hormonal contraceptives in women...
TRANSCRIPT
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HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES IN WOMEN TREATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPIES Kavita Nanda, MD, MHS 3rd International Workshop on HIV & Women
January 14, 2013
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Background
• ~16 million women HIV-infected worldwide • Most in southern Africa • ~ 3 million women in sub-Saharan Africa are
receiving ART • most of reproductive age
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Hormonal contraceptive and HIV prevalence
Source: UN World Contraceptive Use, 2011
Adult HIV Prevalence
5% — <10.0%
10% — <20.0%
1% — <5.0%
20% — 28.0%
0% — 0.9%
Hormonal Contraceptive Prevalence
10 — 20% 20 — 35%
> 35%
<10%
Sources: UNAIDS, 2011
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Diet
Pharmacokinetics
Time
Conc
entr
atio
n
Adapted from Back
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Liver-Cytochrome P 450 System
• Involved in metabolism of many drugs • Many different enzymes • Main one for contraceptive metabolism is CYP 3A4
– also active in intestine
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Liver-Cytochrome P 450 System
• Substrate: metabolized by enzyme
• Inhibitor: inhibits metabolism of substrate
• Inducer: induces metabolism of substrate – may be delayed
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Liver-Other enzymes
• Phase 2 reactions – conjugation – glucuronidation – Sulfation, methylation, etc.
• Multiple different enzymes – uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UGT)
causes glucuronidation – relevant to both COC and ARV metabolism
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P-glycoprotein
• Transporter; controls drug uptake, distribution and elimination
• Inhibiting or inducing its activity can lead to alterations in drug exposure
• Substrates for CYP3A4 may be substrates for P-glycoprotein • Drugs that inhibit or induce CYP3A4 may affect P-glycoprotein • P-gp may modulate expression of CYP3A4 • Difficult to determine by which specific mechanism drug
interactions occur
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Bailey D G , Dresser G K CMAJ 2004;170:1531-1532
Metabolism by CYP3A4 and/or transport by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in enterocytes of the small intestine and then hepatocytes of the liver
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Contraceptive metabolism
• Combined methods contain ethinyl estradiol (EE) and a progestin
• After contraceptives taken orally, absorbed from intestinal lumen into mesenteric capillaries
• May be subject to conjugation/hydroxylation in gut • Liver hydroxylation of EE catalyzed by hepatic
enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, and glucuronidation by UGT
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Contraceptive metabolism
• EE pK varies within and between individuals – variability can even exceed differences between
low dose and high- dose COCs • Contraceptive progestins also have large inter- and
intrasubject variability • Contraceptive threshold difficult to define • COCs with as low as 15 mcg EE are effective
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Contraceptive effects on other drugs
• EE has been shown in vitro to inhibit certain CYP enzymes
• EE may also increase glucuronidation of drugs by inducing UGT enzymes
• Different progestins have varying effects on liver enzymes
• Not clear whether contraceptive hormones are substrates of transporters or if they can affect transporter affinity for other drugs
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Antiretroviral Therapies
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) – e.g. nevirapine, efavirenz
• Nucleoside/nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) – e.g. zidovudine, tenofovir
• Protease inhibitors (PIs) – e.g. ritonavir
• Fusion/entry/integrase inhibitors • Many antiretrovirals (ARVs) metabolized by CYP3A4
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ARV Metabolism
• NRTIs generally do not affect hepatic enzymes and have limited drug interactions
• NNRTIs – Efavirenz: can induce or inhibit CYP3A4 (most often acts as
an inducer and can also induce others) – Nevirapine is an inducer of CYP3A4 – Etravirine is a substrate and inducer of CYP3A4, and can
inhibit 2C9 and 2C19 – Some NNRTIs also substrates for P-glycoprotein
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ARV Metabolism
• PIs – ritonavir is potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, other isoenzymes – ritonavir can induce CYP1A2 – saquinavir is least potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 – atazanavir, fos-amprenavir, nelfinavir, indinavir are
moderate inhibitors of CYP3A4 – tipranavir induces CYP3A4 – some PIs also substrates for P-glycoprotein
• Fusion inhibitors and integrase inhibitors not
metabolized by these systems
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Drug Interactions
• Pharmacokinetic interactions – action of one drug on the
absorption, metabolism, binding, or excretion of another
• Pharmacodynamic interactions: direct interactions of combined drugs at site of activity – additive toxicity – synergistic activity – antagonistic activity
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Pharmacokinetic interactions between ARVs and hormonal contraceptives
• EE levels breakthrough bleeding, efficacy
• Progestin levels efficacy
• EE levels toxicity
• ARV levels resistance, disease progression
• ARV levels toxicity
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Potential pharmacodynamic interactions
• COC+ARV cardiovascular risks
• DMPA+ARV bone demineralization
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Key Questions
• Are hormonal contraceptives effective and safe in
women taking ARVs?
