®Hostapur SAS

Exactly your chemistry.

A traditional speciality for innovative

cleaners

A traditional speciality for innovative

cleaners

Functional Chemicals DivisionFunctional Chemicals Division

02

The demands imposed on surfactants have changed in the last

few decades. Not only is an optimum price-performance

ratio expected, but high safety and environmental compatibility

are also prime considerations.

The secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SAS meets these

requirements in every respect. This surfactant has been

highly successful on the market for many years. To date, over

one million metric tonnes of Hostapur SAS have been

produced in our european facilities.

One of the reasons for this great success is the optimum environ-

mental properties as shown by the life cycle assessment.

We are convinced that over the coming decades Hostapur SAS

will continue to maintain and expand its position as one of the

leading principal surfactants.

This brochure describes the specific properties and universal

uses of Hostapur SAS. Further information and individual

advice can be obtained.

® Registered trademark of Clariant

®Hostapur SASAn environmentally compatible surfactant with optimum application properties

03

ContentsProduct profile 04 Toxicological and

environmental properties

Processing

Technical Data

Synthesis 06

Applications 08

Physical and chemical propertiesSurface activity 22

Foaming power 24

Rheological properties 24

pH stability 25

Heat stability 25

Detergent action 25

Solubilization 25

Emulsifying action 25

Stability to hard water 26

Electrolyte stability 26

Chlorine-/oxidation stability 26

Enzyme stability 27

Synergistic interaction with 28

soil release polymers

Solubility in water 29

Low-temperature properties 29

Dishwashing liquids 09

Detergents 12

Household cleaners 15

Cosmetic hair and body 16

care products

Industrial cleaners 19

Special technical sectors 20

Toxicological profile 30

Ecology 32

Life cycle assessment 33

Transport 34

Storage 35

Conveying/mixing 36

Dilution 36

Handling 37

C-chain distribution 38

Physical/chemical data 38

Registration status 39

Ecological data 40

Analysis 41

Summary of the properties 41

of Hostapur SAS

AbbreviationsSAS = Secondary alkane sulphonate

LES = Lauryl ether sulphate

LAS = Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate

AES = Alkyl ether sulphate

LS = Lauryl sulphate

SRP = Soil release polymer

Literature 42

environmentally friendly anionic surfactants for the detergent,

chemical-technical and cosmetic industries, based on

secondary alkane sulphonate sodium salt, starting product:

n-paraffins.

Chemical structure

m + n = 10 – 14; the sulphonate group is distributed over

the carbon chain in such a way that it is mainly the secondary

carbon atoms that are substituted.

INCI name

Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl sulphonate

CAS numbers

85711-69-9, USA: 68608-26-4

EINECS/ELINCS numbers

288-330-3

04

Product profileHostapur SAS grades

CH3 – (CH2)m – CH – (CH2)n – CH3

SO3-Na+

Hostapur SAS 30

Hostapur SAS 60

Active content

approx. 30 %

approx. 60 %

Appearance (25°C)

clear faintly yellowish liquid

yellowish soft paste

Commercially available grades

05

The Hostapur SAS grades are noted

for the following specific application

properties:

• Very good solubility

– spontaneous dissolving

– good low-temperature properties

• High wetting action

– good drainage properties

and rapid drying of dishes

• Pronounced foaming power

– high yield of the finished products

in use

• Excellent grease- and

soil-dispersing action

– development of finished products

with defined and optimum detergent,

cleaning and degreasing action

• Viscosity-depressing action

– permits the formulation of flowable,

highly concentrated detergents

and cleaners with low water content

and without solvents and preser-

vatives; saves transport and pack-

aging costs

• Outstanding enzyme compatibility

– positive influence on enzyme stability

• Chemical stability over a wide

pH range

– formulation of alkaline cleaners with

long storage stability

– stability to oxidizing agents; intended

for chlorine-containing all-purpose

cleaners

• Increases action of modern detergent

additives, e.g. soil release polymers

• Very good electrolyte compatibility

– manufacture of heavy-duty

detergents with high builder content

• Good skin compatibility

– formulation of mild dishwashing

liquids

• Possibility of combination with

anionic, nonionic and amphoteric

surfactants

– versatility in formulation

– synergistic effects in use

– electrically neutral salts can be

formed with cationic surfactants

• Cost reduction

– possibility of manufacturing highly

concentrated liquid cleaners without

hydrotropes

• Environmentally friendly surfactant

of low aquatic toxicity

– rapid biodegradation

• Range of grades

– Hostapur SAS is available in liquid

and paste form

06

SynthesisThe secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SAS is synthesized by sulphoxidation of n-paraffins. 1 – 6

Sulphoxidation, a basic reaction in aliphatic organic chemistry,

was discovered as early as 1940 by C. Platz at the Höchst

site of the former IG Farben AG 7, when n-paraffins were

treated with sulphur dioxide and oxygen and simultaneously

exposed to ultraviolet light. Since then the process has been

developed into the present Hoechst light/water process 8 – 11,

which can be described summarily by the following equation:

R–H + 2SO2 + O2 + H2O →RSO3H + H2SO4

Substitution is done largely at the methylene groups; the

terminal methyl groups are considerably less reactive. 12 – 14

Besides the monosulphonates, smaller amounts of di- and poly-

sulphonates are also formed, see Technical data, page 38.

The synthesis of

Hostapur SAS by the

Hoechst light/water

process yields detergent

raw materials of con-

sistently high quality. In

this process the raw

material and energy con-

sumption as well as the

emissions are optimized

at a minimum.

07

The flow chart above, fig. 1, shows in

diagrammatic form the industrial-scale

production of Hostapur SAS.

The industrial-scale sulphoxidation of

the n-paraffins by the Hoechst light/water

process is carried out in a multi-lamp

reactor. The gas mixture of SO2 and

O2 is introduced by means of gas

injection equipment and on exposure

to UV light produced in high-pressure

mercury lamps made of quartz glass,

sulphoxidation of the n-paraffins takes

place in the presence of water. The

reaction gas is circulated. A compressor

is needed for maintaining gas circula-

tion, as is a cooling system for adjusting

the required temperature. The reaction

liquid is removed at the bottom of the

reactor and the product phase – the

lower phase – is separated in a separating

system. The upper phase – paraffin

phase – is cooled and replenished with

water and n-paraffin and then returned

to the reactor. After concentration of the

product phase in a vacuum, separation

of the sulphuric acid and neutralization

of the concentrate with sodium hydrox-

ide solution, the remaining paraffin is

driven off with superheated steam. The

distillate is again separated in a separ-

ator and the paraffin phase is returned to

the reaction. The remaining melt is finally

processed into aqueous solutions,

Hostapur SAS 60 or Hostapur SAS 30.

Very pale reaction products of high

quality are obtained.

One characteristic of the process

described is that no other chemical

auxiliaries, for example, solid catalysts

or solvents, are required. The n-par-

affins used for synthesis are obtained as

a matter of course in the production

of kerosene, and so Hostapur SAS

manufacture offers a useful outlet for this

material. The precise material flow

and the energy balances are described

in section Life cycle assessment, page 33.

reaction

separation neutralisation

rectification

SO3 O2 n-paraffin n-paraffin H2O

H2O

SO2O2n-paraffin NaOH

SAS-paste60 %

H2O

Fig. 1: Sulphoxidation process

08

ApplicationsThe Hostapur SAS grades are principal surfactants with excellent ecological, toxicological and economic properties.

Because of their pronounced surface activity and specific

properties, they have a very wide range of uses. Their major use

is in dishwashing liquids, in which Hostapur SAS has proved

highly successful for over thirty years. The Hostapur SAS

grades are used as principal surfactants in combination with

other surfactants for the manufacture of virtually all types of

detergents and cleaners for household and industrial use.

Most important uses for Hostapur SAS

Dishwashing liquids Standard dishwashing liquids

Dishwashing liquid concentrates

Laundry detergents Liquid detergents

Detergent powders

Detergent pastes

Soaking agents

Household cleaners All-purpose cleaners

Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner

Sanitary cleaners

Floor cleaners

Glass cleaners

Cosmetic hair and Shampoos

body care products Showergels

Foam baths

Liquid soaps

Toothpastes

Industrial cleaners Automotive cleaners

Metal degreasing agents

Alkaline rust removers

Hand cleaners

Special technical Fire extinguishing foams

sectors Emulsion polymerization

Textile and leather auxiliaries

Oilfield chemicals

Advantages of

Hostapur SAS in

dishwashing liquids

Very good solubility

and thus economizing

on solubilizers

Very good rinsing action,

rapid drainage, shine

and rapid drying

Optimum cleaning

and degreasing action

with a low concentration

of active detergent and

thus high dishwashing

efficiency

Creamy, fine-bubble foam,

which can act as a

soil- and fat-suspending

agent

Compatibility with

anionic, nonionic and

amphoteric surfactants.

