hot water-assisted fabrication of chirped polymer optical fiber ......since the first polymer...
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Hot water-assisted fabrication of chirped polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings
Min, Rui; Ortega, Beatriz; Broadway, Christian; Caucheteur, Christophe; Woyessa, Getinet; Bang, Ole;Antunes, Paulo; Marques, Carlos
Published in:Optics Express
Link to article, DOI:10.1364/OE.26.034655
Publication date:2018
Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Link back to DTU Orbit
Citation (APA):Min, R., Ortega, B., Broadway, C., Caucheteur, C., Woyessa, G., Bang, O., Antunes, P., & Marques, C. (2018).Hot water-assisted fabrication of chirped polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings. Optics Express, 26(26), 34655-34664. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.034655
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.034655https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/2c1b31f3-2ec8-4496-84ad-bfde696e864dhttps://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.034655
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Hot water-assisted fabrication of chirped polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings RUI MIN,1,* BEATRIZ ORTEGA,1 CHRISTIAN BROADWAY,2 CHRISTOPHE CAUCHETEUR,2 GETINET WOYESSA,3 OLE BANG,3,4 PAULO ANTUNES,5 AND CARLOS MARQUES5 1ITEAM Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València 46022 Valencia, Spain 2Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons 7000 Mons, Belgium 3DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 4SHUTE Sensing Solutions A/S, Oldenvej 1A 3490 Kvistgård, Denmark 5Instituto de Telecomunicações and Physics Department & I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal *[email protected]
Abstract: We obtained chirped gratings by performing hot water gradient thermal annealing of uniform poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microstructured polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings (POFBGs). The proposed method’s simplicity is one of its main advantages because no special phase mask or additional etching are needed. It not only enables easy control tuning of the central wavelength and chirp characteristics, but it also leads to obtain flexible grating response, compared with tapered chirped POFBGs. Therefore, a flexible and low-cost chirped POFBG devices fabrication technique has been presented by using a single uniform phase mask.
© 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
1. Introduction Polymer optical fibers (POFs) bring new opportunities for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) devices due to a lower Young’s modulus and a larger range of applying strain [1]. Furthermore, POFs are ideal candidates for bio-sensing applications [2–5] due to their flexibility in bending, biocompatibility and non-brittle nature. Since the first polymer optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) was reported in 1999 [6], different polymer materials are used for FBG fabrication with specific purposes, such as low attenuation CYTOP [7], high temperature resistance and humidity insensitive Zeonex [8], polycarbonate [9], TOPAS [10], and mixtures thereof [11]. However, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the most common material for Bragg grating devices [1,6].
POFBGs are usually obtained using the phase mask technology, which is a simple and reliable method. However, the phase mask can only inscribe gratings with a given period, i.e., with a specific Bragg wavelength, whereas a Bragg grating centered at a different wavelength requires a new phase mask with another pitch value or using additional techniques, such as post-annealing [12], shown to provide a 230 nm tuning range [13], or straining the POF during FBG writing, shown to provide a 12 nm tuning range [14]. At the same time, non-uniform devices, such as chirped FBGs (CFBG) are attractive for other applications, such as dispersion compensation [15] and biomedical sensing [16], where POF materials show huge advantages compared with silica fibers, such as a lower Young’s modulus, higher sensitivities, and biocompatibility and biodegradability [17]. In 2005, CFBGs in POF were proposed for the first time by Liu et al [18] based on taper technology. Recently, the first CFBG in POF was fabricated by using chirped phase mask technology [19], whereas tunable POF CFBGs have been obtained using taper technology [20] for a variety of applications, such as bio-medical thermal detection [21] or variable delay lines [22]. The use of a chirped phase mask is expensive and not flexible, whereas taper technology needs accurate tapering process and chirp characteristic changes with strain.