• Are ARVs effective and safe in women taking various hormonal contraceptives?
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Available data
• Very few published peer-reviewed studies • Information included from:
– package inserts – meeting abstracts – FDA website – manufacturer clinical trials registries
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COCs
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COCs
• Studies small, non-randomized, open-label, and many evaluate only single dose of COC
• Much data not published, unable to evaluate study quality
• No adequately powered studies designed to evaluate contraceptive effectiveness
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ARV and HC effectiveness
• Retrospective chart review • 2053 women enrolled in US ARV clinic • 11 women apparently conceived while using
hormonal contraceptive (DMPA=1 or COCs=10) • 86(4.2%) of the 2053 women given COCs • Women on nelfinavir more likely to experience COC
failure • No failures with ritonavir
Clark 2004
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ARVs and HC effectiveness
• Evaluation of pregnancy incidence in MTCT-Plus Initiative, 7 African countries
• 90% received NVP based ART • 39% of women (n = 1,755) reported contraceptive use at baseline:
– barrier (17%), injectable (15%), OCs(4%), IUD (1%) • 589 incident pregnancies in 4,531 women (7.8/100 PY)
– pregnancy rate higher in women receiving ART (9.0/100 PY) compared to women not on ART (6.5/100 PY) (HR 1.74; 95% CI, 1.19–2.54).
– non-barrier contraceptive use associated with reduced incidence of pregnancy; driven by injectables
• Injectable pregnancy rates 1.10 before ART and 1.97 after ART • OC pregnancy rates 3.11 before ART and 5.38 after ART • May reflect discontinuation/nonadherence of OCs or drug
interactions
Myer 2012
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HC and ARV effectiveness
• Women’s Interagency HIV Study • 77 hormonal contraceptive users matched with 77 nonusers • All women beginning ARVs
– 79% protease inhibitor and no NNRTIs – no difference in regimens between hormonal
contraceptive users and nonusers • No significant differences in CD4+ and HIV viral load by
hormone use after ARV initiation • Time-dependent hormonal contraceptive use not associated
with changes in CD4+ or undetectable viral load after HAART initiation.
Chu 2005
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HC and ARV effectiveness
• Prospective data from REACH cohort • Compared response to ART in adolescent females using
hormonal contraception (HC, type not specified) to the response among those not using hormonal contraception VL and CD4+ T cell counts every 3 months
• VL of ART users decreased over time in both HC users and non-users
• Decrease slightly lower (1.2×10−3, 95%CI: 6.2×10−5–2.4×10−3 copies/ml log VL per day, p-value = 0.03) among HC users
• Did not look at progression or treatment failure
Johnson 2011
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Pharmacokinetic Data
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COCs + NNRTIs
ARV EE PK Progestin PK COC effectiveness/ toxicity ARV PK
ARV effectiveness/ toxicity
Nevirapine ↓20%* ↓29%* ↔
↓19%* NET ↓18%* NET ↑29% LNG
0/18 ovulations 0/9 ovulations
↔ ↑17%
Efavirenz
↑37% * ↓10%
↓64% NGM
0/28 ovulations 3/16 ovulations
↔ ↓22%; in 3/16 EFV <1.0 mg/l, (therapeutic threshold)
1 SAE: suicide attempt post- treatment in pt. with hx of depression
Etravirine ↑22% ↔ NET 0/30 ovulations ↑** Possible ↑ rash**
Rilpivirine ↑14% ↓11% NET 0/18 ovulations ↔** No SAEs
*single dose of COC ** compared with historical controls
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COCs + Boosted PIs
ARV EE PK Progestin PK
COC effectiveness/ toxicity ARV PK
ARV effectiveness/ toxicity
Ritonavir ↓41% *
Darunavir/r ↓ 44% ↓ 14% ↔ darunavir ritonavir
Fosamprenavir/r ↓37% ↓34% NET ↔ amprenavir
↑ ritonavir ↑ LFTs
Lopinavir/r ↓42% ↓55%*
* ↓17% NET
Atazanavir/r ↓19% ↑85% NGM ↑20% atazanavir No SAEs
