: Gwynedd Archives

Daniel was born at Llandderfel and had no Daniel was born at Llandderfel and had no quarrying links. He was educated at the quarrying links. He was educated at the Grammar School, in Bala and the Grammar School, in Bala and the Independent College. Independent College.

He was appointed assistant organiser for He was appointed assistant organiser for the United Kingdom Temperance Movement the United Kingdom Temperance Movement in North Wales. He was heavily involved in in North Wales. He was heavily involved in T.E. Ellis's election as Liberal M.P for T.E. Ellis's election as Liberal M.P for Meirionydd in 1886. The following year he Meirionydd in 1886. The following year he moved to Y Ffor, near Pwllheli, entering moved to Y Ffor, near Pwllheli, entering local politics in 1895. He was appointed local politics in 1895. He was appointed Organiser to the N.W.Q.U. soon the Organiser to the N.W.Q.U. soon the following year. After serving on following year. After serving on Caernarfonshire County Council he joined Caernarfonshire County Council he joined the civil service.the civil service.


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Read the information below and to try and help you understand the views of the soldiers after the Battle of the Somme in 1916.


A sign in the window of No 2 Fron Haul, BethesdaSource: Wikimedia Commons

Those who stayed on strike put a sign in the window making it known that 'Nid oes BRADWR yn y ty hwn'. 'There is no TRAITOR in this house.’ This was to show they were still for the strike and unwilling to take Lord Penrhyn’s gold sovereign.

ii

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[From a book by academic historian, R. [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, Merfyn Jones, The North Wales The North Wales

Quarrymen 1874-1922 Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.]specialist in Welsh history.]

Who is the author? What do they do?Who is the author? What do they do?

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This is a specialist book that deals solely withThis is a specialist book that deals solely withthe strike. It will be an in-depth study.the strike. It will be an in-depth study.

This is a specialist book that deals solely withThis is a specialist book that deals solely withthe strike. It will be an in-depth study.the strike. It will be an in-depth study.



Academic historianAcademic historianAcademic historianAcademic historian

Specialist inSpecialist inWelsh historyWelsh historySpecialist inSpecialist in

Welsh historyWelsh history

BookBookBookBook

AnswersAnswers



This is a specialist book that deals solely withThis is a specialist book that deals solely with

the strike. It will be an in-depth study.the strike. It will be an in-depth study.

This is a specialist book that deals solely withThis is a specialist book that deals solely with

the strike. It will be an in-depth study.the strike. It will be an in-depth study.

Source BSource BClick the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right.



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When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?

AnswersAnswers

Appeared at time of industrial strifeAppeared at time of industrial strifein Britain. Many workers were onin Britain. Many workers were on

strike.strike.

Appeared at time of industrial strifeAppeared at time of industrial strifein Britain. Many workers were onin Britain. Many workers were on

strike.strike.

Written a long time after the eventsWritten a long time after the eventsso was less emotive.so was less emotive.

Written a long time after the eventsWritten a long time after the eventsso was less emotive.so was less emotive.

Jones had not been aliveJones had not been aliveduring the strike so knew littleduring the strike so knew little

of the events.of the events.

Jones had not been aliveJones had not been aliveduring the strike so knew littleduring the strike so knew little

of the events.of the events.

The author was able to study a hugeThe author was able to study a hugevariety of source material.variety of source material.

The author was able to study a hugeThe author was able to study a hugevariety of source material.variety of source material.

Written when historians looked toWritten when historians looked toconsider the roles of all thoseconsider the roles of all those

involved in events.involved in events.

Written when historians looked toWritten when historians looked toconsider the roles of all thoseconsider the roles of all those

involved in events.involved in events.

Written over eighty years after theWritten over eighty years after theevents so is less reliable.events so is less reliable.

Written over eighty years after theWritten over eighty years after theevents so is less reliable.events so is less reliable.

Click on the tabs to change to the correct colour.Source BSource B

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NGfL CYMRUGCaDWhat evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

Descendents of those involved in the strike.Descendents of those involved in the strike.Descendents of those involved in the strike.Descendents of those involved in the strike.

Sources produced by union leaders.Sources produced by union leaders.Sources produced by union leaders.Sources produced by union leaders.

Welsh newspapers.Welsh newspapers.Welsh newspapers.Welsh newspapers.Y Werin and Y Eco published d lists

of men who returned to work. These were produced by the union.

Some families do not speak to one another as some chose to return to work.

Union leader D.R.Daniels corresponded with the Welsh newspapers in his

efforts to keep the strike going.

Click on the statements that you believe to be true.



Source BSource B

Interviews with D.R.Daniel.Interviews with D.R.Daniel.Interviews with D.R.Daniel.Interviews with D.R.Daniel. D.R.Daniel died in 1931.

how has the penrhyn strike of 1900-3 been interpreted?

Documents

penrhyn strike

penrhyn quarry

lord penrhyn rode

caricature of lord penrhyn

title of lord penrhyn

penrhyn estate

wikimedia commons lord

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