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34655
#349629 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.034655 Journal © 2018 Received 31 Oct 2018; revised 11 Dec 2018; accepted 11 Dec 2018; published 20 Dec 2018
https://doi.org/10.1364/OA_License_v1https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1364/OE.26.034655&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2018-12-20
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Recently, annealing on water acts as et al [23] invsolutions at roseveral hoursPospori et al longer waveleannealing procontrol, and t60 °C temperin POF with dthe polymer w[26]. All these
In this paannealing to uleads to obtaichirped phase
2. Polymer oPOFBGs wersystem emittiPMMA mPOtechnique. BeDetails aboutfiber for testiused to fabricFBG reflected
Fig
3. Gradient The setup empis immersed ihot plate was function standhot water andeach measureluminescent
Woyessa et althe propertiesplasticizer for
vestigated the oom temperatu although seal[24] reported
engths based oocess. This annthe same researature water cadifferent respowhen the fiber e works [13,23aper, we propouniform POFBin flexible grae mask fabricat
optical fiber re inscribed ung 15 ns dura
OF [27] whichefore using thet the fabricationg can be fou
cate a 10 mm lod power spectru
g. 1. Reflected spec
thermal annployed for thern a container (used to contro
dard CEM DTd attached to thement. The refdiode (Superl
l [13] reporteds of PMMA br PMMA and l
effect of PMMure, and a clear led conditions
d a novel thermon stretching tnealing emplo
arch group alsoan also enhanceonse time. This
material temp3–25] focus on ose to produce
BG which reductings responsetion techniques
Bragg gratinusing a 248 nmation pulses. Thh was fabricate fiber, it was on setup, POFund in [28,29]. ong FBG at 85um after irradi
ctral power of a 10
ealing rmal annealing(height: 2 cm, rol the temperat-8820 environmhe move stageflected spectralum SLD-371)
d the effect ofbased POFBGslowers its glassMA based POpermanent waare required d
mal annealing the optical fib
oys hot water o demonstratede the stress ands effect can beperature is raise
permanent wae permanent Cces the overall
e compared wis.
ng fabricatiom KrF (Coherhe fiber was ated in DTU F
annealed with cleaving and A uniform ph
50 nm wavelenation with a sin
0 mm long uniformpulse.
g is shown in Fradius 6.5 cm) ture of the watment meter. T
e, which controal power of th) and an opt
f the relativity s. Such effect s transition tem
OFBGs immersavelength blue due to fast evmethodology
ber with 1% owithout a hig
d [25] that annd force sensitiv
e explained as ed above the β
avelength shift CFBGs by appl cost for fabricith strain taper
on rent Bragg St
an endlessly sinFotonik with th 55 °C hot wconnection b
hase mask withngth region. Figngle pulse (15
m FBG inscribed b
Fig. 2(a) where filled with water, which was
The sensor probols the distanc
he grating wastical spectrum
y humidity (RHis due to the
mperature (Tg)sion in methanshift was obtai
vaporation of mfor tuning PO
or 2% strain dgh accurate temnealing under 5vities of Braggmolecular relaβ-transition temof uniform PO
plying gradiencating POF CFred POF CFBG
tar Industrial-Lngle-mode BDthe center holwater [25] for etween POF ah 567.8 nm pegure 1 shows ans of duration
by a single 15 ns
e a uniform POater (~1.4 cm hs monitored bybe was immersce from the hos monitored by
m analyzer (A
H) during fact that
). Fasano nol/water ined after methanol.
OFBGs to during the mperature 55°C and g gratings axation of mperature OFBG. t thermal
FBGs and G [20] or
LN) laser DK-doped le doping 10 mins.
and silica eriod was a uniform ).
OF grating height). A y a multi-sed in the t plate of y a super
AQ6373B)
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34656
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connected byshows the temthe stage attaclinear with the°C/mm from with a uniform2(a).