Tipranavir/r ↓50% ↑ skin, musc AEs
* single dose of 50 mcg EE COC **single dose of 35 mcg EE COC
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COCs + non-boosted PIs
ARV EE PK Progestin PK
COC effectiveness/ toxicity ARV PK
ARV effectiveness/ toxicity
Nelfinavir ↓47% ↓18% NET
Saquinavir ↔
Amprenavir ↔ ↑18% NET ↓ 22%
Atazanavir ↑48% ↑110% NET
Indinavir ↑24% ↑26% NET
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COCs + Other ARVs
ARV EE PK Progestin PK
COC effectiveness/ toxicity ARV PK
ARV effectiveness/ toxicity
Tenofovir ↔ ↔ NGM ↔
Zidovudine ↔ No change in viral load or CD4+
Raltegravir ↔ ↑ 14% NGM No serious AEs
Maraviroc ↔ ↔ LNG ↔ No serious AEs
Quad (elvitegravir +cobicistat + FTC +TDF)
↓25% ↑ 100% NGM 0/15 ovulations ↔ More nausea and headache with combined treatment
Dolutegravir ↔ ↔ NGM ↔
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DMPA
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ACTG 5093
• HIV+ women on ARVs containing nelfinavir, efavirenz or nevirapine vs. controls
• No difference in DMPA levels between groups
• Nevirapine AUC slightly higher after DMPA
• No changes in efavirenz, nelfinavir levels
• No ovulations • No grade 3 or 4 related AEs
Cohn. Clin Pharm Ther. 2007
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FHI study
• HIV+ women in Brazil • ARV containing
Combivir+efavirenz vs. controls
• No difference in DMPA levels between groups
• 1 ovulation in control group at 12 weeks
• No serious AEs
Nanda. Fert Ster. in press
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ARV and HC effectiveness
• 740 adults (74% women) beginning efavirenz ARV regimen
• All women participating agreed to use contraception, with CPR 80% at 6 months – 65% injectable progestin; 35% COCs
• 7 pregnancies – incidence=2.6/100 person-years
• Unclear if women using contraception at time they conceived
Danel 2005
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COC/DMPA effects on Zidovudine
• Zidovudine pharmacokinetics in 18 men and 20 women treated with zidovudine
• Repeat zidovudine levels following 2 months of starting contraceptive therapy – 8 women started COCs and 6 DMPA
• No change in zidovudine levels after contraceptive use
• Contraceptives did not affect plasma or cervical HIV viral load
Aweeka. AIDS 2006
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DMPA and ARV effectiveness
• 418 female Ugandan ARV initiators • 12% of women using injectable contraceptives at ARV
initiation • Composite virologic failure (failure to achieve virologic
suppression, switch to second line therapy, or death within 12 months) at 12 months similar among women using and not using injectable contraceptives at ARV initiation
• Adherence to ARVs increased with time since initiation, and did not differ between injectable contraceptive users and non-users.
Polis 2012
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Other methods
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Contraceptive patch and ARVs
• Prospective non-randomized trial • 8 women on LPV/r; 24 controls • All received contraceptive patch • EE AUC ↓45% with LPV/r • NGMN AUC ↑83% • LPV/r AUC ↓19% (NS) • 0/32 ovulations • No SAEs; 1 grade-3 AE (generalized aches and pains)
possibly related to treatment in LPV/r arm
Vogler et al. 2010
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ECPs and ARV
• Prospective, single-arm, equivalence study • 21 healthy women, treated with:
– LNG 0.75 mg – EFV 600 mg qd for 14 days, followed by another dose of LNG
0.75mg • With EFV, LNG AUC ↓56% • No grade 3 or 4 related AEs
Carten et al, 2012
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LNG-IUS and ARVs
• Prospective study of 12 HIV-infected women; – 10/12 on ARVs – LNG levels in same range as in healthy historical controls – LNG levels similar in 10 women using ARVs and 2 without ARVs – 0 pregnancies – Among women using ARVs, 10% of lavage specimens with detectable HIV RNA
before and after LNG-IUS • Retrospective review of 6 HIV-positive women with LNG-IUS.