As a result synergistic

effects are often achieved

Faint inherent colour

and therefore only small

amounts of dye are re-

quired if coloration is

needed

Good skin compatibility,

especially in combination

with other surfactants

therefore be preserved if the finished

formulations have a low application

concentration and a high water content.

Most of the commercially available pre-

servatives are suitable for this purpose.

A preservative loading test must how-

ever always be carried out. Formulations

with a fairly high active detergent con-

tent, for example, over 40 %, usually do

not need to be preserved.

Microbiological studies of Hostapur

SAS as a function of the concentration

of active detergent showed that an

inherently bacteriostatic effect is dis-

played with concentrations as low as

about 40 %. Therefore the sixty-percent

commercial grade Hostapur SAS 60

is not preserved and, is suitable for the

manufacture of preservative-free pre-

parations.

The low-temperature stability of the

dishwashing liquids, for example, at

-5°C, can be further improved by small

additions of OH-group-containing

substances such as ethanol. An addition

of 2 % ethanol and 2 % urea is recom-

mended for concentrates with about

40 % active detergent.

pH adjustment is generally done with

sodium hydroxide solution or citric

acid. When alkyl amidobetaines are used,

an increase in viscosity may possibly

occur in the acid pH range.

If necessary, moisturizing agents

can additionally be incorporated in the

formulation. Because of the good

dermatological properties of Hostapur

SAS this is, however, not necessary

in most cases.

09

Consumers expect modern dishwashing

liquids primarily to have optimum clean-

ing action and safety in use, in other

words good skin compatibility, coupled

with optimum environmental compatibility.

Another desirable feature is high yield,

which can be achieved with concen-

trates. Adequate foaming power in the

presence of grease and absence of

streaks on dishes are taken for granted.

Hostapur SAS as a principal sur-

factant in combination with amphoteric

surfactants such as the alkyl amidobe-

taines and/or alkyl ether sulphates and/

or nonionic surfactants as co-surfactants

enables dishwashing liquids to be devel-

oped that meet the above-mentioned

requirements almost ideally. 15 – 20

The high solubility of Hostapur SAS

enables highly concentrated dishwash-

ing liquids with good storage stability to

be formulated without the addition of

cost-increasing solubilizers. The market

share of this product class is rising

steadily.

These concentrates with a low

water content offer primarily economic

advantages such as lower transport

and packaging costs. It is often possible

to dispense with a preservative for

these concentrates. Guide Formulations

are available.

Preservation of formulations contain-

ing Hostapur SAS depends foremost

on the composition of the finished product

in question. Hostapur SAS is a rapidly

biodegradable surfactant and must

Dishwashing liquids

10 20 30 40

100000

10000

1000

100

10

visc

osity

η [m

Pas]

concentration c [%]

B

A

A 4 parts SAS : 1 part LES + 10 % ethanol + 10 % ureaB 4 parts LAS : 1 part LES + 10 % ethanol + 10 % urea

10

ApplicationsOf the numerous possibilities for combin-

ing Hostapur SAS with surfactants that

have a different chemical structure two-,

three- and four-component combin-

ations are described below by way of

example; these mixtures enable dishwash-

ing liquids with tailor-made properties to

be developed.

The skin compatibility and the foaming

power can be optimized by combining

Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate,

for example, ®Genapol LRO or ZRO. In

practice a mixture of about 3 to 4 parts

Hostapur SAS and about one part alkyl

ether sulphate, relative to 100 % active

substance (ratio 3:1 or 4:1), has proved

successful.

This combination also enables liquid

concentrates with about 40 % active

detergent content to be formulated with-

out the additional use of a solubilizer.

Moreover, with this concentration the

mixture of Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether

sulphate is better and more rapidly

soluble in the dishwashing water than

the individual components separately.

The stability to hard water and the

foaming power in hard water are also

optimized by the alkyl ether sulphate

content. By adding magnesium ions or

other divalent metal ions to the Hostapur

SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixture the

foaming power can be further improved,

especially in the extremely low water

hardness range.

A crucial parameter for the pro-

cessing and use of dishwashing liquids

is rheology. The viscosity of the com-

mercially available products is about

400 to 700 mPas/20°C. This viscosity can

be achieved easily with 5 to 7 % sodium

chloride in Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether

sulphate mixtures in the ratio 70:30,

relative to 100 % active detergent, and a

content of 12 to 15 % active detergent

in the final formulation.

More highly concentrated Hostapur

SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with

a 40 % active detergent content can

be adjusted easily to viscosities suitable

for practical purposes by incorporating

viscosity-depressing additives such as

ethanol and/or urea, as shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2 shows the viscosity at +20°C

as a function of the concentration of

Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mix-

tures with the addition of ethanol and

urea. This means that a 40 % formulation

consisting of 32 % Hostapur SAS and

8 % lauryl ether sulphate contains 4 %

ethanol and 4 % urea. Guide Formulati-

ons are available.

Fig. 2: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures

with the addition of ethanol and urea

11

The cleaning action can be tested in

the mini-plate test on glass plates soiled

with grease or in the “plate test”.

An example is given in fig. 3 above.

Three-component mixtures can be

formulated

• with Hostapur SAS, alkyl ether

sulphate and betaine (alkyl dimethyl

betaine or alkyl amidobetaine), for

example, mixed in the ratio 5:2:1 or

7:1:1, or

• with Hostapur SAS, alkyl ether

sulphate and nonionic fatty alcohol

polyglycol ethers.

A corresponding Guide Formulation is

available.

When betaines are used, not only the

dermatological properties but also the

rheological properties are improved. As

a result additional moisturizing agents

and viscosifiers are often not required. 21

A fatty alcohol polyglycol ether con-

tent, as a function of the fatty alcohol

radical and the degree of ethoxylation,

can produce an increase in solubilizing

and emulsifying action as well as better

wetting. These influence the cleaning

effect to a marked degree when the prod-

uct is used. The pronounced solubiliz-

ing action of Hostapur SAS can also

obviate the need for special solubilizers

for slightly soluble perfume oils, and

thus cut costs.

Finally, there is the possibility of

combining the four surfactant classes:

alkane sulphonate, alkyl ether sulphate,

betaine and fatty alcohol polyglycol

ether. Guide Formulations are available.

In the aforementioned numerous

possible combinations the economical

principal surfactant Hostapur SAS is

used as the main component. Depending

on the mixing ratio, the application prop-

erties of these combinations such as

degreasing, low-temperature properties,

foaming power, feel on the skin, rheol-

ogy and dermatology can be optimized. 22, 23

15

10

5

0

num

ber o

f pla

tes

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

concentration: 0.33 g a.s./Lwater hardness: 0 ppm CaCO3 (0°d)

Mg++-concentration [%]

Fig. 3: Mini-plate test of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate

(4:1 mixtures) as a function of magnesium ion addition

12

surfactant can be combined in amounts

of up to 40 % with alkyl ether sulphates,

nonionic surfactants, amphoteric sur-

factants and/or soap.

Another possibility of formulating

with Hostapur SAS is to develop

highly viscous to gel-like detergents with

special rheological properties in use.

Hostapur SAS permits a high surfactant

concentration and rapid dissolving

in use.

Looking ahead, the liquid detergents

will undoubtedly soon achieve a

larger share of the detergent market in

Europe. This applies particularly

to products that have an active deter-

gent content of 50 percent and above.

They thus meet the requirements for

low-energy manufacture, high efficiency

coupled with easy low metering and

environmental friendliness. Detergents

with high active substance concen-

trations can be developed without diffi-

culty with Hostapur SAS.

Detergents proximately the same ratio. In addition

they contain solubilizers such as ethanol,

propylene glycol and/or xylene sulpho-

nate, possibly enzymes, optical brighten-

ers and chelating agents.15 – 24 Guide

Formulations are available.

If enzymes are used in the formula-

tions, Hostapur SAS offers better enzyme

compatibility than most of the anionic

surfactants such as linear alkyl benzene

sulphonate or alkyl sulphate.

As with the dishwashing liquids, when

Hostapur SAS is used as the principal

surfactant, for example, instead of linear

alkyl benzene sulphonate, considerable

savings of solubilizer such as ethanol

can be achieved. Optimum liquid deter-

gents without builders contain as main

components Hostapur SAS, readily water-

soluble ethoxylated fatty alcohols and

alkyl ether sulphate as well as neutralized

coconut soap.25

If builders are also incorporated in

the liquid detergents, it is advantageous

to use freely soluble surfactants such

as Hostapur SAS. A further beneficial

property of Hostapur SAS is its good

electrolyte compatibility, in other words

good compatibility with the builders.

