horse manure a renewable resource (swinker)
TRANSCRIPT
Horse Manure:A Renewable Resource
My Horse University and eXtension’s HorseQuest welcome you to this live Webcast. The presentation will begin promptly at 7:00 p.m. EST.
Dr. Ann Swinker
My Horse University and eXtension’s HorseQuest welcome you to this live Webcast.
Horse Manure:A Renewable Resource
Dr. Ann SwinkerRobb Meinen Penn State University
Meet our presenter:
Dr. Ann SwinkerPenn State University
Mike HarperPenn State University
Question facilitator:
Confined Animal Housing• An attractive safe
area• Generates manure
and bedding• Requires more
management
More Work??• Cleaning stalls• Picking up manure in paddocks /pens
Manure Management PlansLanes & Gates
Hard Surface
CompostingWaterDrainage
Neighboring Property
Land Capability
PLAN??
Must also consider…• Zoning Regulations, Guidelines• Nutrient Management Regulations• Building Codes• New zoning guidelines and nutrient
management regulations
Staying On Top Of the Pile• Actively compost all stall waste• Stockpile manure & stall waste for crop fields needs
and spread when possible.• Haul manure & stall waste off property
– Reduce the amount of bedding used– Give away
Manure Handling Site• Consider topography and flood patterns when
developing manure facilities.– Not near streams
– Not in Flood-prone areas
– Not on steep hillsides
– Flat, impermeable, deep water table
Storage Sitting
Dry - Manure Storage Stock piled for future use
Composting on site
Both Require a Storage Site
• Select a high dry spot• Keep away from bodies of
water• Easily accessible• Confine the pile• Treat any runoff
Constructing – A Hard Surface
• Concrete/macadam pad• Create a hard surface with
layers of stone aggregate topped with finer stone.
• Surround your storage pad with vegetation to filter out run off.
How Much ?? Waste SpaceOne 1,000 lbs. horse produces ~45 lbs. manure daily+ Bedding= 730 cubic feet/year of waste to manage per 1,000s of animal.
Traditional Use of Manure
• Manure contains organic matter• Organic matter is good for soil health & structure
ManureCommercial fertilizer vs.
Applying Manure/Bedding Fresh• Improve the health
of grass• Apply according to
soil test• Good idea to keep
animals off pasture for a few days
• When weather permits
Haul Off the Property
• Haul manure & stall waste off property
• PA Mushroom Growers contact with horse farms to remove manure and straw.
• Compost all stall waste
Absorption of Bedding TypesMaterial (lbs water absorbed/lbs
bedding)
Wood Products•Pine
–Chips–Sawdust–Shavings
•Hardwood Chips
3.02.52.01.5
Shredded newspaper 1.6
Straw•Oats•Wheat
2.52.2
Hay (mature) 3.0
CompostingNatural aerobic process for stabilizing Natural aerobic process for stabilizing
organic matterorganic matter
Well composted manure has humus Well composted manure has humus smell, 25-50% volume reduction, and smell, 25-50% volume reduction, and destruction of pathogens and weed destruction of pathogens and weed seeds due to heat of composting. seeds due to heat of composting.
• Simple, easy.• Natural biological process.• Recycling.• Bio-secure.• Environmentally sound.• Low odor.• Low fly production.
• Mechanical breakdown of large particles
• Increase surface area for microbes
• Feed on bacteria and fungi.
Microbial activity is related to availability of food source, surface area, moisture and oxygen availability.
Composting Principles
Cone Shaped Windrow
“Chimney effect”
Unimproved Surface
Active vs. Passive Composting
Actively Compost
Requires turning, moisture, oxygen, C:N
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•Properly composting manure – Heats up to 145 degrees F•Can kill parasite eggs and weed seeds
• C:N ratio• Oxygen Content (Porosity)• Moisture Content• Temperature• pH• Particle Size
• Active composting occurs in the temperature range of 50oF to 160oF
• Pile temperature may increase above 140oF but this is too hot for most bacteria and decomposition will slow until temperature decreases again.
Remember, Compost pile heat is the direct result of microbial metabolism!!!
So…What is a C:N Ratio?• Supply of total carbon compared to total nitrogen in
compost pile.• If C:N is too high the compost process will slow.• If C:N is too low, more likely to lose Nitrogen as
ammonia gas or in leaching.• Ideal initial C:N mixture range is 20 – 30:1.• Very important!
Weeks of Composting
2 4 6
100
140
8
Tem
pera
ture
(F)
Curing Phase
Mesophilic
Thermophilic
Active Phase
• Need Oxygen for most efficient process.• 21% oxygen in air.• 5%-10% is optimal for compost process. <5%
process slows.• As pile heats more oxygen will be consumed
by microbes.
50-65% 100 %0%
Optimal conditions for microbes
Too Dry Too Wet
40-65% moisture range
0 147
Bacteria Bacteria (6.0 – 7.5)(6.0 – 7.5)
Fungi (5.5-8.0)Fungi (5.5-8.0)
• C:N Ratio - 20 to 30:1• % Moisture - 50-65%• Oxygen - 5-10%• pH - 5.5-8.2 (acceptable)• Particle size - 1/4 to 3 inches• Temperature -110 -160 o F
Mixed sizes are preferred.Wood shavings ideal.
Solid Manure Storage• Covered facilities• Tarp may provide cover with
less cost and more labor• Stack or stockpile in a well-
drained area for later hauling• Regulations may require
runoff control
Sample Manure Storage
Choosing a Manure Storage Facility
• Land application methods • Type of bedding• Hauling, distances, volume • Space and size requirements• Treatment• Common Sense!!
•Design system to fit your goals•Storage area?•Consult sizing guide•Consult NRCS•Add another bin
Two Bin Composter
Manure Compost Bin
51
Manure Management Building a Manure Composting System for a Small Horse Operation
Two bins are adequate for 2-5 horses. One bin can be composting while the other is being filled.
Economy Model
Size Matters
Manure Stacking Facility
• Allows for the accumulation of solids• Inexpensive method of separating liquids from
solids (Not in Horses)• Leaching should be controlled• Works only with solid manure waste• Good to have a vegetative filter area
Other Uses of Composted Horse Manure
Landscaping - Gardening
Riding Arena Footing
Compost- Use on Sustainable Trails as Footing
Mortality Compost Management
• Animal bedding• Waste feed• Manure• Straw• Wood shavings,
sawdust, woodchips• Others?
• Plenty of absorbent base
• 24” is ideal• Common to have 2
layers of mortality
For Large Animals
Turn Pile in 90 Days.Continue compost for 4-6 mos.
• Land apply after 90 more days• Six months total• Or use on new composting row
Land Application
• Bones from immature animals degrade quickly and can be land applied.
• Big bones from mature animals may need to be picked out.
Bone Disposal
Vegetative Buffer Strips• Inexpensive to install ?• Removes some solids from
liquids• Maintenance is not easy• Needs to be long and flat• Channel flow reduces
effectiveness
Odors
• Remember downwind neighbors• You might like the smell of manure but your neighbors will not
Factors Affecting Odor Release and Dispersion
3. Source concentration
2. Area
1. Wind speed
1. Temperature2. Wind speed3. Topography
Summary - Manure Management• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading
and disposal.• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free from
storm-water runoff.• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of water
and eliminate runoff.• Actively compost manure and bedding• Control animal access to manure pile sites. • Visual – out of sight-out of mind
Questions????
Thank you for attending this live web presentation!
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