– 2 on ARVs, and 4 not on ARVs. – No pregnancies or AEs
• Case-control study of 15 HIV-positive women using LNG-IUS and 25 HIV-positive women not using LNG-IUS – 73% LNG-IUS users and 76% controls on ARVs at end of followup – no pregnancies and no differences in CD4 or HIV viral load
Heikinheimo et al, Lehtovirta et al, Heikinheimo et al d. 2006; 21
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ENG Implant and ARVs
• 6 case reports of women becoming pregnant while using Implanon and EFV based ART concurrently, including 3 ectopic pregnancies (2 in same woman) – most after 2 years
• Only cohort study: – Implanon inserted in 79 HIV-infected women with comorbidities
and a history of poor adherence to other contraceptive methods – followed up every 6 months for 3 years – at insertion, 47 (59.5%) women receiving ARVs, increased to 56
(71%) by end of study – 0 pregnancies – 2 women died: 1 of AIDS and 1 of cardiac arrest
(cardiomyopathy at baseline); both deaths considered unrelated to Implanon
Kreitchmann 2012
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LNG Implant and ARV effectiveness
• 60 women using ARVs who wanted to use a levonorgestrel contraceptive implant
• 36 women on ARVs not using hormonal contraception recruited as controls
• Implant users and controls had similar age, baseline CD4, and marital status
• Higher proportion of implant users had high parity • CD4 counts over time similar for women in the implant group and
women in control group – CD4 counts for both groups rose slightly over time
• No participants died • 6 participants (2 implant users and 4 controls) diagnosed with
opportunistic infections. • 0 pregnancies
Liku 2011
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Summary
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DMPA
• DMPA effectiveness likely not affected by ARVs and vice versa
• No clinical outcomes studies • Combined toxicity long-term not evaluated
– bone demineralization • Grace period not studied
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COCs
• Small suboptimal studies suggest pharmacokinetics of single dose COCs may be altered by some single ARVs – both decreases or increases in EE and progestin seen – ARVs used in combination; ARVs themselves interact
• Most data unpublished, cannot evaluate study quality or generalizability
• Few data on ARV levels • Limited data on clinical outcomes • No long-term data
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WHO/CDC MEC Guidelines
CONDITION COC/POP/ patch/ring
Combined injectable
DMPA NET-EN
LNG/ENG Implants
I = Initiation, C = Continuation
ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
a) NRTIs
1 1 DMPA=1 NET-EN=1
1
b) NNRTIS
2* 2* DMPA=1 NET-EN=2*
2*
C) BOOSTED PIS 3* 3* DMPA=1 NET-EN=2*
2*
*…if a woman on antiretroviral treatment decides to initiate or continue hormonal contraceptive use, consistent use of condoms recommended for both preventing HIV transmission and to compensate for any possible reduction in effectiveness of the hormonal contraceptive. When a COC is chosen, a minimum of 30 μg EE should be used.
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HHS Guidelines
• Data limited; clinical implications of findings unclear • Magnitudes of change in drug levels that may reduce contraceptive
efficacy or increase adverse effects unknown • Concerns about pharmacokinetic interactions between hormonal
contraceptives and ARVs should not prevent clinicians from prescribing hormonal contraceptives for women on ART
• When women wish to use hormonal contraceptives and drug interactions with ARVs are known, additional or alternative contraceptive methods may be recommended
• Condoms recommended to prevent transmission of HIV and protect against other STIS
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Summary of Issues
• PK studies can be used to make some recommendations; linking evidence from PK studies to clinical effect is difficult
• What level of increased (or decreased) concentration is important?
• Contraceptive threshold difficult to determine for many methods
• Women with HIV on long-term therapy – often taking ARVs and other drugs that may interact
with hormonal contraception
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Conclusion
• Adequately powered studies of clinical outcomes to make evidence-based recommendations for COCs+ARVs are needed – in the absence of data, interactions that lead to
changes in levels <30% probably ok • DMPA maintains adequate contraceptive protection
with concomitant ARV use • More data needed regarding concomitant use of
ARVs and LARC methods (IUDs, implants) • Given high effectiveness, LARC methods or DMPA
should be first-line if drug interactions are the main concern