The liquid light-duty detergents are

used at temperatures up to a maximum

of 60°C. Hostapur SAS as a principal

Liquid detergents

Liquid detergents are a major field of

application for Hostapur SAS on

account of its pronounced detergent

properties.

The liquid detergents are divided

below into light-duty liquids for

delicate wash and heavy-duty liquid

detergents.

In the USA the importance of these

heavy-duty liquid detergents is greater-

than in Europe. The US liquid detergents

contain between 10 and 30 % active

surfactant. The builder systems used in

liquid products (e.g. citrate, silicates)

are typically less effective than those

used in powder detergents (e.g. layered

silicate, zeolite, polycarboxylate, carbo-

nate). In the USA, washing machines

are designed differently from those in

Europe and the washing temperatures

are lower and typically range from 5 to

40°C. US liquid detergent formulations

typically do not contain any bleaching

agents as they are poorly stable in this

systems.

In Europe the liquid detergents used

have a different structure. They gene-

rally consist of a mixture of anionic and

nonionic surfactants with soap in ap-

Applications

13

Good calcium ion

tolerance

Saving on enzymes

Synergistic effects with

soil release polymers

Advantages of Hostapur SAS in heavy-duty and

light-duty liquid detergents

Better solubility in water

than linear alkyl benzene

sulphonate

High solubility, enabling

highly concentrated

detergents to be manu-

factured

Hydrotropes can be

reduced in quantity or

omitted

Good detergent action

Good dispersion and

solubilization of the soil,

oil and fat particles

Pronounced foaming

power in the presence of

soil and fat

Good compatibility with

electrolytes, which

enables the hydrotropes

to be reduced or even

eliminated

Detergent powders

Hostapur SAS can also be used to

manufacture the various powder deter-

gent types. The excellent solubility

and the solubilizing properties lower the

viscosity of the slurry. This brings a

number of major advantages, especially

substantial energy savings and capacity

increases in the manufacture of deter-

gent powders by the hot spraying

process.

Fig. 4 shows an example of typical

viscosity/solids content curves, deter-

mined on rehydrated tower powders.The

powders each contained 9 % Hostapur

SAS (100 %) or linear alkyl benzene

sulphonate (100 %). The substantially

lower viscosity of the Hostapur SAS-

containing slurry is clearly discernible;

measured in the Brabender Plastograph,

model PI 3S. 26

Powder-type heavy-duty detergents

can contain between 6 and 10 %

Hostapur SAS, relative to 100 % active

detergent, in combination with fatty

alcohol polyglycol ethers and soap as

surfactant components.

Powder-type light-duty detergents

contain 10 to15 % Hostapur SAS,

relative to 100 % active detergent, in

combination with small amounts

of soap and fatty alcohol polyglycol

ethers.

14

Advantages of

Hostapur SAS in

detergent powders

Lower slurry viscosity

Higher solid content

Energy and time saving

Increase of spraying

capacity

Reduction of hydrolysis

of sodium tripolyphos-

phate due to less water

content

Applications

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

rel.

visc

osity

[sca

les*

]

55 60 65solid content [%]

SASLAS

* measured with “Brabender Plastograph”

Fig. 4: Relative viscosities of detergent slurries as a function

of the solids content and the type of sulphonate

Household cleaners Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner

Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner usually

contains a high abrasive content.

The insoluble components are dispersed

in the aqueous surfactant phase. To

prevent the solid particles from settling,

firstly abrasives with as small a particle

size as possible are used and secondly

a fairly high viscosity is employed.

By combining Hostapur SAS with

other surfactants, for example, with®Genapol UD 030, it is often possible

without adding viscosifiers to increase

the viscosity to a level where settling

of the abrasive particles is prevented

or reduced.

The usually thixotropic formulations

display advantageous properties in

use: during storage the viscosity is high

and when subject to shear stress

during application the metal cleaner

becomes less viscous, in other words it

flows readily from the bottle and can

be spread easily over the surface to be

treated.

Depending on its composition, the

liquid metal cleaner can be applied

to stainless steel, chromium, copper

and brass surfaces. Besides a mild and

gentle cleaning action, consumers

expect above all a shiny finish and a

water-repellent effect. The finished pro-

ducts are, however, intended to be

suitable as widely as possible for the

cleaning of glass ceramics. Here,

too, rapid wetting of the surface to be

cleaned, as made possible by Hostapur

SAS, is important.

Guide Formulations are available.

Advantages of Hostapur

SAS in liquid all-purpose

cleaners

Excellent wetting action

Rapid distribution over

the dirty, greasy surfaces

to be cleaned

Electrolyte compatibility

Reduction in or elimin-

ation of hydrotropes

Strong degreasing and

cleaning action

Largely streak-free

surfaces

Good solubility

Manufacture of highly

concentrated all-purpose

cleaners

Good skin compatibility

Advantages of Hostapur

SAS in liquid metal/

ceramic cleaner

Advantageous rheolog-

ical properties when

applied

Stabilization of the

abrasives

Good wetting action

increases efficiency

Good grease-dissolving

power

15

Liquid all-purpose cleaners

Liquid all-purpose cleaners are the

predominant household cleaners

because of their ease of metering and

wide range of uses. In general they

are adjusted to a fairly low concentration

of active detergent. Owing to the elec-

trolyte content, for example, sodium

chloride or sodium carbonate, solubility

problems and thus cloudiness may

occur. Hostapur SAS, on the other

hand, has specific advantages for the

formulation of all-purpose cleaners

because of its excellent solubility and

electrolyte compatibility. 27, 28

This also applies to the incorporation

of fairly large amounts of water-soluble

active detergents or to the formulation

of fairly highly concentrated finished

products. The latter can be produced

with Hostapur SAS without any great

problems; an addition of solvent such

as butyl diglycol is often advantageous

here. Abrasives such as calcium carbo-

nate can also be combined in high

amounts with Hostapur SAS. For the

effective use of liquid all-purpose

cleaners, high fat-dissolving power and

soil-dispersing power are of crucial

importance. Hostapur SAS brings these

advantages in combination with other

components.

In addition the product has an excellent

wetting action even at low temperatures.

This is particularly important for rapid

cleaning; and equally for a largely streak-

free and residue-free removal of dirt.

16

Cosmetic hair and bodycare products

ApplicationsThe allround cleaners for baths are

intended to be effective at fairly low

surfactant concentrations. As a result

of the pronounced wetting and cleaning

action of Hostapur SAS, this is also

achieved according to the EC recom-

mendation at anionic surfactant concen-

trations between 5 and 15 % in the

finished product.

The chemical stability of Hostapur

SAS also enables it to be used in toilet

cleaners with a very low pH value.

In cosmetic preparations Hostapur SAS

has proved successful particularly as a

co-surfactant on account of its

product-specific properties. This applies

especially to the combination with

alkyl ether sulphates in the manufacture

of hair and body care products. 29

Compared to alkyl ether sulphates,

Hostapur SAS has a stronger cleaning

and degreasing action. The viscosity-

depressing property of the secondary

alkane sulphonate also limits the concen-

tration used in the fairly high-viscosity

cosmetic hair and body care products.

Apart from exceptions, mixtures with

a higher content of alkyl ether sulphate

are therefore used. Guide values for the

mixing ratios are as follows:

• For finished products with a content

over 12 % active detergent: 70 parts

ether sulphate to 30 parts

Hostapur SAS.

• For finished products with less than

12 % active detergent the mixing ratio

should be: 80 parts ether sulphate to

20 parts Hostapur SAS.

The mixing ratios are calculated on

100 % active substance.

The viscosity can be adjusted with

sodium chloride and/or ammonium

chloride and/or magnesium chloride very

economically. Similarly, fatty acid alkano-

lamides and fatty alcohol polyglycol

ethers with a low degree of ethoxylation

such as Genapol L-3 in combination

with the above-mentioned electrolytes

can be used. Fatty acid polyglycol esters

Advantages of Hostapur

SAS in sanitary cleaners

Chemical stability to

oxidizing agents

Stability in the acid and

alkaline pH ranges

Good wetting power and

thus increase in effec-

tiveness

Better chlorine stability

than LAS.

Sanitary cleaners

Sanitary cleaners are used chiefly

for the easy and economical cleaning

of bathrooms and toilets. They are

intended to remove all traces of lime,

dirt and soap rapidly. Furthermore,

it is often desired to remove dark mould

patches on joints, tiles and shower

curtains. The current sanitary cleaners

are adjusted either to an acid or an

alkaline pH. In general these products

are expected to have an antimicrobial

or disinfectant action as well, which

can be achieved by special additives

such as active chlorine (hypochlorite)

hydrogen peroxide or by acids.

