Hot Technologies and Topics That May Change Your Lifestyle

Date Speaker Topic

September 24 Jim Rauf Private Space Travel

October 1 Howie Baum Future and Next Best Thing in All Things Internet/Computing

October 8 Jack Baldwin Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things

October 15 Kirt Hobler Bio-molecular Imaging

October 22 Hu Yueh-Chiang DNA and Gene Editing

October 29 Meifeng Xu Stem Cell Replacement Therapy

November 5 Ram Darolia Wind Energy

November 12 John Hutton Early Childhood Brain Development and Learning

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Private Space Travel

Jim Rauf

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Space Flight-A Very Brief History

• Robert Goddard liquid propellant rocket 1926 USA

• V-2 missile 1944 German Army

• Sputnik 1957 USSR

• Yuri Gagarin 1961 USSR

• Mercury sub orbital flights 1961 USA

• Mercury orbital flights 1962 USA

• Gemini orbital flights 1965 USA

• Apollo moon landings 1969-1972 USA

• Space Shuttle 1981-2011 USA

• SpaceShip1 2004 USA-first private flight

• International Space Station 1998 Russia USA

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Private Space Flight-History

• September 9, 1982 – Conestoga I, a repurposed Minuteman second stage, is launched from Matagorda Island to an altitude of 192 miles by Space Services Inc., becoming the first privately owned and operated rocket to reach space

• 1984 – President Ronald Reagan signs the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, which mandates NASA to encourage private spaceflight, and authorizes the Office of Commercial Space Transportation to regulate private spaceflight in the United States

• 1995 – The Office of Commercial Space Transportation is transferred to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), becoming the FAA Associate Administrator for Space Transportation, or FAA/AST

• 2004 – Scaled Composites’ SpaceShipOne conducts the first privately flown and funded manned spaceflight, piloted by Mike Melville

• 2004 – President George W. Bush signs the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004, which provides a basic legal framework for commercial human spaceflight

• September 2008 – SpaceX conducts the first successful launch of its Falcon 1 rocket, the first privately developed liquid fueled rocket to reach orbit

• December 8,2010 – SpaceX successfully launches and recovers its Dragon capsule on its first mission, marking the first time a privately developed and operated spacecraft is recovered from orbit

• November 23, 2015 – Blue Origin successfully launches its New Shepard launch system into space and lands it vertically, making it the first VTVL rocket to land on Earth from space

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Private Space Flight-History

• November 25, 2015 – President Barack Obama signs the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, also known as the Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship Act or SPACE Act of 2015, which codifies the ability of American companies to own material resources extracted in outer space

• December 21, 2015 – SpaceX lands the first stage of its Falcon 9 rocket at Landing Zone 1 at Cape Canaveral, marking the first recovery of a VTVL stage from an orbital rocket

• January 22, 2016– Blue Origin successfully launches and lands the same New Shepard booster flown in November, making it the first VTVL rocket to reach space twice

• March 30, 2017– SpaceX successfully launches and lands the first stage of a Falcon 9 that had previously flown in April 2016, making it the first VTVL rocket to be used on two orbital flights

• January 21, 2018 – American company Rocket Labsuccessfully launched its Electron rocket from MahiaLaunch Center carrying three cubesats into low earth orbit

• This was the first time that a rocket entered orbit after launching from a privately owned and operated spaceport

• February 6, 2018– SpaceX successfully launches their new rocket "Falcon Heavy" on its first test flight and manages to land two of the three boosters upright

• April 11, 2019– SpaceX successfully launches a Falcon Heavy with its first paid commercial satellite and lands all three boosters

• Two at Cape Canaveral

• One in the Atlantic Ocean on drone ship "Of Course I Still Love You”

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Private Space Travel-Regulation

• The Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST) was established in 1984 as part of the Office of the Secretary of Transportation within the Department of Transportation (DOT)

• November 1995, AST was transferred to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) it was established to:

