housing data: new measures in the american housing survey · housing information in data sources...
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Housing Data: New Measures in the
American Housing Survey
Denise Whalen
ICDR State of the Science in Disability Research Conference Washington, DC
July 13, 2011
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● American Community Survey (ACS)
● American Housing Survey (AHS)
● National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
● Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)
● Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
Sources of Disability and Housing Data
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Housing Information in Data Sources
ACS AHS NHANES PSID SIPP
Ownership x x x x x
Time in home x x x x*
Type of home x x x x*
Age of home x x x
Rooms x x x
Rent/Mortgage x x x x
Adequacy x x
Utilities x x x x x*
Assistance x x x
Value of home x x x*
* Information available in a periodic topical module; not available in main survey
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● Surveys have various strengths
– ACS: large sample size
– AHS: detailed housing data
– NHANES: detailed health information
– PSID and SIPP: longitudinal data
Benefits of Data Sources
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● Disability Supplements to the AHS
– Conducted in 1978 and 1995
– Disability (difficulty entering home, in-home mobility, personal activities, vision, hearing, need for modification/assistance due to a physical limitation)
– Home modifications (ramps, handrails, wide doors/hallways, etc.)
AHS & Disability Measures -
Supplements
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● Receipt of disability benefits
– Received SSDI, workers’ compensation, veterans’ disability payments, or other disability payments
– Received Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
AHS & Disability Measures –
Benefit Receipt
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● Six limitation questions:
– Deafness or serious difficulty hearing
– Blindness or serious difficulty seeing
– Serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
– Serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs
– Serious difficulty dressing or bathing
– Difficulty doing errands alone
AHS & Disability Measures –
New Questions
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Disability Rates in the AHS,
People Age 18–64
Limitation Prevalence
Hearing disability 1.2
Visual disability 0.8
Cognitive disability 1.9
Ambulatory disability 3.3
Self-care disability 0.7
Independent-living disability 1.7
Any of the six limitations 6.0
Receipt of disability payments 4.7
Any of the six limitations or
receipt of disability payments 8.7
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Disability Rates in the AHS,
People Age 18–64
Limitation Prevalence
Hearing disability 1.2
Visual disability 0.8
Cognitive disability 1.9
Ambulatory disability 3.3
Self-care disability 0.7
Independent-living disability 1.7
Any of the six limitations 6.0
Receipt of disability payments 4.7
Any of the six limitations or
receipt of disability payments 8.7
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Disability Rates in the AHS,
People Age 18–64
Limitation Prevalence
Hearing disability 1.2
Visual disability 0.8
Cognitive disability 1.9
Ambulatory disability 3.3
Self-care disability 0.7
Independent-living disability 1.7
Any of the six limitations 6.0
Receipt of disability payments 4.7
Any of the six limitations or
receipt of disability payments 8.7
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Shares of People with Disabilities
(Ages 18-64), by Disability Type
23%
32%
46%
Disability Payments andLimitations
Disability Payments Only
Limitations Only
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● Rating of unit
● Size: square footage, persons/room, square feet/person
● Manufactured or mobile home
● Amenities: dishwasher, washing machine, dryer, central air conditioning, garbage disposal, stove or oven, fire extinguisher, carbon-monoxide detector, garage
● Deficiencies: holes in the floor, peeling paint, evidence of rodents, leaks inside or outside, toilet breakdowns, incomplete plumbing, unsafe drinking water, open cracks in the foundation, missing electrical outlets
Housing Characteristics
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7.9
1.7
9.2
6.2
0.8
8.3
2.1
4.7
7.0
0.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rating of Unit(from 1 to 10)
Square Footage(1,000s)
Manufactured orMobile Home (%)
Number ofAmenities
Number ofDeficiencies
People with Disabilities People without Disabilities
Housing Characteristics,
by Disability Status (Ages 18-64)
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● Rating of neighborhood
● Neighborhood wealth: median income, average fair market rent
● Benefits: access to public transportation, proximity to stores, satisfactory police protection
● Problems: crime, odors, noise, vandalism, presence of trash, proximity to roads in need of repair, proximity to heavy transportation
Neighborhood Characteristics
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7.7
6.4
2.4 1.6
8.1
6.6
2.5
1.1
0
5
10
Rating ofNeighborhood (from 1
to 10)
Area Median Income(in $10,000s)
Number ofNeighborhood
Benefits
Number ofNeighborhood
Problems
People with Disabilities People without Disabilities
Neighborhood Characteristics,
by Disability Status (Ages 18-64)
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● Public Housing
● Subsidized Rent
● Housing Voucher
● Rent Control
● Low-Cost Mortgage
Housing Assistance
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3.3
10.8
4.9
0.8
3.1
0.8 2.0
0.8 0.6
2.8
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
PublicHousing
SubsidizedRent
HousingVoucher
Rent Control Low-CostMortgage
Perc
enta
ge o
f R
espondents
People with Disabilities People without Disabilities
Use of Housing Assistance,
by Disability Status (Ages 18-64)
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● Differences in Housing and Neighborhood Characteristics by disability status are significant when controlling for other variables
● Above differences are amplified for people with multiple limitations or who receive SSI
Multivariate Analyses with the AHS
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● Disability is a significant determinant of housing-assistance receipt
● The benefit of housing assistance varies by disability status
● For people with disabilities, housing vouchers and low-cost mortgages are the most beneficial housing programs
Multivariate Analyses with the AHS
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● Measurement of Disability
– Missing groups? People with work-limitations, people with mental disabilities
– Detailed information on disability (severity, onset, specific diagnoses, functional status)
● Exclusion of certain living quarters
– transient accommodations, barracks, institutional-type quarters
● Limited subgroup analyses
● Longitudinal Information
What’s Missing from the AHS?
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Contact Information
Denise Whalen Center for Studying Disability Policy Mathematica Policy Research 600 Maryland Ave., SW, Suite 550 Washington, DC 20024 (202) 554-7517 [email protected]
www.DisabilityPolicyResearch.org