Surfactants with good wetting action

provide the cleaning action. Owing to

its chemical structure (C-S bond to the

sulphonate group), Hostapur SAS has

good stability to oxidizing agents and

is stable in both the acid and the alkaline

pH ranges. This stability to reducing

and oxidizing agents makes Hostapur

SAS a preferred surfactant for sanitary

cleaners.

Of special importance is the stability

of the oxidizing agents used in the indi-

vidual surfactant systems.

17

or special cellulose ethers can also

be used to increase viscosity. Fig. 5

shows the viscosity curves of Hostapur

SAS (SAS): alkyl ether sulphate (AES)

mixtures with the addition of different

electrolytes; magnesium chloride per-

forms particularly well. The viscosity

rises parallel to an increasing amount of

alkyl ether sulphate.

A combination of alkyl ether sulphate,

alkyl amidobetaine and Hostapur SAS,

for example, in the mixing ratio 6:2:2,

can bring advantages in respect of rheol-

ogy, foaming properties and dermatolog-

ical properties.

By adding Hostapur SAS to liquid

hair and body care products the low-

temperature cloud point as a function of

the active detergent content and the

mixing ratio can be lowered by about

4 to 7°C. This is a particular advantage

also for preparations containing pearl-

izing agents. Fig. 6 illustrates the good

influence of Hostapur SAS on the

low-temperature properties of the sur-

factant mixtures.

Special emulsifiers or solubilizers

are needed to solubilize slightly soluble

perfume oils. Owing to the pronounced

solubilizing action of Hostapur SAS,

the use of these auxiliaries is often

unnecessary.

The flash foam required for use,

especially in the presence of dirt and

grease, can also be increased by the

Hostapur SAS content in the formu-

lations.

The numerous uses of Hostapur SAS

in cosmetic preparations are described

briefly as follows:

+15

+10

+5

±0

– 5

– 10

tem

pera

ture

[°C]

0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0SAS : AES mixture

cloud pointclear point

Fig. 6: Low temperature cloud and clear points

as a function of the mixing ratio

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

visc

osity

η [m

Pas]

7:3 6:4 5:5 4:6 3:7SAS : AES mixture

NaCl 10% a.s.NaCl 15% a.s.NH4OH 15% a.s.KCl 15% a.s.MgCl2 10% a.s.MgCl2 15% a.s.

Fig. 5: Viscosity increase of alkyl ether sulphate/Hostapur SAS

mixtures as a result of additions of electrolytes (5 %)

18

Hair shampoos

The addition of Hostapur SAS enables

hair shampoos with special effects to

be developed. The stronger degreasing

action of Hostapur SAS makes it pos-

sible to increase the cleaning action, for

example, in mixtures with alkyl ether

sulphates. This is an advantage in formu-

lating low-cost effective shampoos

for greasy hair.

The possibility is also afforded of

manufacturing single-application

shampoos, which can obviate the need

for washing a second time.

Shampoo concentrates with a high

active detergent content can also

be formulated with Hostapur SAS in

combination with other surfactants.

Here, the viscosity-depressing property

of Hostapur SAS is an advantage in

formulation; in other words, viscosity-

depressing additives such as ethanol

and glycols can largely be omitted.

Last but not least, Hostapur is

suitable for the manufacture of special

“clean shampoos”, which enable hair

setting products or highly substantive

cationic polymers to be washed

out of hair. Guide Formulations are

available.

Shower gels

The universally usable shower gels are

generally used for cleaning the skin

Applicationsand hair at the same time. Flash foam

formation is particularly important in

this application. With the partly use of

Hostapur SAS a fine-bubble foam and

rapid spread of the shower gel over the

skin and hair can be achieved.

Foam baths

Foam baths are used in extremely diluted

concentrations in the bath water; the

active detergent content in the bath

water is 0.002 %. The finished products

are therefore often adjusted to an active

detergent content of, for example, 50 %.

When the usual surfactants such as

alkyl ether sulphates and alkyl amidobe-

taines are used, a gel that is slightly

soluble in the bath water is usually pro-

duced in this concentration range.

By adding Hostapur SAS, the solubility

in water is improved dramatically. At

the same time beneficial rheological

properties such as flowability at room

temperature are achieved. Moreover,

it is not necessary to add the commonly

used solubilizers.

Liquid soaps

Liquid soaps have become established

as an alternative to conventional

bar soaps in the body care product

sector, above all because of their

ease of use. Since the hands are,

generally speaking, fairly dirty, a strong

cleaning action is required. By using

Hostapur SAS, this effect can be

achieved easily. Guide Formulations

are available.

Soaps

By adding, for example, 1 to 3 %

Hostapur SAS to the soap formulation,

processing can be facilitated and

dispersion of the dyes used can be im-

proved. To a certain extent the amount

of the expensive C12 fatty acid can

be reduced.

Emulsions

By adding small amounts of Hostapur

SAS to emulsions, especially oil-

in-water emulsions, the spontaneity of

emulsion formation can be improved

during manufacture. Moreover, finer

distribution of the emulsified droplets is

achieved.

Toothpastes

Hostapur SAS can also be used

in toothpastes as an alternative to the

lauryl sulphate sodium salt often

employed as a foamer in dental care

products. Advantages are the good

cleaning action as well as the good

electrolyte compatibility and dispersing

action.

19

Industrial cleanersAdvantages of Hostapur

SAS in cosmetic prep-

arations

Lowering of the raw

material costs by partial

replacement of other

principal surfactants

Improvement in low-

temperature stability

Manufacture of highly

concentrated formu-

lations

Improvement in

spontaneous solubility

in water

Reduction in solubilizers,

especially

with concentrates

Foam stabilization

By varying the

Hostapur SAS: alkyl

ether sulphate mixing

ratio the cleaning

action can be increased

High-pressure cleaners

These cleaners are in many cases

adjusted to an alkaline pH with sodium

hydroxide and sodium metasilicate.

Hostapur SAS has optimum foaming

and cleaning action in this pH range

as well.

Automotive cleaners

Hostapur SAS is used as a principal

surfactant in car shampoos for private

use and for commercial car washes.

Equally, acid, alkaline or neutral clean-

ers can be formulated with Hostapur

SAS for buses, railway trucks and lorries.

The high cleaning action of the second-

ary alkane sulphonate in particular is of

great importance here. Furthermore, the

foaming properties and the associated

soil-and oil-suspending power play a

major role in effective use. The concen-

tration of Hostapur SAS used, calculated

on 100 %, is generally between 2 and 5 %.

Hostapur SAS can however also be used

with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers in an

approximate mixing ratio of 3:1.

Alkaline rust removers

The pH stability in the presence of

potassium hydroxide solution makes

Hostapur SAS in amounts of 1 to 2 %

ideal for use in these products.

Hand cleaners

Hand cleaners are used in industrial

plants and workshops for cleaning very

dirty hands. To increase the cleaning

action, mechanically effective sub-

20

stances such as wood flour, soda, sodium

sulphate or polymer powder are used.

Hostapur SAS in amounts of 10 to

50 % can be used as the active deter-

gent. The dispersion action and de-

greasing power of this surfactant is an

advantage for this application. Guide

Formulations are available.

Cleaners for dairies and

butchers’ shops

Hostapur SAS can be used for manufac-

ture of cleaners for butchers’ shops and

milking machines because of its excel-

lent cleaning and degreasing power.

ApplicationsSpecial technical sectors

Fire extinguishing foams

The pronounced flash foaming power

of Hostapur SAS can be used in com-

bination with other surfactants very

effectively to formulate fire extinguish-

ing agents.

Emulsion polymerization

Secondary alkane sulphonates have

been used successfully for decades in

the emulsion polymerization of vinyl

chloride. Hostapur SAS has proved

successful both as an emulsifier in con-

tinuous and discontinuous processes

and for the stabilization of the latex

following polymerization by the nucle-

ation process; in the latter process

polymerization is carried out with only

a low emulsifier concentration and

the dispersion is stabilized subsequently

by adding suitable emulsifiers. Hostapur

SAS is noted for its good dispersibility,

which is evidenced by good stability

of the latex to mechanical stress and

good process control (little tendency for

deposits to form in the reaction vessel).