• Regulate the U.S. commercial space transportation industry, to ensure compliance with international obligations of the United States, and to protect the public health and safety, safety of property, and national security and foreign policy interests of the United States

• Encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries by the private sector

• Recommend appropriate changes in Federal statutes, treaties, regulations, policies, plans, and procedures

• Facilitate the strengthening and expansion of the United States space transportation infrastructure

• AST manages its licensing and regulatory work as well as programs and initiatives to ensure the health and facilitate the growth of the U.S. commercial space transportation industry through the Office of the Associate Administrator along with its five divisions:

• The Space Transportation Development Division• The Licensing and Evaluation Division• The Regulations and Analysis Division• The Safety Inspection Division• The Operations Integration Division

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Private Space Companies

• Satellite Launchers

• IHI Corp.

• MHI Corp

• Northrop Grumman

• Rocket Lab

• SpaceX

• Sea Launch

• United Launch Alliance

• Space Capsules-Cargo

• SpaceX

• Northrop Grumman-Cygnus-automated ISS supply

• Sierra Nevada Corp-Dream Chaser Lifting body

• Space Tourism

• Blue Origin-suborbital

• Space Adventures-uses Russian Soyuz to ISS

• Virgin Galactic- Suborbital -Spaceship2/WhiteKnight2

• Space Capsules-Crew

• Blue Origin-

• Boeing –CST100’

• SpaceX-Dragon Capsule

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Private Space Travel-U.S. Regulation

Active Launch Licenses

• Orbital Sciences Corp

• United Launch Alliance

• Space Exploration Technologies Corp

• Lockheed Martin Launch Services

• S7 Sea Launch Limited

• Virgin Galactic

• Rocket Lab USA

• Exos Aerospace

• Virgin Orbit LLC

• Astra Aerospace

• Blue origin

Active Launch Site Operators

• Mojave Air &Space Port CA

• New Mexico Spaceflight Authority NM

• Space Florida FL

• Alaska Aerospace Development Corp AK

• Virgin Commercial Spaceflight Authority VA

• Adams County CO

• Virginia Commercial Spaceflight Authority VA

• Harris Corp CA

• Oklahoma Space Industry Development Authority OK

• Houston Airport System TX

• Jacksonville Aviation Authority FL

• Midland International Airport TX

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Virgin Galactic-Burt Rutan’s Scaled Composites

• June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne, designed and fabricated by Scaled Composites, a company owned by aerospace designer Burt Rutan became the first nongovernmental crewed spacecraft to fly 62.5 miles above Earth's surface

• SpaceShipOne crossed a boundary called the Kármán line, the accepted point of entry to space as defined by the International Astronautical Federation

• SpaceShipOne won the $10 million Ansari X Prize for repeated flights in a privately developed, reusable spacecraft

• Sept. 29 , 2004 and Oct. 4,2004

• SpaceShipOne’s development was backed by billionaire Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen

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Rutan’s design is the basis for Branson’s Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo suborbital vehicle

Virgin Galactic—Richard Branson

• Virgin Galactic founded in 2004 by Richard Branson

• “Democratize Space Travel”

• Operates the reusable SpaceShipTwo spaceflight system:

• White Knight Two, a custom-built, carrier aircraft

• SpaceShipTwo, the world’s first passenger carrying spaceship to be built by a private company and operated in commercial service

• The first Virgin Galactic spaceship to enter service is VSS Unity

• Virgin Galactic’s spaceships will offer everyone the opportunity to become private astronauts and experience the wonder of space for themselves

• Virgin Galactic spaceships will also offer the research community a platform for space-based science

• Plan is to run a regular schedule of spaceflights for private individuals and researchers from the New Mexico’s Spaceport America, the world’s first purpose built commercial spaceport

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Virgin Galactic—Vehicles

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WhiteKnightTwo is a custom-built, four-engine, dual-fuselage jet aircraft, designed to carry SpaceShipTwo up to an altitude of ~50,000 feet

