how do we describe personality? hans eysenck (d. 9/4/97): inspired by history, especially...

How do we describe personality?

Hans Eysenck (d. 9/4/97): Inspired by history, especially Hippocrates (460-370 bc) and Galen (129-203 ad)

Phlegmatic

Sanguine

Melancholic

Choleric

High NLow N

High E

Low E


Raymond Cattell (1943; d. 2/2/98) The lexical hypothesis:“All aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest, or utility, have already become recorded in the substance of language”

Allport & Odbert (1936)

17,953 words “distinguish the behavior or one human being from that of another”4,504 words represent “consistent and stable modes” or “determining tendencies”

Cattell (1957)

171 non-redundant/synonymous wordsFactor analysis

Norman (1963)

18,125 words to describe people8,081 words not evaluative, ambiguous, clear, and not physical traits

1,600 familiar words75 clusters

1 2 3 4 5 67

1. I did what had to be done - .10 .75 -.05 .03 .12 .00

2. I learned to live with it - -.02 .52 .61 -.07-.08

3. I tried to get rid of it - .17 .00 .09.15

4. I accepted that it was there - .71 .11.08

5. I tried to see it in a different light - .06-.04

6. I slept more than usual - .59

7. I daydreamed about other things-

Factor: A B C D

1. I did what had to be done .62 .15 .01 -.12

2. I learned to live with it .03 -.08 .49 .08

3. I tried to get rid of it .54 .04 -.20 .16

4. I accepted that it was there .10 .11 .56 .03

5. I tried to see it in a different light .07 .08 .50 .02

6. I slept more than usual -.02 .72 .12 -.13

7. I daydreamed about other things .08 .48 .08 .08

Correlations

1 .217* -.081 -.197* .590** -.102 .544**

.016 .375 .029 .000 .262 .000

123 123 122 123 123 122 122

.217* 1 .415** .451** .008 .546** .028

.016 .000 .000 .929 .000 .758

123 123 122 123 123 122 122

-.081 .415** 1 .535** -.024 .525** .107

.375 .000 .000 .791 .000 .240

122 122 122 122 122 122 122

-.197* .451** .535** 1 -.257** .674** -.143

.029 .000 .000 .004 .000 .117

123 123 122 123 123 122 122

.590** .008 -.024 -.257** 1 -.254** .697**

.000 .929 .791 .004 .005 .000

123 123 122 123 123 122 122

-.102 .546** .525** .674** -.254** 1 -.101

.262 .000 .000 .000 .005 .267

122 122 122 122 122 122 122

.544** .028 .107 -.143 .697** -.101 1

.000 .758 .240 .117 .000 .267

122 122 122 122 122 122 122

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

N

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

N

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

N

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

N

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

N

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

N

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

N

att1_0

fear1_0

guilt1_0

host1_0

jov1_0

sad1_0

sass1_0

att1_0 fear1_0 guilt1_0 host1_0 jov1_0 sad1_0 sass1_0

Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).*.

Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).**.

Structure Matrix

.841 -.216

.801 -.268

.648 -.014

.639 .068

-.202 .864

-.052 .790

-.071 .698

sad1_0

host1_0

guilt1_0

fear1_0

jov1_0

sass1_0

att1_0

1 2

Factor

Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.

Raymond Cattell (1943; d. 2/2/98)“All aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest, or utility, have already become recorded in the substance of language”

16 factors, including:

Reactive vs. emotionally stableRelaxed vs. tense

Self-assured vs. apprehensiveTolerates disorder vs. perfectionistic

Shy vs. socially boldSerious vs. lively

Forthright vs. privateDominant vs. deferential


Lewis Goldberg: The Big 5

E: The largest number of closely related wordsA: The next largestC: And so onN: And so onO: The smallest number, loosely related words; the worst-defined factor

Costa and McCrae: The Big 3 (plus 2) = The Five-Factor Model

N and E: The most common personality dimensions in personality theoryO: Accounts for existential theories (e.g., self-actualization)

Convinced in 1981 by Big 5 research to include A and C


The Big 5/Five Factors

OCEAN

Other structures?

NEO

CEAN

OCEAN + PV and NV (The Big 7; Tellegen)

O C eX A nE + Honesty/humility (HEXACO; Ashton & Lee)trustworthy, honest, humble, faithful versus greedy, venal, hypocritical, conceited

Hofstee, deRaad, & Goldberg, 1992


Why would we have developed language to describe personality in these five terms?

E: Can I dominate this person?

A: Can I get along with this person?

C: Can I work with this person?

N: Is this person “crazy” or “sane”?

O: Can I teach this person?

How might personality have changed during evolution?

how do we describe personality? hans eysenck (d. 9/4/97): inspired by history, especially...

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