Owing to the absence of double bonds,

the emulsifier does not act as a radical

interceptor. This ensures a readily re-

producible reaction course and results

Advantages of

Hostapur SAS in

Industrial cleaners

High stability in a broad

pH range (acid and

alcaline) and oxidation

agents

Good compatibility with

all types of electrolytes

Excellent wetting power

Strong degreasing and

cleaning effects

Good dispersion and

solubilization of fat, soil,

and pigments

High solubility and a

good cold stability

21

in end products with good heat stability

because of the lower demand for per-

sulphate (radical forming agent) and the

lower tendency to block polymerization

(no reaction between the emulsifier

and the reaction partners). The low salt

content of Hostapur SAS also has a

positive influence on the heat stability

of the end product.

In the manufacture of butadiene

copolymers, butadiene-styrene and

butadiene-acrylonitrile latices, soaps

(fatty soaps, resin soaps) are generally

used. The soaps have the advantage

over the synthetic anionic emulsifiers

that the polymer can be precipitated

by acidification or addition of salt and

the fatty or resin acid remaining in the

product serves as a plasticizer at the

same time. One evident disadvantage of

the soaps is the instability of the latex

(coagulation on slight change in pH and

contamination, low resistance to fillers)

and poorer chemical and heat stability.

For these reasons the synthetic emul-

sifiers are increasingly gaining ground,

particularly for special products, for

example, the carboxylated butadiene

copolymers (for carpet backcoating, for

papermaking, adhesives etc). Because

of its constant quality and low salt con-

tent, Hostapur SAS is highly suitable for

this application.

Textile and leather auxiliaries

Owing to its chemical stability and

very good wetting action, Hostapur SAS

can be used in the manufacture of

synthetic fibres and in the finishing of

textile fibres, for example, as an antistatic

agent. 30 Other uses for the secondary

alkane sulphonate are cotton scouring,

mercerizing and carbonization and the

preparation of leather fatliquors.

Oilfield chemicals

Hostapur SAS is also used successfully

in the tertiary recovery of oil.

Advantages

of Hostapur SAS

for special

technical sectors

In combination with

co-surfactants in-

creasing of the foam

stability and flash

foaming power

Good emulsifier for

the emulsion polymeri-

zation in continuous and

discontinuous processes

High wetting action in

textile and leather

auxiliaries for manu-

facture and finishing

of textile fibres

Special additive with

high heat and electrolyte

stability for the tertiary

recovery of oil

22

Physical and chemical propertiesThe secondary alkane sulphonates have a number of specific physical and chemical properties because of their structure.31 – 51 These properties are depend-ent on the chain length of the paraffin used. HostapurSAS with paraffin radicals between 14 and 17 carbonatoms has optimum surface-active and chemical properties, which are described below.

Surface activity

Micelle formation

There are extensive studies of the

surface-active properties of secondary

alkane sulphonates. 52, 53 It is interesting

to note that surfactants with a central

functional group form micelles from com-

paratively few surfactant molecules.54

For Hostapur SAS the critical micelle

concentration CM is about 2x10-3 mol ·L-1

or 0.6 g ·L-1 at 20°C. The structure of the

micelles is spherical.

Interfacial tension

The interfacial tension with decane as

the other phase is about 4.6 mN·m-1,

measured on a 1% aqueous Hostapur

SAS solution.

Surface tension

The surface tension of Hostapur SAS

(100% active substance), measured

by the “du Noüy method” at 25°C, as a

function of the concentration, is shown

in fig. 7.

70

60

50

40

30

surfa

ce te

nsio

n σ

[mN

/m]

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10concentration [g/L]

Fig. 7: Surface tension of Hostapur SAS (25ºC)

23

Wetting action

Hostapur SAS is a rapidly wetting sur-

factant. This gives rise to advantages in

practical use in all cleaners. This applies

particularly to use in dishwashing liquids

and all-purpose cleaners. The excellent

wetting action extends over a wide tem-

perature range, not only in a neutral me-

dium but also in the alkaline and acid pH

ranges. The excellent wetting power in

low concentrations at low temperatures

is a noteworthy feature.

Fig. 8 shows the wetting action of

Hostapur SAS as a function of the con-

centration and temperature.

The superior wetting power of

Hostapur SAS compared with linear

alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), lauryl

ether sulphate (LES) and lauryl sulphate

(LS) is shown in fig. 9.

100

80

60

40

20

0

wet

ting

time

[s]

0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0concentration c [g/L]

20°C50°C70°C

Fig. 8: Wetting power of Hostapur SAS in accordance

with DIN 53901

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

wet

ting

time

[s]

SAS LAS AES LS

csurfactant 0.1 % a.s.water hardness 268 ppm CaCO3 (15°d)temperature 37°CpH 7

Fig. 9: Wetting power of various surfactants in accordance

with DIN 53901

24

Physical and chemical propertiesFoaming power

Hostapur SAS has good foaming power,

which is very pronounced, especially in

soft water. Flash foam is a characteristic

property of the secondary alkane sul-

phonates. An increase in foaming prop-

erties, especially in hard water, can be

achieved, for example, by a combination

of Hostapur SAS with an alkyl ether

sulphate in the ratio 4:1. Figs. 10 and 11

below demonstrate the foaming power

of Hostapur SAS in soft and hard water.

The good foaming properties of

the Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate

mixtures are clearly discernible.

Rheological properties

The viscosity of the aqueous Hostapur

SAS solutions rises only slightly up

to about 30 % active detergent. Above

30 %, however, a rapid rise in the

inhomogeneous paste region can be

observed. The low-concentration

aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions exhibit

Newtonian flow.

The flow properties of Hostapur

SAS 30 and paste-grade Hostapur

SAS 60 are of importance particularly

for transport and conveying. The

flow diagrams are given in section

Conveying/mixing.

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

foam

hei

ght [

mm

]

0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0concentration c [%]

AESSASAES : SAS =̂ 7:3SAS : AES =̂ 4:1

water hardness 0 ppmCaCO3 (0°d)temperature 37°C

Fig. 10: Foaming power of Hostapur SAS in distilled water

by the ROSS-MILES method

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

foam

hei

ght [

mm

]

0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0concentration c [%]

AESSASAES : SAS =̂ 7:3SAS : AES =̂ 4:1

water hardness 357 ppm CaCO3 (20°d)temperature 37°C

Fig. 11: Foaming properties of Hostapur SAS in hard water by

the ROSS-MILES method

25

pH stability

The Hostapur SAS grades are stable in

the acid and in the alkaline pH range.

Heat stability

Aqueous solutions of Hostapur SAS

are stable up to temperatures of

about 100°C.

Detergent action

The good soil removal power of

Hostapur SAS is not appreciably re-

duced by water hardness salts. The

builders used in practice increase

the cleaning effect.

Solubilization

The good solubilizing power of Hostapur

SAS towards hydrophobic oils and fats

is characteristic of this type of surfactant.

In practical use in cleaners, this means

increased degreasing and often a saving

of solubilizers, for example, for perfumes.

The solubilizing effect rises with the

surfactant concentration, the temperature

and often also with the electrolyte con-

tent of the solution. Solubilization in the

Hostapur SAS solution can also be in-

creased and speeded up by mechanical

means and lengthy stirring.

Using the solubilization of isopropyl

myristate as an example, fig. 12 illus-

trates that Hostapur SAS has greater

solubilizing power than alkyl ether

sulphate.

Emulsifying action

Secondary alkane sulphonates also

display good emulsifying action.

As co-emulsifiers, they are suitable for

the manufacture of liquid and cream

oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations

as low as under 1% bring spontaneous

emulsion formation in manufacture

and an improvement in emulsion stability.

Moreover, finer distribution of the

emulsified droplets is possible. The

emulsifying action as a dishwashing liquid

test is described by D. MILLER. 55

5

4

3

2

1

0 0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0

SAS : LES mixture

15% a.s.10% a.s.15% a.s.

solu

bilit

y [g

IPM

/ 10

0g]

Fig. 12: Solubilization of isopropyl myristate by Hostapur SAS:

alkyl ether sulphate (LES) as a function of the mixing ratio

26

Physical and chemical propertiesStability to hard water

Hostapur SAS has a stability number

of 3 in accordance with the DIN 53905

test. Accordingly, Hostapur SAS is a

surfactant with moderate stability to hard

water.

The stability to hard water of

Hostapur SAS can be improved markedly

by combining it with alkyl ether

sulphates. As fig. 13 shows, a mixture of

4 parts Hostapur SAS (SAS) and 1 part

lauryl ether sulphate (LES) reaches

an optimum value of 75.

Electrolyte stability

Hostapur SAS has only slight sensitivity

to electrolytes. The viscosity of the

aqueous solutions is increased only

slightly by additions of electrolyte such

as sodium chloride or sodium sulphate.