SpaceShipTwo in flight

Virgin Galactic—Vehicles

• SpaceShipTwo is a reusable, winged spacecraft designed to carry eight people (including two pilots) into space safely and with high frequency

• Powered by a hybrid rocket motor –solid fuel and liquid oxidizer-allows shutdown at any time during the flight

• Most innovative feature is its unique capability to change its shape in space to ensure a repeatable safe re-entry

• By rotating its wings and tail booms upwards while in space, the vehicle’s stability and rate of deceleration in descent is controlled by aerodynamic forces

• This “feathering” design takes the best from both the traditional capsule and winged space vehicle designs, and adds a little magic of its own

• Exposure to G-forces during SpaceShipTwo’s ascent and descent is managed by thanks our custom-designed seats

• The cabin is specifically designed to optimize the out-of-seat zero gravity experience and has multiple windows for viewing

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United Launch Alliance -ULA

• Formed December 2006 as a joint venture between Lockheed Martin Space Systems and Boeing Defense, Space & Security

• ULA provides launch services using two expendable launch systems – Delta IV Heavy and Atlas V

• The Atlas, Delta IV launch system families have launched a variety of payloads including weather, telecommunications, and national security satellites and scientific probes and orbiters

• ULA also provides launch services to commercial satellites

• ULA is currently developing Vulcan Centaur, a successor to the Atlas V, planned launch in 2021

• The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) is planned to replace Centaur V on Vulcan no earlier than 2023

• Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) is a proposed liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper-stage rocket for use on the Vulcan space launch

• The ACES concept is currently intended to improve the on-orbit lifespan of current upper stages

• The ACES will use integrated vehicle fluid technology that uses a lightweight internal combustion engine to use hydrogen and oxygen propellant boiloff to operate the stage including production of power, maintaining stage attitude, and keeping the propellant tanks pressurized , and also eliminating the need for and nearly all batteries from the vehicle

• IVF will extend mission lifetimes from the present dozen hours to multiple days

• In 2016 ULA's President said both Vulcan and ACESwere intended to be human rated

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United Launch Alliance – Rockets-Delta IV and Atlas V

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United Launch Alliance -Atlas V and Delta IV Rockets

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Atlas V payloadsTo LEO 18,190-45,240 lbsTo GTO 10,470-19620 lbs

Delta IV payloadsTo LEO 25,240-63,470 lbsTo GTO 9,790-31,350 lbs

Atlas V launching New Horizons spacecraft Delta IV

United Launch Alliance- Launches

2018 Launches

10/17/2018 Atlas V AEHF-4 –USAF

131st successful launch

09/15/2018 Delta II ICESat-2-NASA

08/12/2018 Delta IV Parker Solar Probe-NASA

05/05/2018 Atlas V InSight-NASA Mars Lander

04/15/2018 Atlas V AFSPC-11-USAF

03/01/2018 Atlas V GOES-S-NASA/NOAA

01/19/2018 Atlas V SBIRS GEO Flight 4-USAF

01/12/2018 Delta IV NROL-47-NRO

ULA launches ~$350 million to $424 million

Commercial Launches

10/02/2015 Atlas V Morelos-3

12/05/2014 Delta IV EFT-1

08/13/2014 Atlas V WorldView-3

11/05/2010 Delta II COSMO-SkyMed 4

11/23/2009 Atlas V Intelsat 14

10/08/2009 Delta II WorldView-2

10/24/2008 Delta II COSMO-Skymed 3

09/07/2008 Delta II GeoEye-1

04/14/2008 Atlas V ICO G1

12/08/2007 Delta II COSMO-SkyMed 2

09/18/2007 Delta II Worldview-1

06/07/2007 Delta II COSMO-SkyMed 1

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United Launch Alliance -Vulcan Rocket Development

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• The Vulcan Centaur booster is 17.7 ft in diameter and 109.2 ft long