Fig. 2
Figure 3(a1.0 °C (gratincentral wavelhot water aftsimilar behavhot water at 5after 10 mins,bandwidth ofwater, the refconsiderably (Fig. 3(b)), sithe reflected wavelength shrelaxation [25wavelength sh
y using a silicmperature of thched to the teme water depth (the bottom ho
m temperature,
2. (a) Experimental
a) shows the Bng part in ~12 ength of the grter 90 mins imvior than repor55 °C and 60 , according to f the grating evflected power stable, and themilar performaspectrum was hift is due to th5]. Stajanca et hift followed a
ca optical fibehe water measu
mperature senso(the temperaturt plate). In ord, the grating mu
l setup for annealin
Bragg wavelenmm depth of
rating shifts abmmersion, comrted by Pospor°C. After thatstability of gravolution is alsand the bandwe reflected speance reported istable after th
he complex hetal [26] also repmore stretched
er circulator (Tured at differenor. As expectedre in the contai
der to get unifoust be kept par
ng POFBG, (b) Tecontainer.
ngth shift durinf hot water). Frbout 14 nm whmpared to the ri et al [25] wh, we observedatings responseso plotted in Fwidth increasedectrum bandwidin [31]. After t
hermal annealinterogeneous naported it underd exponential d
Thorlabs TW8nt depths of thd, the water heiner showed a orm thermal anrallel to the hot
emperature vs hot
ng the annealinrom Fig. 3(a),
hen the grating response befo
here a uniformd that the wavee under humidiFig. 3(a). Just d during the fdth remained sthis process, bng, as was cheature of fiber shr higher temperdecay.
850R5A1). Fighe container byating by a hot pdecrease of 0.2
nnealing of thet plate, as show
water depth in the
ng process witwe can noticeis brought out
ore immersing m FBG was anelength shift wity conditions after immersin
first ~4 mins, tstable during aoth the waveleecked after 5 dhrinkage and mrature, where t
gure 2(b) y moving plate was 23 ± 0.02 e POFBG wn in Fig.
e
th 52.5 ± e that the t from the
showing nnealed in was stable [30]. The ng in hot then kept annealing ength and days. The molecular the Bragg
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34657
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Fig. bandw
Next expewith a hot plannealing whgrating was imdue to strongchange with hgrating with 0
The tempemeasured at tanother FBGtemperature asince the chirspectrum, wedefined as thechirped perforto ~1.1 nm, w3(a). But aftebandwidth sto
3. Measurementswidth, (b) Reflecte
eriment aims toate at the bott
here one magnemmersed in theg curvatures atheight in the co0.17 ± 0.02 °C/erature at the bthe top (see Fi
G, similarly toat the bottom orped gratings p define the Bre first minima rmance is obta
which is more ter ~20 minuteopped increasin
Fig. 4
s during uniformd spectral power.
o use the beneftom. Figure 4et was used toe hot water at at steeper angleontainer is 0.23/mm when the bottom of the cig. 2(b)). Figuro Fig. 3, but of the containerpresented here ragg waveleng(see marker p
ained as Fig. 5(than twice the es, although thng with time.
4. Experimental se
m annealing: (a)
fits of gradientshows the exp
o fix the POF tan angle of 45°es. As shown 3 ± 0.02 °C/mmfiber was orien
container was 5re 5 plots the c
showing largr, as shown in and in the foll
gth as the centepoints in Fig. 3(b) shows that bandwidth obthe central wa
etup for gradient th
POFBG central
t temperature iperimental setuto the bottom °, chosen to av
in Fig. 2(b), m, so the tempnted at 45° ang55.2 ± 1 °C wcentral waveleger wavelengtn Fig. 2(b). It islowing have aner between the
3(b)). The meathe bandwidthtained with un
avelength cont
hermal annealing.
wavelength and
in a hot water up for gradienof the contain
void damage ofthe linear tem
perature varies gle direction.
whereas 51.5 ± ength shift withth shift due ts important to n asymmetric re recorded outasurements conh increases fromniform annealintinued to decr
d
container nt thermal ner so the f the fiber mperature along the
1 °C was h time of to higher note that
reflection ter edges, nfirm that m 0.3 nm ng in Fig. rease, the
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34658
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Fig. 5bandw
However, thermal anneafollowing, wehot water, asimmersed in twas kept outswater containgradient thermwater. Figuredifferent anneand 155 s anlarger values around 1.75 nvalues of 56.5achieved, the continued to having a smalstable afterwashown in Figwater [25] wresults of anograting chirp stable behavispectrum, depthe grating podone on the structure in oresponse.