Chlorine-/oxidation stability

Hostapur SAS has excellent chlorine

stability compared with many other

surfactants. In combination with amine

oxides, a synergistic effect is observed;

in other words, the mixture has a higher

stability than the individual surfactants

alone. Hostapur SAS is therefore the

ideal surfactant for formulating hypo-

chlorite-containing cleaners, whether

used alone or in combination with amine

oxides.

As illustrated in fig. 14, the chlorine

content falls fairly little in the presence

of Hostapur SAS as a function of the

storage time. The stability was deter-

mined on a solution with 2.5 % active

detergent in each case.

80

60

40

20

0

hard

wat

er s

tabi

lity

SAS LES SAS : LES =̂ 4 : 1

Fig. 13: Stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS and of mixtures

with lauryl ether sulphate determined in accordance with DIN 53905

after 6 weeks, after 12 weeks, after 20 weeksstarting value: 6.5% active chlorine

100

80

60

40

20

0

resi

dual

act

ivity

[%]

2.5% SAS 2.5% amine oxide 1.5% SAS+ 1.0% amine oxide

Fig. 14: Chlorine stability in the presence of Hostapur SAS, amine

oxide and a mixture of Hostapur SAS/amine oxide

100

80

60

40

20

0

resi

dual

act

ivity

[%]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7time [days]

SAS 30SAS 60

csavinase 0.3%csurfactant 3.0 g/Lwater hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d)temperature 25°C

Fig. 15: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease

100

80

60

40

20

0

resi

dual

act

ivity

afte

r 7 d

ays

[%]

SAS LAS

csurfactant 3.0 g/Lwater hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d)temperature 25°C

®Savinase 16L, c = 0.3%®Lipolase 100L, c = 1.0%

Fig. 16: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease and lipase

27

Enzyme stability

The stability of enzymes such as

protease (e.g. ®Savinase, manufactured

by Novo Norsk) in the presence of

Hostapur SAS is shown in fig. 15 as a

function of the storage time. It is

clearly evident that after 7 days only a

slight fall in enzyme activity (80%) can

be observed in the case of Hostapur

SAS. Hostapur SAS is a more enzyme

compatible anionic surfactant than

most anionic surfactants commonly

used in liquid laundry detergent appli-

cations (e.g. linear alkyl benzene

sulphonate, sodium alkyl sulphate).

The residual activities after 7 days’

storage at 25°C are shown in fig. 16.

Here too the good effect of Hostapur SAS

on the stability of the enzymes is con-

firmed both in the case of proteases and

of lipases.

28

Physical and chemical propertiesSynergistic interactionwith soil release polymers

In modern detergent formulations the

use of soil release polymers (SRP)

is gaining increasing importance. Soil

release polymers improve the detach-

ment of oily and fatty soil from fabrics

containing synthetic fibres, especially

polyester and polyester blended fabrics.

They are now included in the top brands

of most detergent manufacturers.

However, it is known that the effec-

tiveness of these polymers is dependent

substantially on the type of surfactants

in the detergent.

The literature describes, how the soil

release effect is generally reduced in

combination with anionic surfactants. 56

However, these studies are restricted to

the major anionic surfactants in deter-

gents, e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulpho-

nate.

The soil release effect of a commer-

cial soil release polymer in combination

with Hostapur SAS was therefore inves-

tigated in comparison with combinations

with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate

(LAS) or alkyl sulphate (AS) in the well-

known dirty motor oil test.

Fig. 17 shows that in combination

with Hostapur SAS, unlike combinations

with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or

alkyl sulphate, a significant improvement

in the soil release effect is achieved.

As is evident from fig. 18, the builder

system as well as the surfactant influen-

ces the performance of soil release

polymers.

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

rem

issi

on R

[%]

LAS LAS SAS SAS+ 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite + 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite

+ 0.7 g soda + 0.7 g soda

0.05 g/L surfactant + builder without SRP1.0 g/L surfactant + builder + 0.06 g/L SRP

40

30

20

10

0

rem

issi

on R

[%]

SRP LAS AS SAS

0.06 g/L SRP1.0 g/L surfactant without SRP1.0 g/L surfactant + 0.06 g/L SRP

Fig. 18: Influence of the builder system on the performance of

soil release polymers

Fig. 17: Improvement in the soil release effect by Hostapur SAS

The soil release polymer reaches its

greatest effectiveness with the combin-

ation of Hostapur SAS plus the zeolite/

soda system.

The combination of the polymer with

Hostapur SAS plus sodium tripolyphos-

phate (STPP) is more effective than the

combination with linear alkyl benzene

sulphonate plus STPP.

Solubility in water

The very good solubility of the Hostapur

SAS grades in water is illustrated in

fig. 19. As expected, the dissolving rate

increases sharply as the temperature

of the water rises.

Hostapur SAS shows less tendency

than other surfactants to form liquid

crystalline phases or gels. Hostapur SAS

is therefore very suitable for concentra-

tes and liquid formulations.

Low-temperature properties

Hostapur SAS has good low-tempera-

ture properties, especially in high appli-

cation concentrations. This applies par-

ticularly in comparison with linear alkyl

benzene sulphonate. Fig. 20 shows in

graph form the low-temperature clear

and cloud points of the individual

Hostapur SAS (SAS)/alkyl ether sulphate

(LES) mixtures.

The low-temperature cloud points of

Hostapur SAS as a function of the con-

centration are shown in fig. 21.

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

conc

entra

tion

c [g

/100

g]

-10 0 10 20 30 40temperature [°C]

SAS 30SAS 60SAS 93

Fig. 19: Solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in distilled water

29

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

±0

-5

-10

tem

pera

ture

[°C]

10 15 20 25 30concentration c [%]

SASLAS

Fig. 20: Low-temperature cloud and clear points of 30% Hostapur

SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures

10

5

±0

-5

-10

tem

pera

ture

[°C]

10 15 20 25 30concentration c [%]

SAS : AES =̂ 4:1LAS : AES =̂ 4:1

Fig. 21: Low-temperature properties of Hostapur SAS as a

function of the concentration

30

Toxicological and environmental pA modern surfactant must not present any risk to humans, animals, plantsand the environment during manufacture, storage, transport, processing,use and in the waste water.

Skin and mucous membrane irritation

Animal studies conducted in accordance

with OECD guideline 405 lead to the

assumption that Hostapur SAS as well

as other basic surfactants, e.g. LAS,

irritates both the skin and the eyes.

Below a threshold concentration (of 15 %

active detergent), however, no signifi-

cant irritant effects are observed. Fur-

thermore, well-documented human stud-

ies showed no indications of skin

irritation caused by diluted Hostapur

SAS solutions.

Sensitization

Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested in the

Magnusson and Kligman maximization

test and proved not to be skin-sensitizing.

Mutagenicity

Hostapur SAS was tested in the Ames

Test (± S9) with Salmonella typhimurium

and for chromosome mutations in

the micronucleus test in vivo. In both

test systems Hostapur SAS was not

mutagenic.

As the following data show, Hostapur

SAS is an environmentally friendly sur-

factant with very good biodegradability,

good ecotoxicological values and good

dermatological and toxicological com-

patibility that has been successful for

decades. It is safe to use and poses no

risk to the environment.

Detailed reports on the toxicology

and environmental properties of second-

ary alkane sulphonate are available

in the literature. 57 – 74

Toxicological profile

To confirm the safety of Hostapur SAS,

extensive toxicological and dermato-

logical investigations were carried out

over many years. The most important

test results are given below:

Acute oral toxicity

LD50 (rat) = appr. 5000 mg/kg (60 %)

LD50 (mouse) = appr. 2900 mg/kg (60 %)

31

propertiesReproduction toxicity

Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested in a two-

generation trial for possible reproduction

toxicity properties. Up to a dose of

10,000 ppm in the feed, no maternotoxic,

embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects

of any kind were observed.

Chronic toxicity

Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested for

chronic toxicity and/or carcinogenicity

in two long-term studies on rats and

mice. No toxicologically significant ef-

fects were observed after oral adminis-

tration to rats of up to 2% in the feed

over a period of two years. In addition,

no signs of toxicity, either macroscopic

or microscopic, were observed after

dermal application (three times per

week for 80 weeks) to mice.

Toxicokinetics

The toxicokinetic properties of radio-

actively labelled Hostapur SAS were

investigated on rats. After oral adminis-

tration, a dose-independent two-phase

elimination with half-lives of 11 and 65

hours was observed. Over 90 % of the

dose administered was excreted within

24 hours.

Comparable toxicokinetic properties

were also observed after dermal appli-

cation to rats.

Conclusion:

Hostapur SAS

• is not sensitizing to

skin.

