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How are animal proteins made from DNA?

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Page 1: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

How are animal proteins made from DNA?

Page 2: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Page 3: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

The Big Picture!!

Page 4: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

What are the differences between DNA and mRNA?

• DNA - • Double stranded• Deoxyribose sugar

• mRNA• Single stranded • Ribose sugar• Has uracil nucleotide in

place of Thymine

Page 5: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

There are two processes to protein synthesis!!

• Transcription DNA to mRNA (Messenger RNA). Takes place in the nucleus.

• Translation mRNA to tRNA (Transfer RNA). Takes place in the ribosomes of the cytoplasm.

Page 6: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Let’s see these two processes up close in steps!!

Page 7: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

What is “transcription?”

• A part of the DNA double helix within the nucleus is unzipped, cut by enzymes, and then copied onto a new single strand, called mRNA. This process is called “transcription.”

• Once the DNA is transcribed, the single strand moves from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell. Thus the name, “messenger RNA.”

Page 8: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Nitrogen Bases

• You already learned that the nitrogen bases in DNA are:

Adenine – Thymine

Guanine – Cytosine• The Nitrogen bases in RNA are similar, but

rather than Thymine, RNA contains a similar base called Uracil. Thus, the base pairs are:

Adenine - Uracil

Guanine - Cytosine

Page 9: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Step 1 of Protein Synthesis

• DNA is copied in the process called“Transcription”.

Page 10: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

• One strand of the DNA helix is used as a template to make “mRNA” (copy of the DNA section) during transcription.

www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

Page 11: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Let’s copy some DNA to mRNA!!

REMEMBER: in mRNA, Uracil replaces Thymine

1. DNA strandATCGGCATCATT

2. MRNA strand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

3. DNA strandATGAAGGCGAAA

MRNA strand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Page 12: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Answer!!!

• DNA strand: ATCGGCATCATT

• mRNA strand: UAGCCGUAGUAA

• DNA strand: ATGAAGGCGAAA

• mRNA strand: UACUUCCGCUUU

Page 13: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Sample Question

• A. UUGGCCGAUUGG• B. TTGGCCGATTGC• C. AACCGGCTAACC

• Which strand is• ____ DNA STRAND 1• ____ DNA STRAND 2• ____ mRNA

Page 14: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Answer!

• A. UUGGCCGAUUGG• B. TTGGCCGATTGC• C. AACCGGCTAACC

• Which strand is• __b or c__ DNA STRAND 1• __b or c__ DNA STRAND 2• __a__ mRNA

Page 15: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Now the message can be translated!!

• A single strand of mRNA was just transcribed from DNA within the nucleus and now the code will be translated to make the specific protein within a ribosome in the cytoplasm!!

• DNA strand TACATTTAGCGG• mRNA strand AUGUAAAUCGCC

Page 16: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

What is the structure of the mRNA code?

• Three mRNA nucleotides form a triplet code called a “codon.” Each codon sequence will then code for a tRNA with an anticodon with opposite nitrogen bases .

Page 17: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

tRNA

• Notice UGA

anticodon at

bottom of the

tRNA

• Notice Amino

Acid at the top

of the tRNA

Page 18: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Genetic code

• There are 64 combinations using the four mRNA nucleotides AUGC to code for 20 amino acids.

Page 19: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Step 2 of Protein Synthesis

• mRNA is used to pair up with tRNA to code for amino acids that form a chain to make a specific protein in a process called “translation.”

Page 20: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

What is “translation”?

• A ribosome binds mRNA to tRNA, which is attached to specific amino acids as anti- codons. Each anticodon of tRNA attaches to a codon on mRNA. An amino acid is attached to the top of a tRNA. The amino acids bond together, forming a polypeptide chain that make a specific protein.

Page 21: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Where does translation take place?

• In ribosomes in the cell’s cytoplasm

Page 22: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

tRNA anticodon (UAC) binds mRNA at the START codon (AUG) to begin the

translation message

www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

Page 23: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Each tRNA caries a specific amino acid. The amino acids bind together to make a polypeptide chain to make specific proteins.

www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

Page 24: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

• At the end (stop codon), a release enzyme binds to a stop codon in the sequence. This stops translation, releasing the completed chain of protein.

www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

Page 25: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

Page 26: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Complete the following code!!

• DNA AT _ CGG _ _ _ TGG

• DNA TAC _ _ _ CGT ACC

• mRNA _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

• tRNA _ _C G _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

• A.A ____ ____ ____ ____=Protein– (Use the table to find the correct amino acid)

Page 27: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

Complete the following code!!

• DNA ATG CGG GCA TGG

• DNA TAC GCC CGT ACC

• mRNA AUG CGG GCA UGG

• tRNA UAC GCC CGU ACC

• A.A TRY ALA ARG THR = Protein– (Use the table to find the correct amino acid)

Page 28: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

How is this new animal protein used?

• It may be used for:

• Structure muscle, bone, hair

• Cell membranes

• Chemicals special enzymes

Page 29: How are animal proteins made from DNA?. In a process called “Protein Synthesis”

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