18 Rhesus monkeys recovered after ZMapp administration No long-term side effects

ZMapp exceeds efficacy of other therapeutics Difference in humans is unclear

Phase 1 in healthy humans Administered in 7 infected people

Research Question

How does ZMapp function to fight Ebola in humans and can it be used as

a large-scale treatment method?

• Produced in the leaves of Nicotiana plants

• 3 different humanized MAbs → c13C6, c2G4 & c4G7

Introduction to ZMapp

Mechanism of ZMapp

MAbs bind to EBV epitope via glycoproteins

EBV-bound MAbs lead to c1q and FcγRI interaction

C1q activation leads to complement response

FcγRI activation lead to adaptive immune response, such as CD8+ T-cell activation

Analysis of Implications

Time of administration As late as 5 days after exposure Can detect Ebola virus at this time Limited testing capacity in Africa

Feasibility 20-40 ZMapp doses per month Plans to ramp up production in the works

Analysis of Implications

Efficacy 5 out of 7 Ebola patients recovered after

administration of ZMapp 45% of patients recovered without

treatment Glycoprotein mutation in the Ebola virus

Ethical concerns

Conclusion

The article is justified as ZMapp has potential of impeding progress of Ebola virus but must be used with precaution

until further clinical trials and safety studies are conducted.