• is not mutagenic and/

orgenotoxic.

• presents no risk in

respect of reproduc-

tion toxicity.

• exhibited no systemic

toxicity in two long-

term studies and was

not carcinogenic.

• shows no signs of bio-

accumulative potential

and is eliminated very

rapidly.

In accordance with

the CESIO classification

Hostapur SAS with an

active detergent content

of over 15 % must be

labelled as irritant (Xi)

whereas up to an active

detergent content of

15 %, Hostapur SAS does

not require a hazard

warning label.

For detailed information

see Safety data sheet.

Hostapur SAS does not

present a health risk

under conditions of use.

32

Toxicological and environmental pEcology

Biodegradability

Secondary alkane sulphonates are

readily and rapidly biodegradable. The

primary degradability is considerably in

excess of 90 %. In the OECD Confirmatory

Test (sewage sludge simulation test)

the rate of degradation is 99 % (decrease

in MBAS). In the modified OECD Screen-

ing Test (OECD 301 E), a test for total

degradability, SAS has a DOC removal

of 95%. The “Ten-days-window” criterion

is thus met, i.e. SAS is “readily biode-

gradable”.

Compared with linear alkyl benzene

sulphonates (LAS), secondary alkane

sulphonates (SAS) are more rapidly bio-

degradable. This applies especially

at low temperatures. The degradation

properties of secondary alkane sulphon-

ates are shown on page 40.

In the Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A,

sewage treatment plant simulation

test), the biodegradation/elimination is

96 % +/-3 %.

In a modified Coupled Units Test, in

which the sewage treatment plant simu-

lation was better matched to the cond-

itions in a modern municipal sewage

treatment plant, 99 % +/- 1 % secondary

alkane sulphonates were degraded/

eliminated (DOC decrease).

Aquatic toxicity

Current data on the acute and chronic

ecotoxicity and water biocenosis

toxicity are given in tabular form in

Technical data:

Possible toxic effects of surfactant as

well as decomposition and cleavage

products of the secondary alkane sul-

phonate were investigated in five pilot

plants, in which the route taken by the

anionic surfactant from the consumer

via the sewage treatment plant to the

surface water is simulated. Flora and

fauna of the β-mesosaprobic zone were

used as indicators of the effect on living

organisms. In addition, the embryolarval

test was used to determine the toxic

substances in the water.

The results can be summarized as

follows: High COD, BOD and MBAS de-

gradation rates of 90 % were measured.

A slightly toxic effect (“toxic” is

defined as an adverse effect on health,

growth and reproduction) on the green

algae species Spirogyra as a typical

representative of the β-mesosaprobic

zone was observed at 40 ppm secondary

alkane sulphonate in the water.

Conclusion

The surfactant has no significant effect

on golden orfes and zebra fish. Surfac-

tant residues and cleavage products

have no significant toxic effect on the

development of Cichlasome nigrofascia-

tum larvae into the fully grown organism.

Secondary alkane sulphonate has

no significant toxic effect on Planorbis

corneus.

Secondary alkane sulphonate has no

significant toxic effect on Daphnia

magna.

On the basis of the EU labelling crite-

ria in accordance with the 12th harmon-

ization of Directive 91/325/EEC no

environmental labelling is required for

alkane sulphonates.

Simplified “risk assessment”

A simplified qualitative risk assessment

for Hostapur SAS shows that there

is a sufficiently large safety margin be-

tween exposure concentration and

effect concentration, the PEC/PNEC-

ratio is far below 1.

The data used for the qualitative

risk assessment are given in the table in

Technical data.

Conclusion:

Based on data risk

assessment Hostapur

SAS presents no risk

to the environment.

Similarly, the only slight

anaerobic degradability

of secondary alkane

sulphonates, like sur-

factants with a C-S bond,

has no adverse effect

on the enviromental

properties on the basis

of the available data.

33

propertiesraw material sources, which range

from petrochemical and oleochemical/

agricultural raw materials to minerals.

The raw material consumption and

the emissions into the environment in

the manufacture of secondary alkane

sulphonate (SAS) by sulphoxidation of

n-paraffin can be summarized as follows:

734 kg oil, 105 kg sulphur (for SO2)

138 kg salt (for NaOH), 36 kg oxygen (for

sulphoxidation) are required for the pro-

duction of 1000 kg SAS.

The total raw material consumption

including the required energy is

797 kg oil, 154 kg natural gas, 180 kg coal

Of the total energy consumption of

51.9 GJ, process energy acocunts for

36 %; of the process energy 48 % is ap-

portioned to the SAS stage. 68% of

the total energy requirement is covered

by oil. The production of 1,000 kg SAS

gives rise to 64.2 kg solid waste, of

which 84 % comes from the oil; the emis-

sions into the environment amount to

38 kg. They stem mainly from the

production and incineration of the oil.

Life cycle assessment

A balance sheet on the production of

the most important surfactants at

present used in detergents in Europe

was drawn up by the European “LCI-

Surfactant Study Group (CEFIC/ECOSOL)”

and Franklin Associates Ltd. (Tenside

Surfactants Detergents 32 (1995) 2, 84 ff.).

In particular the surfactants linear

alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), alkyl

sulphate (AS), alkyl ether sulphate (AES),

soap, secondary alkane sulphonate

(SAS), fatty alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and

alkyl polyglucoside (APG) were studied.

These are obtained from petrochemical

and oleochemical intermediates. The ba-

lance sheet is extremely comprehensive

and includes the energy and material

requirements as well as the emissions

into the environment and the production

of waste, which are associated with all

stages of surfactant manufacture. In

accordance with the principles recom-

mended by the SETAC, a “Peer Review

Panel” has assessed the study.

The study shows that each system

has effects on the environment through

the consumption of many different raw

material sources such as oil, natural

gas, oleochemical/agricultural products

and of minerals as starting materials

as well as through energy production and

transport. On the basis of the results,

there is no clear scientific justification

for singling out one of the systems as

having a fundamental environmental

advantage, either for the production of

individual surfactants or for the various

Conclusion:

Hostapur SAS has a fa-

vourable energy balance

sheet, especially when

compared with alkyl

ether sulphates based

on natural products.

Furthermore it has good

values in respect of the

solid waste occurring

in production.

34

ProcessingHostapur SAS can be supplied in the following forms

liquid = Hostapur SAS 30

paste = Hostapur SAS 60

The homogenous Hostapur SAS 30, which is a clear liquid at

room temperature, is easy to transport, convey and store.

Hostapur SAS 60, by contrast, is a paste that flows at +20°C

but that separates out into two phases of different composition

if left to stand for a lengthy period of time. For this reason

Hostapur SAS 60 must be homogenized before use by stirring

and, if necessary, by heating. This measure is not necessary

if full drums are completely processed.

Transport

The loading temperature ex works for

delivery by road tanker is for

Hostapur SAS 30 → 50–60°C and for

Hostapur SAS 60 → 70–90°C.

Although Hostapur SAS 60 is still

pumpable at room temperature with the

pumps mentioned in section Convey-

ing/mixing, the temperature during

transport should not fall below 65°C so

as to facilitate handling and conveying.

The road tankers intended for transport-

ing Hostapur SAS 60 have standard

R 3” connections or conventional hose

couplings.

35

Storage

Containers made from the following

materials have proved successful

for storing the Hostapur SAS grades:

• fibre-glass-reinforced polyester

resin, especially for storage tanks

with a capacity of 30–70 m3,

• steel containers with suitable hard

rubber lining or with tried and

tested internal coatings, for example,

epoxy resin or phenol-formaldehyde

resin,

• stainless steel, for example, material

no. 1.4541 (V2A) or 1.4571 (V4A).

The last-mentioned materials are also

recommended for pipelines.

An example of the installation of a

storage tank is shown diagrammatically

in fig. 22.

Before storage tanks are installed,

a guarantee of compatibility with

Hostapur SAS at the intended storage

temperatures should be obtained from

the manufacturer in question.

Hostapur SAS 30 should be stored

at temperatures above 20°C, because

cloudiness may occur at lower tem-

peratures. This cloudiness has no effect

on the quality of the product. Before

use, however, the product must be

homogenized.

Fig. 22: 60-t storage tank for Hostapur SAS 60

As already mentioned, Hostapur SAS 60

separates out in storage into two phases,

one containing more surfactant than the

other. In addition, sodium sulphate

can separate out at fairly low tempera-

tures. It is therefore necessary to stir or

pump round the tank contents constantly

and at the same time to maintain a

storage temperature of 65–90°C. If a cir-

culating pump is used, entrainment of air

must be prevented by suitable design of

the return pipe. Our experts will gladly

provide technical advice on planning

and installing storage tanks for Hostapur

SAS grades.