5. Measurements width, (b) Reflecte
the obtained caling setup, we proposed a nes depicted in Fthe water, whe
side the water. ner would be lmal annealing we 7 shows the ealing periods.nnealing time, than obtained
nm in ~40 s an5 and 18 ps/nmgrating is bro
slightly increall thermal anneards. Also, theg. 3(a), accord
whereas the banother experimereached 11 nmior. Of coursepends on the acosition relativetime delay ch
order to optim
during gradient ad spectral power.
chirp was somwhich offered ~
ew method forFig. 6. In thisereas the rest oDespite the rolarger but mucwas obtained wobtained resu
Figures 7(a) arespectively,
in Fig. 5(a). Innd 5.5 nm in ~m, respectivelyought out fromase up to 5% aealing effect ju wavelength sh
ding to uniformndwidth keepsent (Grating 3
m bandwidth one, the specificctual thermal ge to the water sharacterization
mize the metho
annealing: (a) PO
mewhat limited~3 °C differenr enhanced grads case, only aof the grating (om temperaturch lower thanwhen comparedults with diffeand 7(c) showshowing the b
n Fig. 7(b) and 150 s, which ly, in a 1cm lo
m hot water, alas shown in F
ust after bringinhifts 1.5 ± 0.3
m polymer FBs roughly sim3) with longer nce the gratingc structure of
gradient over thsurface is requof the chirpe
d for obtainin
OFBG central wav
d due to the limnce along the dient thermal aa 4 mm sectio(the total POFBre was 22 °C, t
n 55 ± 1 °C, ad to the fully i
erent gratings w the spectra ob
bandwidth incFig. 7(d) we c
lead to group dng grating. Onlthough the ba
Fig. 7(a). It canng it out from h3 nm towards tBG response afmilar. Figures 7r annealing timg was brought of the chirped he fiber, and thuired. Further wed gratings to ng chirped gra
velength shift and
mitation in thewater containeannealing also on of the POFBG length wasthe area close tand therefore, immersed grati(#1, #2 and #btained after ucreases with tican observe badelay dispersionce the desiredandwidth of thn be considerehot water, and the blue wavelfter annealing 7(e) and 7(f) me of 510 s wout from the w
grating, i.e. herefore, fine cwork is currenlearn about th
atings with flat
d
e gradient er. In the based on
FBG was s 10 mm) to the hot a higher
ing in hot #3) under up to 40 s ime, with andwidths on (GDD) d chirp is he grating ed as still then was
length, as with hot
show the where the water with
reflected control of ntly being he actual t spectral
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34659
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Fig. 7anneaanneathe grtime o
Fig. 6. Imp
7. POFBG under staling time of 40 s),aling time of 155 srating is brought oof 510 s).
proved experimen
trong gradient ann, (b) Bandwidth vs), (d) Bandwidth vout after 510 s ann
ntal setup for gradi
nealing: Grating #1s time; Grating #2vs time; Grating #3nealing time, (d) B
ient thermal annea
1: (a) Reflected spe2: (c) Reflected spe3: (e) Reflected spBandwidth vs tim
aling.
ectral power (totalectral power (total
pectral power onceme (total annealing
l l e g
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34660
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4. CharacteIn this sectionin terms of teplacing the gtemperature cincrease the bandpass was27 °C to 52°about 3.2 nmnm/°C, a bit due to the diftemperature, similar to the reflected specthe presence precise measapplications.