• Vulcan Centaur booster propulsion is provided by a pair of Blue Origin BE-4 engines, each producing 550,000 lbs of thrust

• The Vulcan Centaur vehicle is controlled by an avionics system that provides guidance, flight control and vehicle sequencing functions during the booster and Centaur phases of flight

• The Centaur upper stage is 17.7 ft in diameter and 38.5 ft long with a 120,000-lb propellant capacity

• Centaur is a liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen-fueled vehicle• It uses two RL10C-X engines• The upgraded Centaur is stretched to 44.7 ft to

accommodate additional propellant

Performance - PayloadGTO = Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (19,323 x 100 nmi) at 27.0°16,400 -33,000 lbsLEO = Low Earth Orbit 108.0 nmi circular at 28.7°39,200-66,800 lbs

Blue Origin-Jeff Bezos

• Founded 2004 by Jeff Bezos

• Backed by his personal fortune as founder of Amazon.com• Some NASA funding to develop capsule for COTS program

• Launch site Van Horn in West Texas

• Blue Origin rockets to be reusable• Automated vertical landing

• Short term plans to offer suborbital tourist flights• New Shephard rocket

• Long term plans –orbital flights and moon landings• New Glenn rocket

• Developed BE-4 rocket engine• 550,000 lbs thrust• LNG/LOX propellant• Selling to ULA for its advanced Vulcan rocket

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Bezos has said that he sells one billion dollars worth of Amazon stock each year

Blue Origin-New Shepherd Rocket

Ring and Wedge Fins

• As the rocket enters the atmosphere, air flows through a ring at the top of the booster , passively moving the center of pressure to help control descent

Drag brakes

• Descending at the speed of sound , the booster deploys eight large drag brakes , reducing the vehicle’s speed by half

BE-3PM

• In addition to powering the New Shephard system to space with 110,000 lbs of thrust, the BE-3PM liquid rocket engine (LH2/LOX) is designed to restart as the vehicle returns, slowing the booster to just 5 mph for landing

Aft Fins

• Hydraulically Fins near the base of the booster stabilize the descent and then pivot to steer it back to the landing pad

Landing gear

• Retractable landing legs deploy for a controlled landing on the pad

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New Shephard autonomous vertical landing July 2018

Blue Origin New Shephard- Sub orbital Flight

• Blue Origin uses an autonomous capsule

• Can accommodate up to six passengers

• Launched on top of a reusable rocket that will also land autonomously

• Suborbital flight to maximum altitude of ~ 66 Miles (351,000 ft)

• Passengers will enjoy a few minutes of weightlessness and views from the six large capsule windows

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Max speed Mach 3Max of 3 G’s

• Blue Origin -New Glenn Rocket

7- Meter Fairing

• Twice the payload volume of any 5- meter class commercial rocket

Upper Stage

• High energy upper stage designed for demanding, highly energetic missions to LEO,MEO,GEO and beyond

BE-3U Engines

• Second stage two re-ignitable H2/LOX BE-3U engines delivering 240,000 lbs thrust

Fins

• The four forward fins are actuated aerodynamic control surfaces used for attitude adjustment during descent and landing of the first stage

Reusable First Stage

• Seven reusable and throttleable BE-4 LOX/LNG engines (550,000 lbf each), 3.85 million lbf total sea level thrust

Strakes

• Two wing like strakes provide lift for the first stage as it flies back to earth

Landing gear

• The aft module houses six hydraulically actuated legs that support and secure the first stage during landing on a moving ship

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Blue Origin- New Glenn Orbital Flight

• New Glenn to be launched from Complex 36 at Cape Canaveral

• Following stage separation, the first stage flies back to Earth and lands nearly 1,000 km downrange on a moving ship

• The second stage engines ignite and the 7-meter fairing separates

• The mission is complete when the payload is delivered safely to orbit

• Second stage discarded

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SpaceX-Elon Musk

• Space Exploration Technologies or SpaceX founded in 2002

• “If one can figure out how to effectively reuse rockets just like airplanes, the cost of access to space will be reduced by as much as a factor of a hundred. A fully reusable vehicle has never been done before. That really is the fundamental breakthrough needed to revolutionize access to space.”