– stainless steel

– carbon steel rubber lined

– fibre-glass reinforced polyester

36

Processing

Any stirred vessel made of suitable

material, see section Storage, with low-

speed stirrers can be used. The

soft and preserved water intended for

dilution (hot water accelerates the

dilution operation) is run into the vessel

and the Hostapur SAS 60 is added

Conveying/mixing

The rheological properties of Hostapur

SAS 30 and Hostapur SAS 60 that

are important for conveying are shown

in figs. 23–25 below.

Hostapur SAS 30 and 60 can be con-

veyed by displacement pumps such as

• gear pumps, supplied by e.g. Lederle,

79194 Gundelfingen, Germany

• Mohno pumps, supplied by e.g.

Netsch, 84478 Waldkraiburg,

Germany

• helical blade pumps or twin-screw

displacement pumps made of

stainless steel, supplied by e.g.

Bornemann, 31683 Obernkirchen,

Germany.

For homogenization, current models

of low-speed stirrers can be used. It

is important to eliminate eddying so as

to prevent entrainment of air = foam for-

mation. The stirrer blade should there-

fore rotate below the surface of the

liquid. Good results have been obtained

with low-speed interference-multistage-

impulse-counterflow stirrers (INTER-

MIG), supplied by Ekato, 79650 Schopf-

heim, Germany.

Dilution

Dilution of Hostapur SAS 60 to 30 %

or less than 30 % active detergent

The storage of Hostapur SAS 60

can be simplified by adjusting the

product on delivery to 30% or

less active detergent by diluting it

with water.

300

200

100

0

visc

osity

η [n

Pas]

20 30 40 50 60 70temperature [°C]

Fig. 23: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 30 measured with a Brookfield

viscometer RVT, spindle 1, speed 20 min-1

10000

visc

osity

η [n

Pas]

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50shear rate D [s-1]

5000

2000

1000

500

200

100

20°C50°C

Fig. 24: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the

shear rate, measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20

37

and dissolved with slow stirring (eddying

should be avoided because of foam

development). The product can also be

homogenized by being pumped round.

Another possibility consists of run-

ning Hostapur SAS 60 into the storage

tank and at the same time slowly adding

hot water. The amount of water is govern-

ed by the efficiency of the pumps and

should be no more than one-fifth of the

amount pumped round per hour.

An example will illustrate this: Deliv-

ery of 20 t Hostapur SAS 60; tank size 50

m3; pumping rate 5 m3/h; water added 1/5

of 5 m3 = 1 m3/ h. In this case it takes ab-

out 20 hours to produce 40 t Hostapur

SAS 30 from 20 t Hostapur SAS 60.

Handling

Because of the strong wetting and de-

greasing action, appropriate protective

measures should be taken, particularly

where lengthy exposure is involved.

Therefore protective gloves and safety

goggles should be worn when handling

these raw materials.

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

visc

osity

η [n

Pas]

20 30 40 50 60 70temperature [°C]

Fig. 25: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the temperature at D=10 s-1,

measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20

38

Technical dataC-chain distribution

Physical/chemical data

<C13 n-Paraffin max. 1 %

C13 - C15-n-Paraffin about 58 %

C16 -C17-n-Paraffin about 39 %

>C17-n-Paraffin max. 2 %

Monosulphonate* about 90 %

Disulphonate* about 10 %

* calculated on 100 % active detergent

Feature

Appearance at 20°C

Average molecular weight

Active detergent content

Sodium sulphate content

Paraffin content

pH 5 % as is in water

Hostapur SAS 30

clear faintly yellowish liquid

328 g·mol-1

approx. 30 %

max. 2.1 %

max. 0.4 %

7.0 – 8.5

Hostapur SAS 60

yellowish soft paste

328 g·mol-1

approx. 60 %

max. 4.2 %

max. 0.7 %

7.0 – 8.5

Guide product data

Temperature

20°C

30°C

40°C

50°C

60°C

70°C

80°C

Hostapur SAS 30

1.048

1.042

1.036

1.031

1.025

1.017

–

Hostapur SAS 60

1.087

1.081

1.075

1.068

1.062

1.055

1.049

Density (g·cm-3)

Specific heat

kJ·kg-1·K-1

(kcal ·kg-1· °C-1)

Thermal conductivity

W m-1·K-1

(kcal ·m-1·h-1· °C-1)

Hostapur SAS 30

3.56

(0.85)

0.47

(0.40)

Hostapur SAS 60

2.76

(0.66)

0.28

(0.25)

Calorific data

39

Registration status

• Chemical name in accordance with IUPAC

• INCI name: Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate

• Registered in Japan (MITI)

• Registered in Korea, USA, Canada, Switzerland, Australia

• Labelling in accordance with 12th harmonization directive 91/325/EWG:

no “environmental hazard labelling” required

40

Technical dataEcological data

Biodegradability

OECD Confirmatory Test

Mineralization (DOC)

SAS after 6 days (OECD Screening Test 301 E)

Radiolabelled experiments

SAS (U-14C) after 6 days

Laboratory tests at low temperatures in a trickling filter plant

SAS degradation at +1°C air temperature (+8°C in trickling filter)

Biodegradation in the OECD Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A)

% biodegradation

99

87

45

85

> 90

Biodegradability

Acute toxicity

Fish toxicity (golden orfe, 48 h, OECD 203)

Fish toxicity

Guppy

Trout

Carp

Daphnia toxicity (Daphnia magna, 24 h, OECD 202)

Bacterial toxicity (sewage sludge)

Chronic toxicity

Chronic bacterial toxicity (Bringmann-Kühn)

Chronic algal toxicity (OECD 201)

Chronic Daphnia reproduction test (OECD 202)

Coupled Daphnia multigeneration test (toxicity of the discharge from the modified

OECD Confirmatory Test on three consecutive generations of Daphnia)

Water biocenosis toxicity

LC0

LC50

LC100

LC50

LC50

LC50

EC50

EC10

EC50

LOEC

NOEC

no toxic effect

LOEC

NOEC

7.1 mg·L-1

8.4 mg·L-1

9.9 mg·L-1

3.6 mg·L-1

2.8 mg·10L-1

2.8 mg·L-1

12.5 mg·L-1

> 1000 mg·L-1

58 mg·L-1

95.5 mg·L-1

3.0 mg·L-1

0.37 mg·L-1

3.5 (MBAS)

1.4 (MBAS)

Aquatic Toxicity

41

Summary of the propertiesof Hostapur SAS:

• good solubility

– the low viscosity of more highly

concentrated solutions thus

permits:

– easy manufacture of liquid

detergents and cleaners

– saving of packaging costs

– reduction in the use of hydrotropes

• excellent electrolyte compatibility

• chemical stability over the entire

pH range

• excellent stability in the presence of

oxidizing agents, for example,

hypochlorite

• saving of enzymes

• good cleaning and degreasing

properties

• good foaming power

• pale inherent colour

• good detergent action

• good skin compatibility

• rapid biodegradability

Analysis

For literature on the analysis of

secondary alkane sulphonates see

Literature. 75 – 92

Further information

• Safety Data Sheet

• Guide Formulations

• Detergent Raw Materials –

Product Range

1. Effects (NOEC)1)

Fish

Daphnia

Algae

2. Exposure (D,NL)

STP intake2)

STP discharge

STP removal

River water

3. Safety factors

Fish/river water

Daphnia/river water

Algae/river water

4. PEC /PNEC3)4)

1.2 mg·L-1

0.6 mg·L-1

6.1 mg·L-1

0.5 mg·L-1

2 µg·L-1

99.6 %

< 1 µg·L-1

> 1200

> 600

> 6100

0.03

Risk Assessment of Hostapur SAS

1) NOEC: no observed effect concentration 2) STP: sewage treatment plant

3) PEC: predicted environment concentration 4) PNEC: predicted no effect concentration

Sources: 1. BUA-Stoffbericht 206, S. Hirzel Verlag. 2. Internal SAS exposure data

42

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1003-1008

Photos from page 8 – 21 courtesy of Miele & Cie.

This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended

to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be

construed as guaranteeing specific properties of the products described or their

suitability for a particular application. Any existing industrial property rights must be

observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our General Conditions

of Sale.

Electronically revised issue 05.2004, Federal Republic of Germany

EBR

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Clariant GmbH, Functional Chemicals Division , BU Detergents

D-65840 Sulzbach/Ts., Germany, Internet: http://www.detergents.clariant.com

Marketing, Phone + 49 61 96 757 78 22, Fax + 49 61 96 757 89 70

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