Fig. 8minim
In order tocontaining thetwo X-Y-Z stawaiting 5 mwavelength wit, as depictedin Fig. 9(a). compared witapplied 1.44%to the results o
rization of Pn, we report theemperature, strgrating on a Pcontrol by an el
temperature s measured eveC in steps of
m (see Fig. 8(higher than refferent pre-annwhereas the bbehavior show
ctral power shoof peaks at burements of t
8. (a) Central wavma (nulls)) vs time
o characterize e grating was pages spaced by
min between was monitored wd in Fig. 9. A s
The bandwidtth tapered CF
% strain, whichobtained with a
OF chirped Fe full characterrain and humidPeltier plate, wlectronic tempeconduction. Tery 10 mins du5°. The centraa)), which cor
eported for uninealing conditibandwidth and wn by tapered Cowed a non-flaboth wavelengtthe grating ba
velength shift (thewhen temperature
the strain senplaced on the Xy a distance of each step at when the strainsmall hysteresisth keeps stablBG [20]. A w
h indicates a linannealed PMM
FBG rization of the dity. The tempwhich containerature control
The central wuring 60 mins al wavelength rresponds to aiform POFBGsons. The reflethe spectrum
CFBG under vaat profile, diffeth edges and, andwidth and
e center of the wae is changed. (b) R
nsitivity of the X-Y-Z translati
11.3 cm. The room tempera
n was changed s is observed inle during straiwavelength shinear strain sensMA mPOFBG a
chirped POFBperature sensitns a small v-gller. Some silic
wavelength of when temperashifts towards
a sensitivity as about (−0.07
ected power ofwere similar
arious temperaerently than rep
also, sharp slcentral wave
avelength spacing Reflected spectra v
chirped POFBion stage and ffiber was straiature. The ev from 0 to 1.44n the resonancin, which is aift of 11.6 nmsitivity of 8.05 at 850 nm spec
BG obtained intivity was meagroove and alcone grease wa
the grating rature was chans the blue wav
around −0.10677 ± 0.007 nmf grating increaas shown in F
ature [20]. Althported in [20], lopes allow tolength as requ
between the firstvs temperature.
BG, a 15 cm lfixed with glueined 0.18% stepvolution of th4% and also, dce wavelength a different perm was observe
± 0.05 nm/%, ctral region [25
n Fig. 7(a) asured by llows the as used to reflection
nged from velengths ± 0.005
m/°C) [14] ased with Fig. 8(b), hough the note that
o provide quired for
t
ong fiber e between p-by-step
he central ecreasing as shown formance d for the similarly
5].
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34661
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Fig. 9chirpe
Finally, tIndustrie CH3perform the hstep of 20% R10(a) and the 1.5 nm and tmeasurementsphase-shifted
Fig. 1Reflec
5. ConclusioWe have demwater assistedsimple since neasy and flexstable chirp cless than 10 humidity whephase mask ihave been prothermal detecMoreover, thvariations on temperature g
Funding Fundação parHeilongjiang
9. (a) Central waved POFBG. (b) Re
he chirped P340) at a conshumidity charaRH with a staboptical spectra
the sensitivity s shown in FigPMMA mPOF
0. (a). Central wacted spectrum vs h
on monstrated a new
d gradient theno special phaxible tuning ocharacteristic. A
min. The cenereas the bandis employed fovided for futuction in bio-s
he use of liquthe temperatu
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ra a Ciência e aProvince.
velength during steflected Spectra vs
OFBG was ptant temperatu
acterization mebilization perioa evolution is swas calculate
g. 10, the obtaiFBG at 850 nm
avelength of the chhumidity.
w low cost fabermal annealinse mask or addf the wavelenA chirp larger ntral wavelengdwidth keeps sfor fabrication.ure potential apsensing and duids with diffure gradient. Ibe considered a
a Tecnologia;
train increasing (b strain.
placed in the ure of 22 °C aneasurements. Td of 70 mins. Tshown in Fig. d to be 0.025 ined result is s
m spectral regio
hirped grating vs t
brication techning of uniform ditional etching
ngth and chirp than 11 nm h
gth linearly chstable, similar. Sensitivity mpplications sucdelay lines inferent specific In this way, inas future work.
GVA PROME
blue) and decreasi
temperature nd 30% of rel
The RH was inThe cycle can 10(b). The tota± 0.005 nm/%
similar to one on [32].
time when humidi
ique of chirpedPOFBGs. Th
g process is ne performance
has been obtainhanges with tr to CFBG resmeasurements ch as high reson microwave
heat coefficinvestigations o
ETEO; Natural
ing (red) cycle of
chamber (Anlative humidityncreased up to
be observed inal wavelength %RH, accordinobtained with
ity is changed. (b)
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olution large bphotonics sub
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)
ed on hot method is nables an
anent and st time in train and a chirped arameters
bandwidth bsystems. o lead to quids and
ndation of
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Acknowledgements This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)/MEC through national funds, when applicable co-funded by FEDER – PT2020 partnership agreement under the project UID/EEA/50008/2013 and the Research Excellence Award Programme GVA PROMETEO 2017/103 Future Microwave Photonics Technologies and applications, Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (F2018026). C. A. F. Marques also acknowledges the financial support from FCT through the fellowship SFRH/BPD/109458/2015.