--Elon Musk

• Musk invested over $100 million

• Launch facilities

• Vandenberg Air Force Base California

(leased “Space Launch Complex 4E” in 2015 for Falcon 9 launches)

• Polar orbits

• Cape Canaveral Florida (Launch Pad 39A- Apollo launch pad)

• SpaceX rockets

• Falcon 1-first rocket

• Falcon 9

• Falcon Heavy

• SpaceX rockets are multi use- can be launched multiple times after they return to earth and are refurbished

• Rockets land automatically on a barge at sea or on land near launch pad

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SpaceX- Falcon 9 Rocket

• Falcon 9 has two-stages using Merlin 1D kerosene (RP-1) and liquid oxygen (LOx) fueled engines

• First stage has nine SpaceX Merlin 1D engines, Second stage uses a single vacuum-rated Merlin 1D engine

• First stage thrust is 1,710,000 lbf at sea level; second-stage Merlin 1D is rated at 210,000 lbf in vacuum

• The rocket uses a 17-foot wide, 43-foot tall payload fairing except when flying SpaceX’s own Dragon spacecraft

• Falcon 9 is 229.6 feet tall with a stage diameter of 12 feet

• Falcon 9’s first stage can perform an autonomous landing on a free-floating ship at sea or at a specific location on land

• Allows re-use the Falcon 9 core stages

• Payloads to:• LEO 50,265 lb

• GTO 18,300 lb

• Mars 8,860 lb

• Launch cost:• $62 million GTO up to 12,100 lb

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SpaceX- Falcon 9 rocket

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• Since June 2010, rockets from the Falcon 9 family have been launched 77 times, with 75 full mission successes, one partial failure and one total loss of spacecraft

• Falcon family core boosters have successfully landed 44 times in 52 attempts

• A total of 22 boosters have flown a second mission, including two pairs as Falcon Heavy side-boosters, and four boosters have gone on to fly a third mission

• Falcon 9's typical missions include cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS) with the Dragon capsule, launch of communications satellites and Earth observation satellites to geostationary transfer orbits (GTO), and low-Earth orbits (LEO), some of them at polar inclinations

• The heaviest payload launched to a LEO was a batch of 60 Starlink satellites weighing a total 37,000 lb to a 270 mi orbit

• The heaviest payload launched to a GTO was Intelsat 35e weighing 14,905 lb

SpaceX-Falcon Heavy

• Falcon Heavy comprises three Falcon 9 core stages generating a total of 5,130,000 lbf of thrust at sea level

• Plus the Falcon 9 second stage with 210,000 lbf of thrust in vacuum

• The vehicle uses the same payload fairing as Falcon 9

• SpaceX anticipates recovering all three Falcon Heavy stages – the port and starboard cores, which act as boosters, and then the first stage

• Falcon Heavy is the same height as Falcon 9 (229.6 ft ) with a width of 39.9 feet

• Payloads to:

• LEO 140,660 lb

• GTO 58,860 lb

• Mars 37,040 lb

• Launch cost:

• $90 million GTO up to 17,600 lb

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SpaceX- Falcon Heavy

• Falcon Heavy consists of three Falcon 9 cores with a total of 27 merlin 1D engines-5.13 million lb thrust

• The port and starboard cores, acting as boosters, will burn out first and separate from the remaining core

• Once separated, the two booster cores will perform their own “flip” maneuvers to begin re-entry and landing sequences

• The center core will burn slightly longer before shutting down and separating

• Upon separation, the center core will also return to Earth and the second stage will send the payload to orbit

• Second stage has one merlin 1D engine 210,000 lb thrust in vacuum

• Falcon Heavy is the same height as Falcon 9 229.6 ft with a width of 39.9 feet across the three cores

