how did the solar system form?€¦ · our theory: what do we think now?! • solar system...
TRANSCRIPT
How did the Solar System form?
Is our solar system unique?
Are there other Earth-like planets, or are we a fluke?
Under what conditions can Earth-like planets form?
Is life common or rare?
Ways to Find Out • Look at our own solar system, and think
about how it might have formed • Look at other solar systems while they
form • Look for and study other solar systems • Create computer models and see if you
can produce a solar system
Ways to Find Out • Look at our own solar system, and think
about how it might have formed • Look at other solar systems while they
form • Look for and study other solar systems • Create computer models and see if you
can produce a solar system
Solar System Geometry
• Terrestrial planets closer than gas/water giants • Planets get smaller beyond Jupiter • Most planets orbit in the same plane • Some small bodies are tilted
Summary of Planetary Interiors
Summary (Things a formation theory must explain)
• The sun, with most of the system mass
• Giant planets with solid cores (far from sun)
• Terrestrial planets (close to sun)
• Most planets orbit in a flat plane
• Many planets have moons
Our theory • Solar system formation begins because of
gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun • A disk is formed because of rotation • Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or gravitationally attract each
other • If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the star,
where it’s cold) the cores are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force keeps clouds from collapsing?
Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force keeps clouds from collapsing?
gas pressure pushes out (like in a balloon)
Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force helps clouds collapse?
Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force helps clouds collapse?
gravity pulls inwards
If the cloud is big and cold, gravity will win out and the cloud will collapse.
gravity pulls inwards
The cloud is spinning. What happens as it collapses?
(Think of the water in your bathtub drain)
gravity pulls inwards
The cloud spins faster and faster, until it can’t support itself, and flattens out (think pizza dough)
Lucky for us, this is the perfect way to form a solar system.
blob = future sun disk = future solar system
Formation basics
Ways to Find Out • Look at our own solar system, and think
about how it might have formed • Look at other solar systems while they
form • Look for and study other solar systems • Create computer models and see if you
can produce a solar system
Stars form in Dense Clouds of Dust and Gas
What do we mean by dust? What do we mean by gas?
The Orion Nebula
Disks really exist!
Disks really exist!
Young stars have asteroid belts and Kuiper belts
but notice how much bigger this is than the solar system!
In reality, disks are very hard to image. Why do you think this is?
In reality, disks are very hard to image. Why do you think this is?
So we usually use spectroscopy to study disks.
Here’s what stars look like with a spectrograph.
What would it look like with a disk around it?
In reality, disks are very hard to image. Why do you think this is?
So we usually use spectroscopy to study disks.
Disks produce infrared light (just like planets)
Here’s what stars look like with a spectrograph.
What would it look like with a disk around it?
Our theory: What do we think now? • Solar system formation begins because of
gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun • A disk is formed because of rotation • Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or gravitationally attract each
other • If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the star,
where it’s cold) the cores are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
Ways to Find Out • Look at our own solar system, and think
about how it might have formed • Look at other solar systems while they
form • Look for and study other solar systems • Create computer models and see if you
can produce a solar system
Ways to Find Out • Look at our own solar system, and think
about how it might have formed • Look at other solar systems while they
form • Look for and study other solar systems • Create computer models and see if you
can produce a solar system
http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~microfun/ob06109/
Ways to Find Out • Look at our own solar system, and think
about how it might have formed • Look at other solar systems while they
form • Look for and study other solar systems • Create computer models and see if you
can produce a solar system
Our theory: What do we think now? • Solar system formation begins because of
gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun • A disk is formed because of rotation • Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or gravitationally attract each
other • If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the star,
where it’s cold) the cores are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
Why can’t we make a huge computer simulation to explain everything?
How do you design a computer simulation?
What models would you create?
A model of planets growing in a disk.
Some things we’ve learned from models:
Our basic theory holds up pretty well, but...
It’s hard to get little particles to stick to each other when they collide.
It takes a really, really long time to make planets (maybe too long??)
It’s hard to form planetary systems as flat as ours.
Solar System Formation: Take-away messages
• Solar system formation begins because of gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun
• A disk is formed because of rotation • Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or gravitationally
attract each other • If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the star, where it’s cold) the cores
are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
Theory:
Observations generally agree with theory, but it’s hard to see details. They also show us that stars and disks are all very different from each other. And, they gave us the surprising observation of outflows.
Simulations also agree with theory, but they can’t model everything at once, and there are some problems (things take too long, for one)
Is our solar system unique?
Are there other Earth-like planets, or are we a fluke?
Under what conditions can Earth-like planets form?
Is life common or rare?