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19. C. A. F. Marques, P. Antunes, P. Mergo, D. J. Webb, and P. André, “Chirped Bragg gratings in PMMA step-index polymer optical fiber,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 29(6), 500–503 (2017).
20. R. Min, B. Ortega, and C. Marques, “Fabrication of tunable chirped mPOF Bragg gratings using a uniform phase mask,” Opt. Express 26(4), 4411–4420 (2018).
21. S. Korganbayev, R. Min, M. Jelbuldina, X. Hu, C. Caucheteur, O. Bang, B. Ortega, C. Marques, and D. Tosi, “Thermal profile detection through high-sensitivity fiber optic chirped Bragg grating on microstructured PMMA fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 36(20), 4723–4729 (2018).
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22. R. Min, S. Korganbayev, C. Molardi, C. Broadway, X. Hu, C. Caucheteur, O. Bang, P. Antunes, D. Tosi, C. Marques, and B. Ortega, “Largely tunable dispersion chirped polymer FBG,” Opt. Lett. 43(20), 5106–5109 (2018).
23. A. Fasano, G. Woyessa, J. Janting, H. K. Rasmussen, and O. Bang, “Solution-mediated annealing of polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings at room temperature,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 29(8), 687–690 (2017).
24. A. Pospori, C. A. F. Marques, G. Sagias, H. Lamela-Rivera, and D. J. Webb, “Novel thermal annealing methodology for permanent tuning polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings to longer wavelengths,” Opt. Express 26(2), 1411–1421 (2018).
25. A. Pospori, C. A. F. Marques, D. Sáez-Rodríguez, K. Nielsen, O. Bang, and D. J. Webb, “Thermal and chemical treatment of polymer optical fiber Bragg grating sensors for enhanced mechanical sensitivity,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 36, 68–74 (2017).
26. P. Stajanca, O. Cetinkaya, M. Schukar, P. Mergo, D. J. Webb, and K. Krebber, “Molecular alignment relaxation in polymer optical fibers for sensing applications,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 28, 11–17 (2016).
27. X. Hu, G. Woyessa, D. Kinet, J. Janting, K. Nielsen, O. Bang, and C. Caucheteur, “BDK-doped core microstructured PMMA optical fiber for effective Bragg grating photo-inscription,” Opt. Lett. 42(11), 2209–2212 (2017).
28. A. Pospori, C. A. F. Marques, O. Bang, D. J. Webb, and P. André, “Polymer optical fiber Bragg grating inscription with a single UV laser pulse,” Opt. Express 25(8), 9028–9038 (2017).
29. D. Sáez-Rodríguez, R. Min, B. Ortega, K. Nielsen, and D. J. Webb, “Passive and Portable Polymer Optical Fiber Cleaver,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(24), 2834–2837 (2016).
30. W. Zhang, D. J. Webb, and G. D. Peng, “Investigation into time response of polymer fiber Bragg grating based humidity sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(8), 1090–1096 (2012).
31. A. G. Leal-Junior, A. Theodosiou, C. Marques, M. J. Pontes, K. Kalli, and A. Frizera, “Compensation Method for Temperature Cross-Sensitivity in Transverse Force Applications With FBG Sensors in POFs,” J. Lightwave Technol. 36(17), 3660–3665 (2018).
32. L. Pereira, A. Pospori, P. Antunes, M. F. Domingues, S. Marques, O. Bang, D. J. Webb, and C. Marques, “Phase-Shifted Bragg Grating Inscription in PMMA Microstructured POF Using 248-nm UV Radiation,” J. Lightwave Technol. 35(23), 5176–5184 (2017).
Vol. 26, No. 26 | 24 Dec 2018 | OPTICS EXPRESS 34664