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SpaceX –Dragon Capsule

• The Dragon spacecraft is capable of carrying up to 7 passengers to and from Earth orbit, and beyond

• The pressurized section of the capsule is designed to carry both people and environmentally sensitive cargo

• Towards the base of the capsule and contained within the nose cone are the Draco thrusters, which allow for orbital maneuvering

• Dragon’s trunk not only carries unpressurized cargo but also supports the spacecraft during ascent

• The trunk remains attached to Dragon until shortly before reentry into Earth’s atmosphere

• DIAMETER 13ft

• HEIGHT 26.7ft

• CAPSULE VOLUME 328ft3

• TRUNK VOLUME 1300ft3

• LAUNCH PAYLOAD MASS 13,228lbs

• RETURN PAYLOAD MASS 6,614lbs

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SpaceX –Dragon Capsule

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SpaceX-Elon Musk-Plans

• Multiple Communication Satellites

• Musk envisions placing 1600 small communication satellites in low orbit within six years and a total of 4425 satellites within a few more years

• These satellites would provide high speed broadband access around the world

• Multiple satellites would “hand off” signals one to another

• Earth to Earth Transportation

• With Starship and Super Heavy, long distance city pair flights would be completed in about half an hour

• London-Hong Kong 5995 mi in 34 min

• Each flight would take around 1,000 people!

• All “coach”-no toilets, or food area, or pilot area (automated flight)

• “It’s basically an ICBM traveling at Mach 25 that lands”

• 2017 estimated ticket price ~$1200!!

• Super Heavy booster, of the SpaceX next-generation launch vehicle is 207 ft long and 30 ft in diameter with a gross liftoff mass of ~6,800,000 lb

• It is to be constructed of stainless steel tanks and structure, holding subcooled liquid methane and liquid oxygen (CH4/LOX) propellants

• Powered by 35 Raptor rocket engines providing 13,900,000 lbf of thrust

• It is designed to land vertically and be reusable

• Starship is a reusable spacecraft that is the launch vehicle second stage-three versions are planned:

• Spaceship: a large spacecraft to carry passengers or cargo to interplanetary destinations, to LEO, or between destinations on Earth

• Tanker: a propellant tanker to support the refilling of propellants in Earth orbit

• Satellite delivery spacecraft with a large cargo bay door (like the Space Shuttle) for placement/recovery of spacecraft into orbit

• Super Heavy and Starship support missions to Mars

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Elon Musk Vision-Starship and Super Heavy—Vehicles for Mars Missions

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• The rocket is designed to refuel and relaunch using liquid hydrogen and methane

• That means astronauts will be able to set up refueling depots around the solar system, hopping from planet to planet

• Starship could see its first commercial flight as early as 2021?

Musk has regularly estimated that humans could establish a city on Mars as early as 2050

Key to Lower Cost Space Flight is Reusable Rockets

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Commercial Space Flight

• Driven by both “visionary” wealthy individuals and by “traditional” corporate interest

• Customers are both government (NASA,USAF) , private companies(communication satellites) and individual “space tourists”

• More efficient than design , development and manufacture under government contracts

• Less bureaucracy

• Integrated manufacturing

• NASA study concluded that SpaceX development cost for Falcon 9 And Dragon capsule was about 90% less than if done by traditional means

• Introduces competition in designs and operations

• Reuse of boosters and space craft

• Key to lowering costs

• Launch spacecraft from aircraft

• Hybrid rocket engines

• Application of new technologies

• Composite materials

• Automated landing

• Lower costs for satellite launches and suborbital passenger flights

• Supports NASA programs

• Lower cost launches

• Supports science via lower costs and more frequent launches

• Major players using a ”building block “ approach to developing their space vehicles

• Money from existing launch customers for funding

• Lower technical risk approach

• Private space flight companies may just get to the moon and mars before governments (NASA)

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